Author:
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1.
Sarfo FS, Sarfo MA, Norman B, Phillips R, Bedu-Addo G, Chadwick D, 2014. Risk of deaths, AIDS-defining and non-AIDS defining events among Ghanaians on long-term combination antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One 9: e111400.
-
2.
Adamu H, Petros B, Zhang G, Kassa H, Amer S, Ye J, Feng Y, Xiao L, 2014. Distribution and clinical manifestations of Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in HIV/AIDS patients in Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2831.
-
3.
Lewthwaite P, Gill GV, Hart CA, Beeching NJ, 2005. Gastrointestinal parasites in the immunocompromised. Curr Opin Infect Dis 18: 427–435.
-
4.
Ash LR, Orihel TC, Salvioli L, 1994. Bench Aids for the Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasites. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
5.
Ito A, 2015. Basic and applied problems in developmental biology and immunobiology of cestode infections: Hymenolepis, Taenia and Echinococcus. Parasite Immunol 37: 53–69.
-
6.
Ito A, 2015. Beyond our conceived concepts. Parasite Immunol 37: 430–431.
-
7.
Devera R, Blanco Y, Amaya I, Requena I, Tedesco RM, Alevante C, Chibli A, 2012. Prevalencia de Giardia intestinalis en habitantes del Barrio La Macarena, Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela. Gen 66: 243–249.
-
8.
Boaitey YA, Nkrumah B, Idriss A, Tay SC, 2012. Gastrointestinal and urinary tract pathogenic infections among HIV seropositive patients at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital in Ghana. BMC Res Notes 5: 454.
-
9.
Adamu H, Wegayehu T, Petros B, 2013. High prevalence of diarrhoegenic intestinal parasite infections among non-ART HIV patients in Fitche Hospital, Ethiopia. PLoS One 8: e72634.
-
10.
Escobedo AA, Almirall P, Alfonso M, Cimerman S, Chacín-Bonilla L, 2014. Sexual transmission of giardiasis: a neglected route of spread? Acta Trop 132: 106–111.
-
11.
Anuar TS, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Ghani MK, Osman E, Yasin AM, Nordin A, Azreen SN, Salleh FM, Ghazali N, Bernadus M, Moktar N, 2012. Giardiasis among different tribes of Orang Asli in Malaysia: highlighting the presence of other family members infected with Giardia intestinalis as a main risk factor. Int J Parasitol 42: 871–880.
-
12.
Saghaug CS, Sørnes S, Peirasmaki D, Svärd S, Langeland N, Hanevik K, 2015. Human memory CD4+ T cell immune responses against Giardia lamblia. Clin Vaccine Immunol 23: 11–18.
-
13.
Gonçalves AC, Gabbay YB, Mascarenhas JD, Yassaka MB, Moran LC, Fraga VD, Castro E, Franco C, Machado RL, Rossit AR, 2009. Calicivirus and Giardia lamblia are associated with diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients from southeast Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 463–466.
-
14.
Korn T, Bettelli E, Oukka M, Kuchroo VK, 2009. IL-17 and Th17 Cells. Annu Rev Immunol 27: 485–517.
-
15.
Blaschitz C, Raffatellu M, 2010. Th17 cytokines and the gut mucosal barrier. J Clin Immunol 30: 196–203.
-
16.
Falivene J, Ghiglione Y, Laufer N, Socías ME, Holgado MP, Ruiz MJ, Maeto C, Figueroa MI, Giavedoni LD, Cahn P, Salomón H, Sued O, Turk G, Gherardi MM, 2015. Th17 and Th17/Treg ratio at early HIV infection associate with protective HIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses and disease progression. Sci Rep 5: 11511.
-
17.
Kim CJ, McKinnon LR, Kovacs C, Kandel G, Huibner S, Chege D, Shahabi K, Benko E, Loutfy M, Ostrowski M, Kaul R, 2013. Mucosal Th17 cell function is altered during HIV infection and is an independent predictor of systemic immune activation. J Immunol 191: 2164–2173.
-
18.
Solaymani-Mohammadi S, Singer SM, 2010. Giardia duodenalis. The double-edged sword of immune responses in giardiasis. Exp Parasitol 126: 292–297.
-
19.
von Allmen N, Christen S, Forster U, Gottstein B, Welle M, Müller N, 2006. Acute trichinellosis increases susceptibility to Giardia lamblia infections in the mouse model. Parasitology 133: 139–149.
-
20.
Hagel I, Cabrera M, Puccio F, Santaella C, Buvat E, Infante B, Zabala M, Cordero R, Di Prisco MC, 2011. Co-infection with Ascaris lumbricoides modulates protective immune responses against Giardia duodenalis in school Venezuelan rural children. Acta Trop 117: 189–195.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 37 | 37 | 5 |
| Full Text Views | 404 | 100 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 213 | 50 | 1 |
Coinfection with Hymenolepis nana, Hymenolepis diminuta, Giardia intestinalis, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Case Report with Complex Immunologic Interactions
Gladymar Pérez-Chacón
Gladymar Pérez-Chacón
Cátedra de Parasitología, Escuela de Medicina “José María Vargas,” Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.
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Leonor A. Pocaterra
Leonor A. Pocaterra
Cátedra de Parasitología, Escuela de Medicina “José María Vargas,” Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.
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Elsy Rojas
Elsy Rojas
Laboratorio de Parasitosis Intestinales, Escuela de Medicina “José María Vargas,” Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.
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Aurora Hernán
Aurora Hernán
Cátedra de Parasitología, Escuela de Medicina “José María Vargas,” Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.
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Juan Carlos Jiménez
Juan Carlos Jiménez
Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Instituto de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.
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Luz Núñez
Luz Núñez
Cátedra de Parasitología, Escuela de Medicina “José María Vargas,” Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.
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We describe the case of a 43-year-old human immunodeficiency virus–infected man receiving combined antiretroviral therapy and coinfected with Hymenolepis nana, Hymenolepis diminuta, and Giardia intestinalis, presenting as chronic diarrhea and critical weight loss. Immunological aspects of these interactions are reviewed.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Gladymar Pérez-Chacón, Leonor A. Pocaterra, Aurora Hernán, and Luz Núñez, Cátedra de Parasitología, Universidad Central de Venezuela Escuela de Medicina Jose Maria Vargas, Caracas, Venezuela, E-mails: gladymar@gmail.com, leopoca@gmail.com, aurorahrnn@hotmail.com, and nenagold@gmail.com. Elsy Rojas, Laboratorio de Parasitosis Intestinales, Universidad Central de Venezuela Escuela de Medicina “José María Vargas,” Caracas, Venezuela, E-mail: elsyrjs@hotmail.com. Juan Carlos Jiménez, Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Instituto de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela, E-mail: jcjimenez488@hotmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Sarfo FS, Sarfo MA, Norman B, Phillips R, Bedu-Addo G, Chadwick D, 2014. Risk of deaths, AIDS-defining and non-AIDS defining events among Ghanaians on long-term combination antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One 9: e111400.
-
2.
Adamu H, Petros B, Zhang G, Kassa H, Amer S, Ye J, Feng Y, Xiao L, 2014. Distribution and clinical manifestations of Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in HIV/AIDS patients in Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2831.
-
3.
Lewthwaite P, Gill GV, Hart CA, Beeching NJ, 2005. Gastrointestinal parasites in the immunocompromised. Curr Opin Infect Dis 18: 427–435.
-
4.
Ash LR, Orihel TC, Salvioli L, 1994. Bench Aids for the Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasites. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
5.
Ito A, 2015. Basic and applied problems in developmental biology and immunobiology of cestode infections: Hymenolepis, Taenia and Echinococcus. Parasite Immunol 37: 53–69.
-
6.
Ito A, 2015. Beyond our conceived concepts. Parasite Immunol 37: 430–431.
-
7.
Devera R, Blanco Y, Amaya I, Requena I, Tedesco RM, Alevante C, Chibli A, 2012. Prevalencia de Giardia intestinalis en habitantes del Barrio La Macarena, Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela. Gen 66: 243–249.
-
8.
Boaitey YA, Nkrumah B, Idriss A, Tay SC, 2012. Gastrointestinal and urinary tract pathogenic infections among HIV seropositive patients at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital in Ghana. BMC Res Notes 5: 454.
-
9.
Adamu H, Wegayehu T, Petros B, 2013. High prevalence of diarrhoegenic intestinal parasite infections among non-ART HIV patients in Fitche Hospital, Ethiopia. PLoS One 8: e72634.
-
10.
Escobedo AA, Almirall P, Alfonso M, Cimerman S, Chacín-Bonilla L, 2014. Sexual transmission of giardiasis: a neglected route of spread? Acta Trop 132: 106–111.
-
11.
Anuar TS, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Ghani MK, Osman E, Yasin AM, Nordin A, Azreen SN, Salleh FM, Ghazali N, Bernadus M, Moktar N, 2012. Giardiasis among different tribes of Orang Asli in Malaysia: highlighting the presence of other family members infected with Giardia intestinalis as a main risk factor. Int J Parasitol 42: 871–880.
-
12.
Saghaug CS, Sørnes S, Peirasmaki D, Svärd S, Langeland N, Hanevik K, 2015. Human memory CD4+ T cell immune responses against Giardia lamblia. Clin Vaccine Immunol 23: 11–18.
-
13.
Gonçalves AC, Gabbay YB, Mascarenhas JD, Yassaka MB, Moran LC, Fraga VD, Castro E, Franco C, Machado RL, Rossit AR, 2009. Calicivirus and Giardia lamblia are associated with diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients from southeast Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 463–466.
-
14.
Korn T, Bettelli E, Oukka M, Kuchroo VK, 2009. IL-17 and Th17 Cells. Annu Rev Immunol 27: 485–517.
-
15.
Blaschitz C, Raffatellu M, 2010. Th17 cytokines and the gut mucosal barrier. J Clin Immunol 30: 196–203.
-
16.
Falivene J, Ghiglione Y, Laufer N, Socías ME, Holgado MP, Ruiz MJ, Maeto C, Figueroa MI, Giavedoni LD, Cahn P, Salomón H, Sued O, Turk G, Gherardi MM, 2015. Th17 and Th17/Treg ratio at early HIV infection associate with protective HIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses and disease progression. Sci Rep 5: 11511.
-
17.
Kim CJ, McKinnon LR, Kovacs C, Kandel G, Huibner S, Chege D, Shahabi K, Benko E, Loutfy M, Ostrowski M, Kaul R, 2013. Mucosal Th17 cell function is altered during HIV infection and is an independent predictor of systemic immune activation. J Immunol 191: 2164–2173.
-
18.
Solaymani-Mohammadi S, Singer SM, 2010. Giardia duodenalis. The double-edged sword of immune responses in giardiasis. Exp Parasitol 126: 292–297.
-
19.
von Allmen N, Christen S, Forster U, Gottstein B, Welle M, Müller N, 2006. Acute trichinellosis increases susceptibility to Giardia lamblia infections in the mouse model. Parasitology 133: 139–149.
-
20.
Hagel I, Cabrera M, Puccio F, Santaella C, Buvat E, Infante B, Zabala M, Cordero R, Di Prisco MC, 2011. Co-infection with Ascaris lumbricoides modulates protective immune responses against Giardia duodenalis in school Venezuelan rural children. Acta Trop 117: 189–195.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 37 | 37 | 5 |
| Full Text Views | 404 | 100 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 213 | 50 | 1 |