Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Raoult D, Roux V, 1997. Rickettsioses as paradigms of new or emerging infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 10: 694–719.
-
2.
Jensenius M, Davis X, von Sonnenburg F, Schwartz E, Keystone JS, Leder K, Lopez-Velez R, Caumes E, Cramer JP, Chen L, Parola P; GeoSentinel Surveillance Network, 2009. Multicenter GeoSentinel analysis of rickettsial diseases in international travelers, 1996–2008. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 1791–1798.
-
3.
Botelho-Nevers E, Raoult D, 2007. Fever of unknown origin due to rickettsioses. Infect Dis Clin North Am 21: 997–1011, ix.
-
4.
Bleeker-Rovers CP, Vos FJ, de Kleijn EM, Mudde AH, Dofferhoff TS, Richter C, Smilde TJ, Krabbe PF, Oyen WJ, van der Meer JW, 2007. A prospective multicenter study on fever of unknown origin: the yield of a structured diagnostic protocol. Medicine (Baltimore) 86: 26–38.
-
5.
Bakken JS, Dumler JS, 2006. Clinical diagnosis and treatment of human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1078: 236–247.
-
6.
Dumler JS, Choi KS, Garcia-Garcia JC, Barat NS, Scorpio DG, Garyu JW, Grab DJ, Bakken JS, 2005. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1828–1834.
-
7.
Dumler JS, Bakken JS, 1998. Human ehrlichioses: newly recognized infections transmitted by ticks. Annu Rev Med 49: 201–213.
-
8.
Dumler JS, Madigan JE, Pusterla N, Bakken JS, 2007. Ehrlichioses in humans: epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Infect Dis 45 (Suppl 1): S45–S51.
-
9.
Chen SM, Dumler JS, Bakken JS, Walker DH, 1994. Identification of a granulocytotropic Ehrlichia species as the etiologic agent of human disease. J Clin Microbiol 32: 589–595.
-
10.
Petrovec M, Lotric Furlan S, Zupanc TA, Strle F, Brouqui P, Roux V, Dumler JS, 1997. Human disease in Europe caused by a granulocytic Ehrlichia species. J Clin Microbiol 35: 1556–1559.
-
11.
Morais JD, Dawson JE, Greene C, Filipe AR, Galhardas LC, Bacellar F, 1991. First European case of ehrlichiosis. Lancet 338: 633–634.
-
12.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013. Annual Cases of Anaplasmosis in the United States. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/anaplasmosis/stats/index.html. Accessed December 23, 2014.
-
13.
Zhang L, Cui F, Wang L, Zhang L, Zhang J, Yang S, Han J, 2009. Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Ehrlichia chaffeensis in Yiyuan County, Shandong. Infectious Disease Information 1: 21–25.
-
14.
Ohashi N, Gaowa W, Kawamori F, Wu D, Yoshikawa Y, Chiya S, Fukunaga K, Funato T, Shiojiri M, Nakajima H, Hamauzu Y, Takano A, Kawabata H, Ando S, Kishimoto T, 2013. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis 19: 289–292.
-
15.
Chae JS, Yu DH, Shringi S, Klein TA, Kim HC, Chong ST, Lee IY, Foley J, 2008. Microbial pathogens in ticks, rodents and a shrew in northern Gyeonggi-do near the DMZ, Korea. J Vet Sci 9: 285–293.
-
16.
Kang JG, Ko S, Kim YJ, Yang HJ, Lee H, Shin NS, Choi KS, Chae JS, 2011. New genetic variants of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma bovis from Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus). Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 11: 929–938.
-
17.
Chae JS, Kim CM, Kim EH, Hur EJ, Klein TA, Kang TK, Lee HC, Song JW, 2003. Molecular epidemiological study for tick-borne disease (Ehrlichia and Anaplasma spp.) surveillance at selected U.S. military training sites/installations in Korea. Ann N Y Acad Sci 990: 118–125.
-
18.
Kim CM, Kim MS, Park MS, Park JH, Chae JS, 2003. Identification of Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and A. bovis in Haemaphysalis longicornis and Ixodes persulcatus ticks from Korea. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 3: 17–26.
-
19.
Kim CM, Yi YH, Yu DH, Lee MJ, Cho MR, Desai AR, Shringi S, Klein TA, Kim HC, Song JW, Baek LJ, Chong ST, O'Guinn ML, Lee JS, Lee IY, Park JH, Foley J, Chae JS, 2006. Tick-borne rickettsial pathogens in ticks and small mammals in Korea. Appl Environ Microbiol 72: 5766–5776.
-
20.
Sachar DS, 2000. Ehrlichia chaffeensis infection in an active duty soldier stationed in Korea. Med Surveill Mon Rep 6: 9–11.
-
21.
Kim KH, Yi J, Oh WS, Kim NH, Choi SJ, Choe PG, Kim NJ, Lee JK, Oh MD, 2014. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis, South Korea, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis 20: 1708–1711.
-
22.
Arnow PM, Flaherty JP, 1997. Fever of unknown origin. Lancet 350: 575–580.
-
23.
Hot A, Jaisson I, Girard C, French M, Durand DV, Rousset H, Ninet J, 2009. Yield of bone marrow examination in diagnosing the source of fever of unknown origin. Arch Intern Med 169: 2018–2023.
-
24.
Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, 2008. Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis. Available at: http://wwwn.cdc.gov/NNDSS/script/casedef.aspx?CondYrID=667&DatePub=1/1/2008%2012:00:00%20AM. Accessed December 25, 2014.
-
25.
Oh JY, Moon B-C, Bae BK, Shin E-H, Ko YH, Kim Y-J, Park YH, Chae J-S, 2009. Genetic identification and phylogenetic analysis of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species in Haemaphysalis longicornis collected from Jeju Island, Korea. J Bacteriol Virol 39: 257–267.
-
26.
Levin ML, Nicholson WL, Massung RF, Sumner JW, Fish D, 2002. Comparison of the reservoir competence of medium-sized mammals and Peromyscus leucopus for Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Connecticut. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2: 125–136.
-
27.
Henter JI, Horne A, Arico M, Egeler RM, Filipovich AH, Imashuku S, Ladisch S, McClain K, Webb D, Winiarski J, Janka G, 2007. HLH-2004: diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 48: 124–131.
-
28.
Dhand A, Nadelman RB, Aguero-Rosenfeld M, Haddad FA, Stokes DP, Horowitz HW, 2007. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis during pregnancy: case series and literature review. Clin Infect Dis 45: 589–593.
-
29.
Horowitz HW, Kilchevsky E, Haber S, Aguero-Rosenfeld M, Kranwinkel R, James EK, Wong SJ, Chu F, Liveris D, Schwartz I, 1998. Perinatal transmission of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. N Engl J Med 339: 375–378.
-
30.
Lepidi H, Bunnell JE, Martin ME, Madigan JE, Stuen S, Dumler JS, 2000. Comparative pathology, and immunohistology associated with clinical illness after Ehrlichia phagocytophila-group infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62: 29–37.
-
31.
Dumler JS, Barat NC, Barat CE, Bakken JS, 2007. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis and macrophage activation. Clin Infect Dis 45: 199–204.
-
32.
Otrock ZK, Eby CS, 2015. Clinical characteristics, prognostic factors and outcomes of adult patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Am J Hematol 90: 220–224.
-
33.
Parikh SA, Kapoor P, Letendre L, Kumar S, Wolanskyj AP, 2014. Prognostic factors and outcomes of adults with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Mayo Clin Proc 89: 484–492.
-
34.
George MR, 2014. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: review of etiologies and management. J Blood Med 5: 69–86.
-
35.
Cascio A, Pernice LM, Barberi G, Delfino D, Biondo C, Beninati C, Mancuso G, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Iaria C, 2012. Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in zoonoses. A systematic review. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 16: 1324–1337.
-
36.
Kim N, Kim KH, Lee SJ, Park SH, Kim IS, Lee EY, Yi J, 2016. Bone marrow findings in severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome: prominent haemophagocytosis and its implication in haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. J Clin Pathol 69: 537–541.
-
37.
Li J, Wang Q, Zheng W, Ma J, Zhang W, Wang W, Tian X, 2014. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: clinical analysis of 103 adult patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 93: 100–105.
-
38.
Shabbir M, Lucas J, Lazarchick J, Shirai K, 2011. Secondary hemophagocytic syndrome in adults: a case series of 18 patients in a single institution and a review of literature. Hematol Oncol 29: 100–106.
-
39.
Filipovich A, McClain K, Grom A, 2010. Histiocytic disorders: recent insights into pathophysiology and practical guidelines. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 16: S82–S89.
-
40.
Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014. Infectious Diseases Surveillance Yearbook, 2013. Cheongwon-gun, Republic of Korea: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 3001 | 2772 | 91 |
| Full Text Views | 607 | 15 | 3 |
| PDF Downloads | 166 | 14 | 4 |
Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis as a Cause of Febrile Illness in Korea Since at Least 2006
Jongyoun Yi
Jongyoun Yi
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, South Korea.
Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea.
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Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea.
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Kye-Hyung Kim
Kye-Hyung Kim
Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea.
Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, South Korea.
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Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, South Korea.
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Mee Kyung Ko
Mee Kyung Ko
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, South Korea.
Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea.
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Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea.
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Eun Yup Lee
Eun Yup Lee
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, South Korea.
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Su Jin Choi
Su Jin Choi
Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Myoung-don Oh
Myoung-don Oh
Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is a tick-borne rickettsial zoonosis with fever, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia. HGA has been reported in Korea in 2013 but it is uncertain how long it has existed. A retrospective study was conducted on patients who underwent bone marrow examination due to fever and cytopenia, with no clear hematologic or microbiologic causes, from 2003 through 2012. Laboratory diagnosis was made by detecting 16S rRNA genes of Anaplasma phagocytophilum from the stored blood samples. Among the 70 patients, five (7.1%) HGA cases were found, and the earliest case dated back to 2006. Two cases met the diagnostic criteria of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and were fatal. Although HGA has been prevalent in Korea since at least 2006, it is not always diagnosed and has posed a possible lethal health risk to the people in Korea. HGA should be considered as a cause of fever with cytopenia or HLH.
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Author Notes
Financial support: This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2014R1A1A4A01009748).
Authors' addresses: Jongyoun Yi and Mee Kyung Ko, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, South Korea, and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea, E-mails: socioliberal@yahoo.co.kr and qeqazwsx@hanmail.net. Kye-Hyung Kim, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, South Korea, and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea, E-mail: kyehyungs@gmail.com. Eun Yup Lee, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, South Korea, E-mail: eylee@pusan.ac.kr. Su Jin Choi and Myoung-don Oh, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea, E-mails: csj6692@hanmail.net and mdohmd@snu.ac.kr.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Raoult D, Roux V, 1997. Rickettsioses as paradigms of new or emerging infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 10: 694–719.
-
2.
Jensenius M, Davis X, von Sonnenburg F, Schwartz E, Keystone JS, Leder K, Lopez-Velez R, Caumes E, Cramer JP, Chen L, Parola P; GeoSentinel Surveillance Network, 2009. Multicenter GeoSentinel analysis of rickettsial diseases in international travelers, 1996–2008. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 1791–1798.
-
3.
Botelho-Nevers E, Raoult D, 2007. Fever of unknown origin due to rickettsioses. Infect Dis Clin North Am 21: 997–1011, ix.
-
4.
Bleeker-Rovers CP, Vos FJ, de Kleijn EM, Mudde AH, Dofferhoff TS, Richter C, Smilde TJ, Krabbe PF, Oyen WJ, van der Meer JW, 2007. A prospective multicenter study on fever of unknown origin: the yield of a structured diagnostic protocol. Medicine (Baltimore) 86: 26–38.
-
5.
Bakken JS, Dumler JS, 2006. Clinical diagnosis and treatment of human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1078: 236–247.
-
6.
Dumler JS, Choi KS, Garcia-Garcia JC, Barat NS, Scorpio DG, Garyu JW, Grab DJ, Bakken JS, 2005. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1828–1834.
-
7.
Dumler JS, Bakken JS, 1998. Human ehrlichioses: newly recognized infections transmitted by ticks. Annu Rev Med 49: 201–213.
-
8.
Dumler JS, Madigan JE, Pusterla N, Bakken JS, 2007. Ehrlichioses in humans: epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Infect Dis 45 (Suppl 1): S45–S51.
-
9.
Chen SM, Dumler JS, Bakken JS, Walker DH, 1994. Identification of a granulocytotropic Ehrlichia species as the etiologic agent of human disease. J Clin Microbiol 32: 589–595.
-
10.
Petrovec M, Lotric Furlan S, Zupanc TA, Strle F, Brouqui P, Roux V, Dumler JS, 1997. Human disease in Europe caused by a granulocytic Ehrlichia species. J Clin Microbiol 35: 1556–1559.
-
11.
Morais JD, Dawson JE, Greene C, Filipe AR, Galhardas LC, Bacellar F, 1991. First European case of ehrlichiosis. Lancet 338: 633–634.
-
12.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013. Annual Cases of Anaplasmosis in the United States. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/anaplasmosis/stats/index.html. Accessed December 23, 2014.
-
13.
Zhang L, Cui F, Wang L, Zhang L, Zhang J, Yang S, Han J, 2009. Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Ehrlichia chaffeensis in Yiyuan County, Shandong. Infectious Disease Information 1: 21–25.
-
14.
Ohashi N, Gaowa W, Kawamori F, Wu D, Yoshikawa Y, Chiya S, Fukunaga K, Funato T, Shiojiri M, Nakajima H, Hamauzu Y, Takano A, Kawabata H, Ando S, Kishimoto T, 2013. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis 19: 289–292.
-
15.
Chae JS, Yu DH, Shringi S, Klein TA, Kim HC, Chong ST, Lee IY, Foley J, 2008. Microbial pathogens in ticks, rodents and a shrew in northern Gyeonggi-do near the DMZ, Korea. J Vet Sci 9: 285–293.
-
16.
Kang JG, Ko S, Kim YJ, Yang HJ, Lee H, Shin NS, Choi KS, Chae JS, 2011. New genetic variants of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma bovis from Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus). Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 11: 929–938.
-
17.
Chae JS, Kim CM, Kim EH, Hur EJ, Klein TA, Kang TK, Lee HC, Song JW, 2003. Molecular epidemiological study for tick-borne disease (Ehrlichia and Anaplasma spp.) surveillance at selected U.S. military training sites/installations in Korea. Ann N Y Acad Sci 990: 118–125.
-
18.
Kim CM, Kim MS, Park MS, Park JH, Chae JS, 2003. Identification of Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and A. bovis in Haemaphysalis longicornis and Ixodes persulcatus ticks from Korea. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 3: 17–26.
-
19.
Kim CM, Yi YH, Yu DH, Lee MJ, Cho MR, Desai AR, Shringi S, Klein TA, Kim HC, Song JW, Baek LJ, Chong ST, O'Guinn ML, Lee JS, Lee IY, Park JH, Foley J, Chae JS, 2006. Tick-borne rickettsial pathogens in ticks and small mammals in Korea. Appl Environ Microbiol 72: 5766–5776.
-
20.
Sachar DS, 2000. Ehrlichia chaffeensis infection in an active duty soldier stationed in Korea. Med Surveill Mon Rep 6: 9–11.
-
21.
Kim KH, Yi J, Oh WS, Kim NH, Choi SJ, Choe PG, Kim NJ, Lee JK, Oh MD, 2014. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis, South Korea, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis 20: 1708–1711.
-
22.
Arnow PM, Flaherty JP, 1997. Fever of unknown origin. Lancet 350: 575–580.
-
23.
Hot A, Jaisson I, Girard C, French M, Durand DV, Rousset H, Ninet J, 2009. Yield of bone marrow examination in diagnosing the source of fever of unknown origin. Arch Intern Med 169: 2018–2023.
-
24.
Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, 2008. Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis. Available at: http://wwwn.cdc.gov/NNDSS/script/casedef.aspx?CondYrID=667&DatePub=1/1/2008%2012:00:00%20AM. Accessed December 25, 2014.
-
25.
Oh JY, Moon B-C, Bae BK, Shin E-H, Ko YH, Kim Y-J, Park YH, Chae J-S, 2009. Genetic identification and phylogenetic analysis of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species in Haemaphysalis longicornis collected from Jeju Island, Korea. J Bacteriol Virol 39: 257–267.
-
26.
Levin ML, Nicholson WL, Massung RF, Sumner JW, Fish D, 2002. Comparison of the reservoir competence of medium-sized mammals and Peromyscus leucopus for Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Connecticut. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2: 125–136.
-
27.
Henter JI, Horne A, Arico M, Egeler RM, Filipovich AH, Imashuku S, Ladisch S, McClain K, Webb D, Winiarski J, Janka G, 2007. HLH-2004: diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 48: 124–131.
-
28.
Dhand A, Nadelman RB, Aguero-Rosenfeld M, Haddad FA, Stokes DP, Horowitz HW, 2007. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis during pregnancy: case series and literature review. Clin Infect Dis 45: 589–593.
-
29.
Horowitz HW, Kilchevsky E, Haber S, Aguero-Rosenfeld M, Kranwinkel R, James EK, Wong SJ, Chu F, Liveris D, Schwartz I, 1998. Perinatal transmission of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. N Engl J Med 339: 375–378.
-
30.
Lepidi H, Bunnell JE, Martin ME, Madigan JE, Stuen S, Dumler JS, 2000. Comparative pathology, and immunohistology associated with clinical illness after Ehrlichia phagocytophila-group infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62: 29–37.
-
31.
Dumler JS, Barat NC, Barat CE, Bakken JS, 2007. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis and macrophage activation. Clin Infect Dis 45: 199–204.
-
32.
Otrock ZK, Eby CS, 2015. Clinical characteristics, prognostic factors and outcomes of adult patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Am J Hematol 90: 220–224.
-
33.
Parikh SA, Kapoor P, Letendre L, Kumar S, Wolanskyj AP, 2014. Prognostic factors and outcomes of adults with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Mayo Clin Proc 89: 484–492.
-
34.
George MR, 2014. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: review of etiologies and management. J Blood Med 5: 69–86.
-
35.
Cascio A, Pernice LM, Barberi G, Delfino D, Biondo C, Beninati C, Mancuso G, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Iaria C, 2012. Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in zoonoses. A systematic review. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 16: 1324–1337.
-
36.
Kim N, Kim KH, Lee SJ, Park SH, Kim IS, Lee EY, Yi J, 2016. Bone marrow findings in severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome: prominent haemophagocytosis and its implication in haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. J Clin Pathol 69: 537–541.
-
37.
Li J, Wang Q, Zheng W, Ma J, Zhang W, Wang W, Tian X, 2014. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: clinical analysis of 103 adult patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 93: 100–105.
-
38.
Shabbir M, Lucas J, Lazarchick J, Shirai K, 2011. Secondary hemophagocytic syndrome in adults: a case series of 18 patients in a single institution and a review of literature. Hematol Oncol 29: 100–106.
-
39.
Filipovich A, McClain K, Grom A, 2010. Histiocytic disorders: recent insights into pathophysiology and practical guidelines. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 16: S82–S89.
-
40.
Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014. Infectious Diseases Surveillance Yearbook, 2013. Cheongwon-gun, Republic of Korea: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 3001 | 2772 | 91 |
| Full Text Views | 607 | 15 | 3 |
| PDF Downloads | 166 | 14 | 4 |