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Higher Complexity of Infection and Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Than Plasmodium falciparum Across All Malaria Transmission Zones of Papua New Guinea
Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax have varying transmission dynamics that are informed by molecular epidemiology. This study aimed to determine the complexity of infection and genetic diversity of P. vivax and P. falciparum throughout Papua New Guinea (PNG) to evaluate transmission dynamics across the country. In 2008–2009, a nationwide malaria indicator survey collected 8,936 samples from all 16 endemic provinces of PNG. Of these, 892 positive P. vivax samples were genotyped at PvMS16 and PvmspF3, and 758 positive P. falciparum samples were genotyped at Pfmsp2. The data were analyzed for multiplicity of infection (MOI) and genetic diversity. Overall, P. vivax had higher polyclonality (71%) and mean MOI (2.32) than P. falciparum (20%, 1.39). These measures were significantly associated with prevalence for P. falciparum but not for P. vivax. The genetic diversity of P. vivax (PvMS16: expected heterozygosity = 0.95, 0.85–0.98; PvMsp1F3: 0.78, 0.66–0.89) was higher and less variable than that of P. falciparum (Pfmsp2: 0.89, 0.65–0.97). Significant associations of MOI with allelic richness (rho = 0.69, P = 0.009) and expected heterozygosity (rho = 0.87, P < 0.001) were observed for P. falciparum. Conversely, genetic diversity was not correlated with polyclonality nor mean MOI for P. vivax. The results demonstrate higher complexity of infection and genetic diversity of P. vivax across the country. Although P. falciparum shows a strong association of these parameters with prevalence, a lack of association was observed for P. vivax and is consistent with higher potential for outcrossing of this species.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was made possible through a National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Project Grant Number GNT1027108. Funding for sample collection was provided by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.
Authors' addresses: Abebe A. Fola and G. L. Abby Harrison, Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia, and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, E-mails: fola.a@wehi.edu.au and a.g.l.harrison@gmail.com. Mita Hapsari Hazairin, Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, and Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, E-mail: hazairin.h@wehi.edu.au. Céline Barnadas, Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, European Public Health Microbiology Training Programme, European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Stockholm, Sweden, and Statens Serum Institut, Kobenhavn, Denmark, E-mail: celine.barnadas@gmail.com. Manuel W. Hetzel, Schweizerisches Tropen- und Public Health-Institut, Health Interventions Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland, and Health Interventions Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, E-mail: manuel.hetzel@unibas.ch. Jonah Iga, Vector Borne Diseases Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea, E-mail: jiga@live.com.au. Peter M. Siba, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea, E-mail: peter.siba@pngimr.org.pg. Ivo Mueller, Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, and Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, E-mail: ivomueller@fastmail.fm. Alyssa E. Barry, Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, E-mail: barry@wehi.edu.au.