Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Chang DE, Smalley DJ, Tucker DL, Leatham MP, Norris WE, Stevenson SJ, Anderson AB, Grissom JE, Laux DC, Cohen PS, Conway T, 2004. Carbon nutrition of Escherichia coli in the mouse intestine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 7427–7432.
-
2.
Kaper JB, Nataro JP, Mobley HL, 2004. Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Nat Rev Microbiol 2: 123–140.
-
3.
Savarino SJ, Fasano A, Robertson DC, Levine MM, 1991. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli elaborate a heat-stable enterotoxin demonstrable in an in vitro rabbit intestinal model. J Clin Invest 87: 1450–1455.
-
4.
Savarino SJ, Fasano A, Watson J, Martin BM, Levine MM, Guandalini S, Guerry P, 1993. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 represents another subfamily of E. coli heat-stable toxin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 3093–3097.
-
5.
Savarino SJ, McVeigh A, Watson J, Cravioto A, Molina J, Echeverria P, Bhan MK, Levine MM, Fasano A, 1996. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin is not restricted to enteroaggregative E. coli. J Infect Dis 173: 1019–1022.
-
6.
Yamamoto T, Nakazawa M, 1997. Detection and sequences of the enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 gene in enterotoxigenic E. coli strains isolated from piglets and calves with diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 35: 223–227.
-
7.
Yamamoto T, Wakisaka N, Sato F, Kato A, 1997. Comparison of the nucleotide sequence of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 genes among diarrhea-associated Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 147: 89–95.
-
8.
Hedberg CW, Savarino SJ, Besser JM, Paulus CJ, Thelen VM, Myers LJ, Cameron DN, Barrett TJ, Kaper JB, Osterholm MT, 1997. An outbreak of foodborne illness caused by Escherichia coli O39:NM, an agent not fitting into the existing scheme for classifying diarrheogenic E. coli. J Infect Dis 176: 1625–1628.
-
9.
Nishikawa Y, Ogasawara J, Helander A, Haruki K, 1999. An outbreak of gastroenteritis in Japan due to Escherichia coli O166. Emerg Infect Dis 5: 300.
-
10.
Zhou Z, Ogasawara J, Nishikawa Y, Seto Y, Helander A, Hase A, Iritani N, Nakamura H, Arikawa K, Kai A, Kamata Y, Hoshi H, Haruki K, 2002. An outbreak of gastroenteritis in Osaka, Japan due to Escherichia coli serogroup O166:H15 that had a coding gene for enteroaggregative E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 (EAST1). Epidemiol Infect 128: 363–371.
-
11.
Vila J, Gene A, Vargas M, Gascon J, Latorre C, Jimenez de Anta MT, 1998. A case-control study of diarrhea in children caused by Escherichia coli producing heat-stable enterotoxin (EAST-1). J Med Microbiol 47: 889–891.
-
12.
Menard LP, Lussier JG, Lepine F, Paiva de Sousa C, Dubreuil JD, 2004. Expression, purification, and biochemical characterization of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1. Protein Expr Purif 33: 223–231.
-
13.
Sausa CP, 2003. East1 toxin and its presence in a changing microbial world. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 9: 4–52.
-
14.
Veilleux S, Holt N, Schultz BD, Dubreuil JD, 2008. Escherichia coli EAST1 toxin toxicity of variants 17-2 and O 42. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 31: 567–578.
-
15.
Arikawa K, Meraz IM, Nishikawa Y, Ogasawara J, Hase A, 2005. Interleukin-8 secretion by epithelial cells infected with diffusely adherent Escherichia coli possessing Afa adhesin-coding genes. Microbiol Immunol 49: 493–503.
-
16.
Choi C, Kwon D, Chae C, 2001. Prevalence of the enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 gene and its relationship with fimbrial and enterotoxin genes in E. coli isolated from diarrheic piglets. J Vet Diagn Invest 13: 26–29.
-
17.
Gioppo NM, Elias WP Jr, Vidotto MC, Linhares RE, Saridakis HO, Gomes TA, Trabulsi LR, Pelayo JS, 2000. Prevalence of HEp-2 cell-adherent Escherichia coli and characterisation of enteroaggregative E. coli and chain-like adherent E. coli isolated from children with and without diarrhea, in Londrina, Brazil. FEMS Microbiol Lett 190: 293–298.
-
18.
Gunzburg ST, Tornieporth NG, Riley LW, 1995. Identification of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli by PCR-based detection of the bundle-forming pilus gene. J Clin Microbiol 33: 1375–1377.
-
19.
Kobayashi K, Seto K, Yatsuyanagi J, Saito S, Terao M, Kaneko M, Serikawa T, Kuramoto S, Fujisawa T, Suzuki R, Yamazaki M, Hayashi K, Matsune W, Yasuoka T, Horikawa K, Murakami K, Kawano K, Yamada T, Ito K, 2002. Presence of the genes regarding adherence factors of Escherichia coli isolates and a consideration of the procedure for detection of diarrheagenic strain. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 76: 911–920.
-
20.
Mendez-Arancibia E, Vargas M, Soto S, Ruiz J, Kahigwa E, Schellenberg D, Urassa H, Gascón J, Vila J, 2008. Prevalence of different virulence factors and biofilm production in enteroaggregative Escherichia coli isolates causing diarrhea in children in Ifakara (Tanzania). Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 985–989.
-
21.
Mitsuda T, Muto T, Yamada M, Kobayashi N, Toba M, Aihara Y, Ito A, Yokota S, 1998. Epidemiological study of a food-borne outbreak of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli O25:NM by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. J Clin Microbiol 36: 652–656.
-
22.
Yamasaki S, Lin Z, Shirai H, Terai A, Oku Y, Ito H, Ohmura M, Karasawa T, Tsukamoto T, Kurazono H, Takeda Y, 1996. Typing of verotoxins by DNA colony hybridization with poly- and oligonucleotide probes, a bead-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and polymerase chain reaction. Microbiol Immunol 40: 345–352.
-
23.
Jenkins C, Tembo M, Chart H, Cheasty T, Willshaw GA, Phillips AD, Tompkins D, Smith H, 2006. Detection of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in faecal samples from patients in the community with diarrhea. J Med Microbiol 55: 1493–1497.
-
24.
Izumiya H, Terajima J, Wada A, Inagaki Y, Itoh KI, Tamura K, Watanabe H, 1997. Molecular typing of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates in Japan by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J Clin Microbiol 35: 1675–1680.
-
25.
Kado CI, Liu ST, 1981. Rapid procedure for detection and isolation of large and small plasmids. J Bacteriol 145: 1365–1373.
-
26.
Giannella RA, 1976. Suckling mouse model for detection of heat-stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin: characteristics of the model. Infect Immun 14: 95–99.
-
27.
Guignot J, Chaplais C, Coconnier-Polter MH, Servin AL, 2007. The secreted autotransporter toxin, Sat, functions as a virulence factor in Afa/Dr diffusely adhering Escherichia coli by promoting lesions in tight junction of polarized epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 9: 204–221.
-
28.
Fasano A, Noriega FR, Maneval DR Jr, Chanasongcram S, Russell R, Guandalini S, Levine MM, 1995. Shigella enterotoxin 1: an enterotoxin of Shigella flexneri 2a active in rabbit small intestine in vivo and in vitro. J Clin Invest 95: 2853–2861.
-
29.
Nataro JP, Seriwatana J, Fasano A, Maneval DR, Guers LD, Noriega F, Dubovsky F, Levine MM, Morris JG Jr, 1995. Identification and cloning of a novel plasmid-encoded enterotoxin of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli and Shigella strains. Infect Immun 63: 4721–4728.
-
30.
Harrington SM, Dudley EG, Nataro JP, 2006. Pathogenesis of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli infection. FEMS Microbiol Lett 254: 12–18.
-
31.
Navarro-Garcia F, Elias WP, 2011. Autotransporters and virulence of enteroaggregative E. coli. Gut Microbes 2: 13–24.
-
32.
Toshima H, Uenaka E, Bi Y, Nakamura H, Ogasawara J, Hase A, Kamata Y, Nishikawa Y, 2004. Detection and isolation of Escherichia coli with a coding gene for enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 from food and comparison with fecal isolates. J Food Prot 67: 2117–2122.
-
33.
Fujihara S, Arikawa K, Aota T, Tanaka H, Nakamura H, Wada T, Hase A, Nishikawa Y, 2009. Prevalence and properties of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli among healthy individuals in Osaka City, Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 62: 318–323.
-
34.
Yamamoto T, Echeverria P, 1996. Detection of the enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 gene sequences in enterotoxigenic E. coli strains pathogenic for humans. Infect Immun 64: 1441–1445.
-
35.
Fleckenstein JM, Hardwidge PR, Munson GP, Rasko DA, Sommerfelt H, Steinsland H, 2010. Molecular mechanisms of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection. Microbes Infect 12: 89–98.
-
36.
Ochi S, Shimizu T, Ohtani K, Ichinose Y, Arimitsu H, Tsukamoto K, Kato M, Tsuji T, 2009. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Ent plasmid. DNA Res 16: 299–309.
-
37.
Levine MM, Prado V, Robins-Browne R, Lior H, Kaper JB, Moseley SL, Gicquelais K, Nataro JP, Vial P, Tall B, 1988. Use of DNA probes and HEp-2 cell adherence assay to detect diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. J Infect Dis 158: 224–228.
-
38.
Gunzburg ST, Chang BJ, Elliott SJ, Burke V, Gracey M, 1993. Diffuse and enteroaggregative patterns of adherence of enteric Escherichia coli isolated from aboriginal children from the Kimberley region of western Australia. J Infect Dis 167: 755–758.
-
39.
Sobieszczanska BM, Osek J, Gryko R, Dobrowolska M, 2006. Association between cell-bound haemolysin and cell-detaching activity of Escherichia coli isolated from children. J Med Microbiol 55: 325–330.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 51 | 51 | 20 |
| Full Text Views | 467 | 115 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 153 | 34 | 0 |
An Outbreak of Diarrhea in Mandera, Kenya, Due to Escherichia coli Serogroup O-Nontypable Strain That Had a Coding Gene for Enteroaggregative E. coli Heat-Stable Enterotoxin 1
Sadayuki Ochi
Sadayuki Ochi
Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan.
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Mohammad Shah
Mohammad Shah
Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Erick Odoyo
Erick Odoyo
Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Martin Bundi
Martin Bundi
Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Gabriel Miringu
Gabriel Miringu
Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Sora Guyo
Sora Guyo
Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Ernest Wandera
Ernest Wandera
Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Cyrus Kathiiko
Cyrus Kathiiko
Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Samuel Kariuki
Samuel Kariuki
Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Mohamed Karama
Mohamed Karama
Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Takao Tsuji
Takao Tsuji
Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Yoshio Ichinose
Yoshio Ichinose
Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, Nairobi, Kenya.
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In an outbreak of gastroenteritis in December 2009, in Mandera, Kenya, Escherichia coli O-nontypable (ONT) strain was isolated from stool specimens of patients (18/24, 75%). The E. coli ONT organisms could not be assigned to any of the recognized diarrheagenic groups of E. coli. However, they possessed the enteroaggregative E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin-1 gene. The cell-free culture filtrates of the E. coli ONT strain isolated from the outbreak cases induced considerable amount of fluid accumulation in suckling mouse intestine, indicating production of an enterotoxic factor(s). These results identify E. coli that did not have any diarrheagenic characteristics except astA as the etiological agent of the diarrheal outbreak in Mandera. It is however considered necessary to characterize the fluid accumulation factor(s) to determine whether any novel toxins were responsible for the fluid accumulation. Moreover, it is important to study dissemination of strains producing the enterotoxic factor(s) to assess their public health significance distribution in the environment.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by the Cooperative Research Grant 2012-A-23 of the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, and a grant of Strategic Research Foundation Grant-aided Project for Private Universities from Ministry of Education, Culture, Sport, Science, and Technology (MEXT) of Japan. This work was also supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the MEXT of Japan.
Authors' addresses: Sadayuki Ochi and Takao Tsuji, Department of Virology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Fujita, Japan, E-mails: ochi@fujita-hu.ac.jp and ttsuji@fujita-hu.ac.jp. Shah Mohammad, Erick Odoyo, Martin Bundi, Gabriel Miringu, Sora Guyo, Ernest Wandera, Cyrus Kathiiko, and Yoshio Ichinose, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kenya Research Station, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mails: shah@nagasaki-u.ac.jp, e.odoyo@gmail.com, bundimartin@gmail.com, gbm900@yahoo.com, guyo.sora@yahoo.com, wandesh2000@yahoo.com, ckathiiko@gmail.com, and ichinose@nagasaki-u.ac.jp. Samuel Kariuki, Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mail: samkariuki2@gmail.com. Mohamed Karama, Center for Public Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mail: mhmdkarama@yahoo.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Chang DE, Smalley DJ, Tucker DL, Leatham MP, Norris WE, Stevenson SJ, Anderson AB, Grissom JE, Laux DC, Cohen PS, Conway T, 2004. Carbon nutrition of Escherichia coli in the mouse intestine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 7427–7432.
-
2.
Kaper JB, Nataro JP, Mobley HL, 2004. Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Nat Rev Microbiol 2: 123–140.
-
3.
Savarino SJ, Fasano A, Robertson DC, Levine MM, 1991. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli elaborate a heat-stable enterotoxin demonstrable in an in vitro rabbit intestinal model. J Clin Invest 87: 1450–1455.
-
4.
Savarino SJ, Fasano A, Watson J, Martin BM, Levine MM, Guandalini S, Guerry P, 1993. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 represents another subfamily of E. coli heat-stable toxin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 3093–3097.
-
5.
Savarino SJ, McVeigh A, Watson J, Cravioto A, Molina J, Echeverria P, Bhan MK, Levine MM, Fasano A, 1996. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin is not restricted to enteroaggregative E. coli. J Infect Dis 173: 1019–1022.
-
6.
Yamamoto T, Nakazawa M, 1997. Detection and sequences of the enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 gene in enterotoxigenic E. coli strains isolated from piglets and calves with diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 35: 223–227.
-
7.
Yamamoto T, Wakisaka N, Sato F, Kato A, 1997. Comparison of the nucleotide sequence of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 genes among diarrhea-associated Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 147: 89–95.
-
8.
Hedberg CW, Savarino SJ, Besser JM, Paulus CJ, Thelen VM, Myers LJ, Cameron DN, Barrett TJ, Kaper JB, Osterholm MT, 1997. An outbreak of foodborne illness caused by Escherichia coli O39:NM, an agent not fitting into the existing scheme for classifying diarrheogenic E. coli. J Infect Dis 176: 1625–1628.
-
9.
Nishikawa Y, Ogasawara J, Helander A, Haruki K, 1999. An outbreak of gastroenteritis in Japan due to Escherichia coli O166. Emerg Infect Dis 5: 300.
-
10.
Zhou Z, Ogasawara J, Nishikawa Y, Seto Y, Helander A, Hase A, Iritani N, Nakamura H, Arikawa K, Kai A, Kamata Y, Hoshi H, Haruki K, 2002. An outbreak of gastroenteritis in Osaka, Japan due to Escherichia coli serogroup O166:H15 that had a coding gene for enteroaggregative E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 (EAST1). Epidemiol Infect 128: 363–371.
-
11.
Vila J, Gene A, Vargas M, Gascon J, Latorre C, Jimenez de Anta MT, 1998. A case-control study of diarrhea in children caused by Escherichia coli producing heat-stable enterotoxin (EAST-1). J Med Microbiol 47: 889–891.
-
12.
Menard LP, Lussier JG, Lepine F, Paiva de Sousa C, Dubreuil JD, 2004. Expression, purification, and biochemical characterization of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1. Protein Expr Purif 33: 223–231.
-
13.
Sausa CP, 2003. East1 toxin and its presence in a changing microbial world. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 9: 4–52.
-
14.
Veilleux S, Holt N, Schultz BD, Dubreuil JD, 2008. Escherichia coli EAST1 toxin toxicity of variants 17-2 and O 42. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 31: 567–578.
-
15.
Arikawa K, Meraz IM, Nishikawa Y, Ogasawara J, Hase A, 2005. Interleukin-8 secretion by epithelial cells infected with diffusely adherent Escherichia coli possessing Afa adhesin-coding genes. Microbiol Immunol 49: 493–503.
-
16.
Choi C, Kwon D, Chae C, 2001. Prevalence of the enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 gene and its relationship with fimbrial and enterotoxin genes in E. coli isolated from diarrheic piglets. J Vet Diagn Invest 13: 26–29.
-
17.
Gioppo NM, Elias WP Jr, Vidotto MC, Linhares RE, Saridakis HO, Gomes TA, Trabulsi LR, Pelayo JS, 2000. Prevalence of HEp-2 cell-adherent Escherichia coli and characterisation of enteroaggregative E. coli and chain-like adherent E. coli isolated from children with and without diarrhea, in Londrina, Brazil. FEMS Microbiol Lett 190: 293–298.
-
18.
Gunzburg ST, Tornieporth NG, Riley LW, 1995. Identification of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli by PCR-based detection of the bundle-forming pilus gene. J Clin Microbiol 33: 1375–1377.
-
19.
Kobayashi K, Seto K, Yatsuyanagi J, Saito S, Terao M, Kaneko M, Serikawa T, Kuramoto S, Fujisawa T, Suzuki R, Yamazaki M, Hayashi K, Matsune W, Yasuoka T, Horikawa K, Murakami K, Kawano K, Yamada T, Ito K, 2002. Presence of the genes regarding adherence factors of Escherichia coli isolates and a consideration of the procedure for detection of diarrheagenic strain. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 76: 911–920.
-
20.
Mendez-Arancibia E, Vargas M, Soto S, Ruiz J, Kahigwa E, Schellenberg D, Urassa H, Gascón J, Vila J, 2008. Prevalence of different virulence factors and biofilm production in enteroaggregative Escherichia coli isolates causing diarrhea in children in Ifakara (Tanzania). Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 985–989.
-
21.
Mitsuda T, Muto T, Yamada M, Kobayashi N, Toba M, Aihara Y, Ito A, Yokota S, 1998. Epidemiological study of a food-borne outbreak of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli O25:NM by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. J Clin Microbiol 36: 652–656.
-
22.
Yamasaki S, Lin Z, Shirai H, Terai A, Oku Y, Ito H, Ohmura M, Karasawa T, Tsukamoto T, Kurazono H, Takeda Y, 1996. Typing of verotoxins by DNA colony hybridization with poly- and oligonucleotide probes, a bead-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and polymerase chain reaction. Microbiol Immunol 40: 345–352.
-
23.
Jenkins C, Tembo M, Chart H, Cheasty T, Willshaw GA, Phillips AD, Tompkins D, Smith H, 2006. Detection of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in faecal samples from patients in the community with diarrhea. J Med Microbiol 55: 1493–1497.
-
24.
Izumiya H, Terajima J, Wada A, Inagaki Y, Itoh KI, Tamura K, Watanabe H, 1997. Molecular typing of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates in Japan by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J Clin Microbiol 35: 1675–1680.
-
25.
Kado CI, Liu ST, 1981. Rapid procedure for detection and isolation of large and small plasmids. J Bacteriol 145: 1365–1373.
-
26.
Giannella RA, 1976. Suckling mouse model for detection of heat-stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin: characteristics of the model. Infect Immun 14: 95–99.
-
27.
Guignot J, Chaplais C, Coconnier-Polter MH, Servin AL, 2007. The secreted autotransporter toxin, Sat, functions as a virulence factor in Afa/Dr diffusely adhering Escherichia coli by promoting lesions in tight junction of polarized epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 9: 204–221.
-
28.
Fasano A, Noriega FR, Maneval DR Jr, Chanasongcram S, Russell R, Guandalini S, Levine MM, 1995. Shigella enterotoxin 1: an enterotoxin of Shigella flexneri 2a active in rabbit small intestine in vivo and in vitro. J Clin Invest 95: 2853–2861.
-
29.
Nataro JP, Seriwatana J, Fasano A, Maneval DR, Guers LD, Noriega F, Dubovsky F, Levine MM, Morris JG Jr, 1995. Identification and cloning of a novel plasmid-encoded enterotoxin of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli and Shigella strains. Infect Immun 63: 4721–4728.
-
30.
Harrington SM, Dudley EG, Nataro JP, 2006. Pathogenesis of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli infection. FEMS Microbiol Lett 254: 12–18.
-
31.
Navarro-Garcia F, Elias WP, 2011. Autotransporters and virulence of enteroaggregative E. coli. Gut Microbes 2: 13–24.
-
32.
Toshima H, Uenaka E, Bi Y, Nakamura H, Ogasawara J, Hase A, Kamata Y, Nishikawa Y, 2004. Detection and isolation of Escherichia coli with a coding gene for enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 from food and comparison with fecal isolates. J Food Prot 67: 2117–2122.
-
33.
Fujihara S, Arikawa K, Aota T, Tanaka H, Nakamura H, Wada T, Hase A, Nishikawa Y, 2009. Prevalence and properties of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli among healthy individuals in Osaka City, Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 62: 318–323.
-
34.
Yamamoto T, Echeverria P, 1996. Detection of the enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 gene sequences in enterotoxigenic E. coli strains pathogenic for humans. Infect Immun 64: 1441–1445.
-
35.
Fleckenstein JM, Hardwidge PR, Munson GP, Rasko DA, Sommerfelt H, Steinsland H, 2010. Molecular mechanisms of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection. Microbes Infect 12: 89–98.
-
36.
Ochi S, Shimizu T, Ohtani K, Ichinose Y, Arimitsu H, Tsukamoto K, Kato M, Tsuji T, 2009. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Ent plasmid. DNA Res 16: 299–309.
-
37.
Levine MM, Prado V, Robins-Browne R, Lior H, Kaper JB, Moseley SL, Gicquelais K, Nataro JP, Vial P, Tall B, 1988. Use of DNA probes and HEp-2 cell adherence assay to detect diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. J Infect Dis 158: 224–228.
-
38.
Gunzburg ST, Chang BJ, Elliott SJ, Burke V, Gracey M, 1993. Diffuse and enteroaggregative patterns of adherence of enteric Escherichia coli isolated from aboriginal children from the Kimberley region of western Australia. J Infect Dis 167: 755–758.
-
39.
Sobieszczanska BM, Osek J, Gryko R, Dobrowolska M, 2006. Association between cell-bound haemolysin and cell-detaching activity of Escherichia coli isolated from children. J Med Microbiol 55: 325–330.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 51 | 51 | 20 |
| Full Text Views | 467 | 115 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 153 | 34 | 0 |