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Reference Manager
BibTeX
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EndNote
-
1.
Roper MH, Vandelaer JH, Gasse FL, 2007. Maternal and neonatal tetanus. Lancet 370: 1947–1959.
-
2.
Dalal S, Samuelson J, Reed J, Yakubu A, Ncube B, Baggaley R, 2016. Tetanus disease and deaths in men reveal need for vaccination. Bull World Health Organ 94: 613–621.
-
3.
World Health Organization (WHO), 2006. Tetanus vaccine: WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 20: 198–208.
-
4.
World Health Organization Department on Immunization Vaccines and Biologicals, Data, Statistics and Graphics, 2016. Reported Immunization Schedules by Vaccine. Available at: http://www.who.int/entity/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/data/schedule_data.xls?ua=1. Accessed August 31, 2016.
-
5.
World Health Organization Department on Immunization Vaccines and Biologicals, Data, Statistics and Graphics, 2016. Reported Data of Immunization Provided at School. Available at: http://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/data/Immunization_at_school.xls?ua=1. Accessed August 31, 2016.
-
6.
World Health Organization, 1996. Expanded programme on immunization (EPI). Immunization schedules in the WHO African region, 1995. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 71: 90–94.
-
7.
Daly AD, Nxumalo MP, Biellik RJ, 2003. Missed opportunities for vaccination in health facilities in Swaziland. S Afr Med J 93: 606–610.
-
8.
Zimbabas, Zimbabwe Expanded Programme on Immunisations, 2012. New Vaccination Schedule Starting 20th June 2012. Available at: http://www.zimbabas.co.zw/new-vaccination-schedule-starting-20th-june-2012/. Accessed September 16, 2016.
-
9.
United Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2013. Immunization Summary. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/immunization/files/EN-ImmSumm-2013.pdf. Accessed September 16, 2016.
-
10.
Grund JM, Toledo C, Davis SM, Ridzon R, Moturi E, Scobie H, Naouri B, Reed JB, Njeuhmeli E, Thomas AG, Benson FN, Sirengo MW, Muyenzi LN, Lija GJ, Rogers JH, Mwanasalli S, Odoyo-June E, Wamai N, Kabuye G, Zulu JE, Aceng JR, Bock N, 2016. Notes from the field: tetanus cases after voluntary medical male circumcision for HIV prevention—Eastern and Southern Africa, 2012–2015. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 65: 36–37.
-
11.
World Health Organization (WHO), 2015. Meeting Report: WHO Informal Consultation on Tetanus and Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision, 9–10 March 2015. Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/181812/1/9789241509237_eng.pdf?ua=1. Accessed August 20, 2015.
-
12.
World Health Organization, 2015. WHO Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Monitoring System (2015 Global Summary): WHO/UNICEF Estimates of National Immunization Coverage. Available at: http://www.who.int/entity/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/data/coverage_estimates_series.xls?ua=1. Accessed August 7, 2015.
-
13.
Scobie HM, Mao B, Buth S, Wannemuehler K, Sorenson C, Kannarath C, Jenks MH, Moss DM, Priest JW, Soeung SC, Quick L, Deming MS, Lammie PJ, Gregory CJ, 2016. Tetanus immunity among women aged 15 to 39 years in Cambodia: a national population-based survey, 2012. Clin Vaccine Immunol 23: 546–554.
-
14.
Goodhew EB, Priest JW, Moss DM, Zhong G, Munoz B, Mkocha H, Martin DL, West SK, Gaydos C, Lammie PJ, 2012. CT694 and pgp3 as serological tools for monitoring trachoma programs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1873.
-
15.
Moss DM, Priest JW, Boyd A, Weinkopff T, Kucerova Z, Beach MJ, Lammie PJ, 2011. Multiplex bead assay for serum samples from children in Haiti enrolled in a drug study for the treatment of lymphatic filariasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 229–237.
-
16.
Kurtzhals JA, Kjeldsen K, Hey AS, Okong'o-Odera EA, Heron I, 1997. Immunity to tetanus and diphtheria in rural Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56: 576–579.
-
17.
Aboud S, Lyamuya EF, Kristoffersen EK, Matre R, 2002. Immunity to tetanus in male adults in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. East Afr Med J 79: 73–76.
-
18.
Aboud S, Matre R, Lyamuya EF, Kristoffersen EK, 2001. Antibodies to tetanus toxoid in women of childbearing age in Dar es Salaam and Bagamoyo, Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 6: 119–125.
-
19.
Chalya PL, Mabula JB, Dass RM, Mbelenge N, Mshana SE, Gilyoma JM, 2011. Ten-year experiences with tetanus at a tertiary hospital in northwestern Tanzania: a retrospective review of 102 cases. World J Emerg Surg 6: 20.
-
20.
Mchembe MD, Mwafongo V, 2005. Tetanus and its treatment outcome in Dar es Salaam: need for male vaccination. East Afr J Public Health 2: 22–23.
-
21.
Vaz RG, Neves O, 1993. Tétano no Departamento de Medicina do Hospital Central de Maputo: revisao de 119 casos. Rev Med Moamb 4: 23–26.
-
22.
Aboud S, Matre R, Lyamuya EF, Kristoffersen EK, 2000. Levels and avidity of antibodies to tetanus toxoid in children aged 1–15 years in Dar es Salaam and Bagamoyo, Tanzania. Ann Trop Paediatr 20: 313–322.
-
23.
Siekmann JH, Allen LH, Watnik MR, Nestel P, Neumann CG, Shoenfeld Y, Peter JB, Patnik M, Ansari AA, Coppel RL, Gershwin ME, 2003. Titers of antibody to common pathogens: relation to food-based interventions in rural Kenyan schoolchildren. Am J Clin Nutr 77: 242–249.
-
24.
Lammie PJ, Moss DM, Brook Goodhew E, Hamlin K, Krolewiecki A, West SK, Priest JW, 2012. Development of a new platform for neglected tropical disease surveillance. Int J Parasitol 42: 797–800.
-
25.
Priest JW, Jenks MH, Moss DM, Mao B, Buth S, Wannemuehler K, Soeung SC, Lucchi NW, Udhayakumar V, Gregory CJ, Huy R, Muth S, Lammie PJ, 2016. Integration of multiplex bead assays for parasitic diseases into a national, population-based serosurvey of women 15–39 years of age in Cambodia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004699.
-
26.
Subaiya S, Dumolard L, Lydon P, Gacic-Dobo M, Eggers R, Conklin L, 2015. Global routine vaccination coverage, 2014. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 64: 1252–1255.
-
27.
Vandelaer J, Olaniran M, 2015. Using a school-based approach to deliver immunization: global update. Vaccine 33: 719–725.
-
28.
UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Data centre, 2016. Education: Gross Enrolment Ratio by Level of Education. Available at: http://data.uis.unesco.org/index.aspx?queryid=142. Accessed August 31, 2016.
-
29.
World Health Organization (WHO), 2015. School-Based Immunization. Available at: http://www.who.int/immunization/programmes_systems/policies_strategies/school_based_immunization/en/. Accessed September 16, 2016.
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30.
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2016. Supplies and Logistics: Vaccine Price Data, Tetanus Toxoid (TT). Available at: http://www.unicef.org/supply/files/TT.pdf. Accessed September 16, 2016.
-
31.
Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, 2016. Vaccine Introduction Grants and Operational Support for Campaigns Policy. Available at: http://www.gavi.org/about/governance/programme-policies/vaccine-introduction-grants-and-operational-support-for-campaigns/. Accessed October 4, 2016.
-
32.
Basta NE, Borrow R, Berthe A, Onwuchekwa U, Dembele AT, Almond R, Frankland S, Patel S, Wood D, Nascimento M, Manigart O, Trotter CL, Greenwood B, Sow SO, 2015. Higher tetanus toxoid immunity 2 years after PsA-TT introduction in Mali. Clin Infect Dis 61 (Suppl 5): S578–S585.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 118 | 118 | 32 |
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Tetanus Immunity Gaps in Children 5–14 Years and Men ≥ 15 Years of Age Revealed by Integrated Disease Serosurveillance in Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique
Heather M. Scobie
Heather M. Scobie
Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Minal Patel
Minal Patel
Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Diana Martin
Diana Martin
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Harran Mkocha
Harran Mkocha
Kongwa Trachoma Project, Kongwa, Tanzania.
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Sammy M. Njenga
Sammy M. Njenga
Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International of Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Maurice R. Odiere
Maurice R. Odiere
Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya.
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Sonia Pelletreau
Sonia Pelletreau
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Jeffrey W. Priest
Jeffrey W. Priest
Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Ricardo Thompson
Ricardo Thompson
Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique.
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Kimberly Y. Won
Kimberly Y. Won
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Patrick J. Lammie
Patrick J. Lammie
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Recent tetanus cases associated with male circumcision in Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) prompted an examination of tetanus immunity by age and sex using multiplex serologic data from community surveys in three ESA countries during 2012–2013. Tetanus seroprotection was lower among children 5–14 years versus 1–4 years of age in Kenya (66% versus 90%) and Tanzania (66% versus 89%), but not in Mozambique (91% versus 88%), where children receive two booster doses in school. Among males ≥ 15 years of age, tetanus seroprotection was lower than females in Kenya (45% versus 96%), Tanzania (28% versus 94%), and Mozambique (64% versus 90%). Tetanus immunity from infant vaccination doses wanes over time, and only women of reproductive age routinely receive booster doses. To prevent immunity gaps in older children, adolescents, and adult men, a life-course vaccination strategy is needed to provide the three recommended tetanus booster doses.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP 1022543).
Authors' addresses: Heather M. Scobie and Minal Patel, Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: vih8@cdc.gov and hgo9@cdc.gov. Diana Martin, Jeffrey W. Priest, Kimberly Y. Won, and Patrick J. Lammie, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: hzx3@cdc.gov, jip8@cdc.gov, kfw7@cdc.gov, and pjl1@cdc.gov. Harran Mkocha, Kongwa Trachoma Project, Kongwa, Tanzania, E-mail: hmkocha@yahoo.com. Sammy M. Njenga, Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International of Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mail: snjenga@kemri.org. Maurice R. Odiere, Neglected Tropical Diseases Branch, Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya, E-mail: modiere@kemricdc.org. Sonia Pelletreau, Children's Investment Fund Foundation, London, United Kingdom, E-mail: spelletreau@ciff.org. Ricardo Thompson, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique, E-mail: rthompsonmz@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Roper MH, Vandelaer JH, Gasse FL, 2007. Maternal and neonatal tetanus. Lancet 370: 1947–1959.
-
2.
Dalal S, Samuelson J, Reed J, Yakubu A, Ncube B, Baggaley R, 2016. Tetanus disease and deaths in men reveal need for vaccination. Bull World Health Organ 94: 613–621.
-
3.
World Health Organization (WHO), 2006. Tetanus vaccine: WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 20: 198–208.
-
4.
World Health Organization Department on Immunization Vaccines and Biologicals, Data, Statistics and Graphics, 2016. Reported Immunization Schedules by Vaccine. Available at: http://www.who.int/entity/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/data/schedule_data.xls?ua=1. Accessed August 31, 2016.
-
5.
World Health Organization Department on Immunization Vaccines and Biologicals, Data, Statistics and Graphics, 2016. Reported Data of Immunization Provided at School. Available at: http://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/data/Immunization_at_school.xls?ua=1. Accessed August 31, 2016.
-
6.
World Health Organization, 1996. Expanded programme on immunization (EPI). Immunization schedules in the WHO African region, 1995. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 71: 90–94.
-
7.
Daly AD, Nxumalo MP, Biellik RJ, 2003. Missed opportunities for vaccination in health facilities in Swaziland. S Afr Med J 93: 606–610.
-
8.
Zimbabas, Zimbabwe Expanded Programme on Immunisations, 2012. New Vaccination Schedule Starting 20th June 2012. Available at: http://www.zimbabas.co.zw/new-vaccination-schedule-starting-20th-june-2012/. Accessed September 16, 2016.
-
9.
United Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2013. Immunization Summary. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/immunization/files/EN-ImmSumm-2013.pdf. Accessed September 16, 2016.
-
10.
Grund JM, Toledo C, Davis SM, Ridzon R, Moturi E, Scobie H, Naouri B, Reed JB, Njeuhmeli E, Thomas AG, Benson FN, Sirengo MW, Muyenzi LN, Lija GJ, Rogers JH, Mwanasalli S, Odoyo-June E, Wamai N, Kabuye G, Zulu JE, Aceng JR, Bock N, 2016. Notes from the field: tetanus cases after voluntary medical male circumcision for HIV prevention—Eastern and Southern Africa, 2012–2015. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 65: 36–37.
-
11.
World Health Organization (WHO), 2015. Meeting Report: WHO Informal Consultation on Tetanus and Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision, 9–10 March 2015. Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/181812/1/9789241509237_eng.pdf?ua=1. Accessed August 20, 2015.
-
12.
World Health Organization, 2015. WHO Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Monitoring System (2015 Global Summary): WHO/UNICEF Estimates of National Immunization Coverage. Available at: http://www.who.int/entity/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/data/coverage_estimates_series.xls?ua=1. Accessed August 7, 2015.
-
13.
Scobie HM, Mao B, Buth S, Wannemuehler K, Sorenson C, Kannarath C, Jenks MH, Moss DM, Priest JW, Soeung SC, Quick L, Deming MS, Lammie PJ, Gregory CJ, 2016. Tetanus immunity among women aged 15 to 39 years in Cambodia: a national population-based survey, 2012. Clin Vaccine Immunol 23: 546–554.
-
14.
Goodhew EB, Priest JW, Moss DM, Zhong G, Munoz B, Mkocha H, Martin DL, West SK, Gaydos C, Lammie PJ, 2012. CT694 and pgp3 as serological tools for monitoring trachoma programs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1873.
-
15.
Moss DM, Priest JW, Boyd A, Weinkopff T, Kucerova Z, Beach MJ, Lammie PJ, 2011. Multiplex bead assay for serum samples from children in Haiti enrolled in a drug study for the treatment of lymphatic filariasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 229–237.
-
16.
Kurtzhals JA, Kjeldsen K, Hey AS, Okong'o-Odera EA, Heron I, 1997. Immunity to tetanus and diphtheria in rural Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56: 576–579.
-
17.
Aboud S, Lyamuya EF, Kristoffersen EK, Matre R, 2002. Immunity to tetanus in male adults in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. East Afr Med J 79: 73–76.
-
18.
Aboud S, Matre R, Lyamuya EF, Kristoffersen EK, 2001. Antibodies to tetanus toxoid in women of childbearing age in Dar es Salaam and Bagamoyo, Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 6: 119–125.
-
19.
Chalya PL, Mabula JB, Dass RM, Mbelenge N, Mshana SE, Gilyoma JM, 2011. Ten-year experiences with tetanus at a tertiary hospital in northwestern Tanzania: a retrospective review of 102 cases. World J Emerg Surg 6: 20.
-
20.
Mchembe MD, Mwafongo V, 2005. Tetanus and its treatment outcome in Dar es Salaam: need for male vaccination. East Afr J Public Health 2: 22–23.
-
21.
Vaz RG, Neves O, 1993. Tétano no Departamento de Medicina do Hospital Central de Maputo: revisao de 119 casos. Rev Med Moamb 4: 23–26.
-
22.
Aboud S, Matre R, Lyamuya EF, Kristoffersen EK, 2000. Levels and avidity of antibodies to tetanus toxoid in children aged 1–15 years in Dar es Salaam and Bagamoyo, Tanzania. Ann Trop Paediatr 20: 313–322.
-
23.
Siekmann JH, Allen LH, Watnik MR, Nestel P, Neumann CG, Shoenfeld Y, Peter JB, Patnik M, Ansari AA, Coppel RL, Gershwin ME, 2003. Titers of antibody to common pathogens: relation to food-based interventions in rural Kenyan schoolchildren. Am J Clin Nutr 77: 242–249.
-
24.
Lammie PJ, Moss DM, Brook Goodhew E, Hamlin K, Krolewiecki A, West SK, Priest JW, 2012. Development of a new platform for neglected tropical disease surveillance. Int J Parasitol 42: 797–800.
-
25.
Priest JW, Jenks MH, Moss DM, Mao B, Buth S, Wannemuehler K, Soeung SC, Lucchi NW, Udhayakumar V, Gregory CJ, Huy R, Muth S, Lammie PJ, 2016. Integration of multiplex bead assays for parasitic diseases into a national, population-based serosurvey of women 15–39 years of age in Cambodia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004699.
-
26.
Subaiya S, Dumolard L, Lydon P, Gacic-Dobo M, Eggers R, Conklin L, 2015. Global routine vaccination coverage, 2014. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 64: 1252–1255.
-
27.
Vandelaer J, Olaniran M, 2015. Using a school-based approach to deliver immunization: global update. Vaccine 33: 719–725.
-
28.
UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Data centre, 2016. Education: Gross Enrolment Ratio by Level of Education. Available at: http://data.uis.unesco.org/index.aspx?queryid=142. Accessed August 31, 2016.
-
29.
World Health Organization (WHO), 2015. School-Based Immunization. Available at: http://www.who.int/immunization/programmes_systems/policies_strategies/school_based_immunization/en/. Accessed September 16, 2016.
-
30.
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2016. Supplies and Logistics: Vaccine Price Data, Tetanus Toxoid (TT). Available at: http://www.unicef.org/supply/files/TT.pdf. Accessed September 16, 2016.
-
31.
Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, 2016. Vaccine Introduction Grants and Operational Support for Campaigns Policy. Available at: http://www.gavi.org/about/governance/programme-policies/vaccine-introduction-grants-and-operational-support-for-campaigns/. Accessed October 4, 2016.
-
32.
Basta NE, Borrow R, Berthe A, Onwuchekwa U, Dembele AT, Almond R, Frankland S, Patel S, Wood D, Nascimento M, Manigart O, Trotter CL, Greenwood B, Sow SO, 2015. Higher tetanus toxoid immunity 2 years after PsA-TT introduction in Mali. Clin Infect Dis 61 (Suppl 5): S578–S585.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 118 | 118 | 32 |
| Full Text Views | 859 | 183 | 6 |
| PDF Downloads | 167 | 45 | 2 |