ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Campbell G, Hill S, Fischer M, Jacobson J, Hoke C, Hombach J, Marfin AA, Solomon T, Tsai TF, Tsu VD, Ginsburg AS, 2011. Estimated global incidence of Japanese encephalitis: a systemic review. Bull World Health Organ 89: 766–774.
-
2.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2013. Japanese encephalitis surveillance and immunization—Asia and the Western Pacific, 2012. MMWR 62: 658–662.
-
3.
Lindenbach B, Rice C, 2001. Flaviviridae: the viruses and their replication. Fields BN, Howley PM, Griffin DE, Lamb RA, Martin MA, Roizman B, Stratus S, Knipe D, eds. Fields Virology, 4th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 991–1041.
-
4.
Vaughn DW, Hoke CJ, 1992. The epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis prospects for prevention. Epidemiol Rev 14: 197–221.
-
5.
Ghosh D, Basu A, 2009. Japanese encephalitis—a pathological and clinical perspective. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e437.
-
6.
Centers for Disease Control, Taiwan, 2016. Notifiable Infectious Disease Statistical System. Available at: http://nidss.cdc.gov.tw. Accessed February 15, 2016.
-
7.
Hsu LC, Chen YJ, Hsu FK, Huang JH, Chang CM, Chou P, Lin IF, Chang FY, 2014. The incidence of Japanese encephalitis in Taiwan—a population-based study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e3030.
-
8.
Wu YC, Huang YS, Chien LJ, Lin TL, Yueh YY, Tseng WL, Chang KJ, Wang GR, 1999. The epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis on Taiwan during 1966–1997. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61: 78–84.
-
9.
World Health Organization, 2007. A Cohort Study to Assess the New WHO Japanese Encephalitis Surveillance Standards. Available at: http://www.who.int/bulletin/Volumes/86/3/07-04330/en/. Accessed February 21, 2016.
-
10.
Ravi V, Robinson JS, Russell BJ, Desai A, Ramamurty N, Featherstone D, Johnson BW, 2009. Evaluation of IgM antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits for detection of IgM against Japanese encephalitis virus in cerebrospinal fluid samples. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 1144–1150.
-
11.
Clark CH, Casals J, 1958. Techniques for hemagglutination inhibition with arthropod viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 7: 561–573.
-
12.
World Health Organization, 2007. Manual for the Laboratory Diagnosis of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 1–52.
-
13.
Johnson BW, Goodman CH, Jee Y, Featherstone DA, 2016. Differential diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis virus infections with the Inbios JE Detect™ and DEN Detect™ MAC-ELISA Kits. Am J Trop Med Hyg 94: 820–828.
-
14.
Sapkal GN, Wairagkar NS, Ayachit VM, Bondre VP, Gore MM, 2007. Detection and isolation of Japanese encephalitis virus from blood clots collected during the acute phase of infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 1139–1145.
-
15.
Mathur A, Kumar R, Sharma S, Kulshreshtha R, Kumar A, Chaturvedi UC, 1990. Rapid diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis by immunofluorescent examination of cerebrospinal fluid. Indian J Med Res 91: 1–4.
-
16.
Su CL, Yang CF, Teng HJ, Lu LC, Lin C, Tsai KH, Chen YY, Chen LY, Chang SF, Shu PY, 2014. Molecular epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis virus in mosquitoes in Taiwan during 2005–2012. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e3122.
-
17.
Arai S, Matsunaga Y, Takasaki T, Tanaka-Taya K, Taniguchi K, Okabe N, Kurane I, Vaccine Preventable Diseases Surveillance Program of Japan, 2008. Japanese encephalitis: surveillance and elimination effort in Japan from 1982 to 2004. Jpn J Infect Dis 61: 333–338.
-
18.
Lee DW, Choe YJ, Kim JH, Song KM, Cho H, Bae GR, Lee JK, 2012. Epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in South Korea, 2007–2010. Int J Infect Dis 16: e448–e452.
-
19.
Tseng HF, Tan HF, Chang CK, Huang WL, Ho WC, 2003. Seroepidemiology study of Japanese encephalitis neutralizing antibodies in southern Taiwan: a comparative study between urban city and country townships. Am J Infect Control 31: 435–440.
-
20.
Konishi E, Kitai Y, Tabei Y, Nishimura K, Harada S, 2010. Natural Japanese encephalitis virus infection among humans in west and east Japan shows the need to continue a vaccination program. Vaccine 28: 2664–2670.
-
21.
Su CL, Yang CF, Chang SF, Su PY, 2016. Molecular epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis virus in mosquitoes in Taiwan, 2013–1014 [in Chinese]. Epidemiol Bull 32: 148–157.
-
22.
Fan YC, Chen JM, Chiu HC, Chen YY, Lin JW, Shih CC, Chen CM, Chang CC, Chang GJJ, Chiou SS, 2012. Partially neutralizing potency against emerging genotype I virus among children received formalin-inactivated Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1834.
-
23.
Solomon T, 2006. Control of Japanese encephalitis—within our grasp? N Engl J Med 355: 869–871.
-
24.
Fischer M, Lindsey N, Staples JE, Hills S, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2010. Japanese encephalitis vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 59: 1–27.
-
25.
Yun SI, Lee YM, 2014. Japanese encephalitis: the virus and vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 10: 263–270.
-
26.
Halsted SB, Thomas SJ, 2011. New Japanese encephalitis vaccines: alternatives to production in mouse brain. Expert Rev Vaccines 10: 355–364.
-
27.
Yamanaka A, Mulyatno KC, Susilowati H, Hendrianto E, Utsumi T, Amin M, Lusida MI, Soegijanto S, Konishi E, 2010. Prevalence of antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus among pigs in Bali and East Java, Indonesia, 2008. Jpn J Infect Dis 63: 58–60.
-
28.
Kari K, Liu W, Gautama K, Mamman MP, Clemens JD, Nisalak A, Subrata K, Kim HK, Xu ZY, 2006. A hospital-based surveillance for Japanese encephalitis in Bali, Indonesia. BMC Med 4: 8.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 3001 | 2382 | 30 |
| Full Text Views | 439 | 15 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 115 | 15 | 0 |
Epidemiological Features of Japanese Encephalitis in Taiwan from 2000 to 2014
Yu-Kang Chang
Yu-Kang Chang
Department of Radiology, Liouying Campus, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Hsiao-Ling Chang
Hsiao-Ling Chang
Division of Infection Control and Biosafety, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan.
School Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, National Defense University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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School Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, National Defense University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Ho-Sheng Wu
Ho-Sheng Wu
Hsinchu Blood Center, Taiwan Blood Services Foundation, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Kow-Tong Chen
Kow-Tong Chen
Department of Occupational Medicine, Tainan Municipal Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.
Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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The incidence of Japanese encephalitis (JE) decreased sharply after the national vaccination program was implemented in Taiwan in 1968. However, cases of JE still occur. The purpose of this study was to assess the epidemiology and vaccination policy for JE in Taiwan. We analyzed the data on JE cases reported to the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (Taiwan CDC) between 2000 and 2014. During the 15-year study period, a total of 4,474 cases were reported to the Taiwan CDC. Of these, 379 (8.5%) were classified as confirmed cases, and 4,095 (91.5%) were classified as suspected cases. The incidence of JE ranged from 0.59 to 1.61 per 1,000,000 people and peaked in 2007. Men had a higher incidence of JE than women (1.37 versus 0.84 per 1,000,000; P = 0.03). Patients who were 40–59 years of age had a higher incidence than did patients younger than 20 years (1.82 versus 0.23; P < 0.001). Patients who lived in the eastern region of Taiwan had the highest incidence rate of JE (P < 0.001). Compared with those who were not vaccinated with the JE vaccine, patients who received four doses of JE vaccine had a lower risk of suffering from death and/or hospitalization (adjusted odds ratio: 0.26; 95% confidence interval: 0.08–0.90; P = 0.04). JE is still a public health problem in Taiwan, and monitoring JE via diagnostic testing to determine the best vaccination program along with enforcing JE vaccine boosters for adults is necessary to eliminate JE in Taiwan.
Author Notes
Financial support: The study was supported by a grant (MOST-104-2314-B-217-001) from the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan.
Authors' addresses: Yu-Kang Chang, Department of Radiology, Liouying Campus, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, E-mail: cangtd@ms29.hinet.net. Hsiao-Ling Chang, Division of Infection Control and Biosafety, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan, E-mail: hlchang@cdc.gov.tw. Ho-Sheng Wu, Hsinchu Blood Center, Taiwan Blood Services Foundation, Hsinchu, Taiwan, E-mail: wuhs.sc@blood.org.tw. Kow-Tong Chen, Department of Occupational Medicine, Tainan Municipal Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, E-mail: ktchen@mail.ncku.edu.tw.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Campbell G, Hill S, Fischer M, Jacobson J, Hoke C, Hombach J, Marfin AA, Solomon T, Tsai TF, Tsu VD, Ginsburg AS, 2011. Estimated global incidence of Japanese encephalitis: a systemic review. Bull World Health Organ 89: 766–774.
-
2.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2013. Japanese encephalitis surveillance and immunization—Asia and the Western Pacific, 2012. MMWR 62: 658–662.
-
3.
Lindenbach B, Rice C, 2001. Flaviviridae: the viruses and their replication. Fields BN, Howley PM, Griffin DE, Lamb RA, Martin MA, Roizman B, Stratus S, Knipe D, eds. Fields Virology, 4th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 991–1041.
-
4.
Vaughn DW, Hoke CJ, 1992. The epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis prospects for prevention. Epidemiol Rev 14: 197–221.
-
5.
Ghosh D, Basu A, 2009. Japanese encephalitis—a pathological and clinical perspective. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e437.
-
6.
Centers for Disease Control, Taiwan, 2016. Notifiable Infectious Disease Statistical System. Available at: http://nidss.cdc.gov.tw. Accessed February 15, 2016.
-
7.
Hsu LC, Chen YJ, Hsu FK, Huang JH, Chang CM, Chou P, Lin IF, Chang FY, 2014. The incidence of Japanese encephalitis in Taiwan—a population-based study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e3030.
-
8.
Wu YC, Huang YS, Chien LJ, Lin TL, Yueh YY, Tseng WL, Chang KJ, Wang GR, 1999. The epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis on Taiwan during 1966–1997. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61: 78–84.
-
9.
World Health Organization, 2007. A Cohort Study to Assess the New WHO Japanese Encephalitis Surveillance Standards. Available at: http://www.who.int/bulletin/Volumes/86/3/07-04330/en/. Accessed February 21, 2016.
-
10.
Ravi V, Robinson JS, Russell BJ, Desai A, Ramamurty N, Featherstone D, Johnson BW, 2009. Evaluation of IgM antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits for detection of IgM against Japanese encephalitis virus in cerebrospinal fluid samples. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 1144–1150.
-
11.
Clark CH, Casals J, 1958. Techniques for hemagglutination inhibition with arthropod viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 7: 561–573.
-
12.
World Health Organization, 2007. Manual for the Laboratory Diagnosis of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 1–52.
-
13.
Johnson BW, Goodman CH, Jee Y, Featherstone DA, 2016. Differential diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis virus infections with the Inbios JE Detect™ and DEN Detect™ MAC-ELISA Kits. Am J Trop Med Hyg 94: 820–828.
-
14.
Sapkal GN, Wairagkar NS, Ayachit VM, Bondre VP, Gore MM, 2007. Detection and isolation of Japanese encephalitis virus from blood clots collected during the acute phase of infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 1139–1145.
-
15.
Mathur A, Kumar R, Sharma S, Kulshreshtha R, Kumar A, Chaturvedi UC, 1990. Rapid diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis by immunofluorescent examination of cerebrospinal fluid. Indian J Med Res 91: 1–4.
-
16.
Su CL, Yang CF, Teng HJ, Lu LC, Lin C, Tsai KH, Chen YY, Chen LY, Chang SF, Shu PY, 2014. Molecular epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis virus in mosquitoes in Taiwan during 2005–2012. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e3122.
-
17.
Arai S, Matsunaga Y, Takasaki T, Tanaka-Taya K, Taniguchi K, Okabe N, Kurane I, Vaccine Preventable Diseases Surveillance Program of Japan, 2008. Japanese encephalitis: surveillance and elimination effort in Japan from 1982 to 2004. Jpn J Infect Dis 61: 333–338.
-
18.
Lee DW, Choe YJ, Kim JH, Song KM, Cho H, Bae GR, Lee JK, 2012. Epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in South Korea, 2007–2010. Int J Infect Dis 16: e448–e452.
-
19.
Tseng HF, Tan HF, Chang CK, Huang WL, Ho WC, 2003. Seroepidemiology study of Japanese encephalitis neutralizing antibodies in southern Taiwan: a comparative study between urban city and country townships. Am J Infect Control 31: 435–440.
-
20.
Konishi E, Kitai Y, Tabei Y, Nishimura K, Harada S, 2010. Natural Japanese encephalitis virus infection among humans in west and east Japan shows the need to continue a vaccination program. Vaccine 28: 2664–2670.
-
21.
Su CL, Yang CF, Chang SF, Su PY, 2016. Molecular epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis virus in mosquitoes in Taiwan, 2013–1014 [in Chinese]. Epidemiol Bull 32: 148–157.
-
22.
Fan YC, Chen JM, Chiu HC, Chen YY, Lin JW, Shih CC, Chen CM, Chang CC, Chang GJJ, Chiou SS, 2012. Partially neutralizing potency against emerging genotype I virus among children received formalin-inactivated Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1834.
-
23.
Solomon T, 2006. Control of Japanese encephalitis—within our grasp? N Engl J Med 355: 869–871.
-
24.
Fischer M, Lindsey N, Staples JE, Hills S, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2010. Japanese encephalitis vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 59: 1–27.
-
25.
Yun SI, Lee YM, 2014. Japanese encephalitis: the virus and vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 10: 263–270.
-
26.
Halsted SB, Thomas SJ, 2011. New Japanese encephalitis vaccines: alternatives to production in mouse brain. Expert Rev Vaccines 10: 355–364.
-
27.
Yamanaka A, Mulyatno KC, Susilowati H, Hendrianto E, Utsumi T, Amin M, Lusida MI, Soegijanto S, Konishi E, 2010. Prevalence of antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus among pigs in Bali and East Java, Indonesia, 2008. Jpn J Infect Dis 63: 58–60.
-
28.
Kari K, Liu W, Gautama K, Mamman MP, Clemens JD, Nisalak A, Subrata K, Kim HK, Xu ZY, 2006. A hospital-based surveillance for Japanese encephalitis in Bali, Indonesia. BMC Med 4: 8.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 3001 | 2382 | 30 |
| Full Text Views | 439 | 15 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 115 | 15 | 0 |