ProCite
RefWorks
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Zotero
EndNote
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Gotuzzo E, Sanchez J, Escamilla J, Carrillo C, Phillips IA, Moreyra L, Stamm W, Ashley R, Roggen EL, Kreiss J, 1994. Human T cell lymphotropic virus type I infection among female sex workers in Peru. J Infect Dis 169: 754–759.
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Gotuzzo E, Moody J, Verdonck K, Cabada MM, González E, Van Dooren S, Vandamme AM, Terashima A, Vermund SH, 2007. Frequent HTLV-1 infection in the offspring of Peruvian women with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis or strongyloidiasis. Rev Panam Salud Publica 22: 223–230.
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Trujillo L, Munoz D, Gotuzzo E, Yi A, Watts DM, 1999. Sexual practices and prevalence of HIV, HTLV-I/II, and Treponema pallidum among clandestine female sex workers in Lima, Peru. Sex Transm Dis 26: 115–118.
-
17.
Biggar RJ, Ng J, Kim N, Hisada M, Li HC, Cranston B, Hanchard B, Maloney EM, 2006. Human leukocyte antigen concordance and the transmission risk via breast-feeding of human T cell lymphotropic virus type I. J Infect Dis 193: 277–282.
-
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Fujiyoshi T, Yashiki S, Fujiyama C, Kuwayama M, Miyashita H, Ohnishi H, Blank M, Zaninovic V, Blank A, Cartier L, Byrnes J, Harrington WJ, Miura T, Hayami M, Tajima K, Sonoda S, 1995. Ethnic segregation of HTLV-I and HTLV-II carriers among South American native Indians. Int J Cancer 63: 510–515.
-
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Fujiyoshi T, Li HC, Lou H, Yashiki S, Karino S, Zaninovic V, Oneegllo SG, Camacho M, Andrade R, Hurtado LV, Gomez LH, Damiani E, Cartier L, Dipierri JE, Hayami M, Sonoda S, Tajima K, 1999. Characteristic distribution of HTLV type I and HTLV type II carriers among native ethnic groups in South America. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 15: 1235–1239.
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Zurita S, Costa C, Watts D, Indacochea S, Campos P, Sanchez J, Gotuzzo E, 1997. Prevalence of human retroviral infection in Quillabamba and Cuzco, Peru: a new endemic area for human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56: 561–565.
-
21.
Blas MM, Alva IE, Garcia PJ, Carcamo C, Montano SM, Muñante R, Zunt JR, 2012. Association between human papillomavirus and human T-lymphotropic virus in indigenous women from the Peruvian Amazon. PLoS One 7: e44240.
-
22.
Alva IE, Orellana ER, Blas MM, Bernabe-Ortiz A, Cotrina A, Chiappe M, Kochel TJ, Carcamo CP, García PJ, Zunt JR, Buffardi AL, Montano SM, 2012. HTLV-1 and -2 infections among 10 indigenous groups in the Peruvian Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 954–956.
-
23.
Blas MM, Alva IE, Garcia PJ, Cárcamo C, Montano SM, Mori N, Muñante R, Zunt JR, 2013. High prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus infection in indigenous women from the Peruvian Amazon. PLoS One 8: e73978.
-
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Carcamo CP, Campos PE, Garcia PJ, Hughes JP, Garnett GP, Holmes KK, 2012. Prevalences of sexually transmitted infections in young adults and female sex workers in Peru: a national population-based survey. Lancet Infect Dis 12: 765–773.
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Gotuzzo E, Arango C, de Queiroz-Campos A, Isturiz RE, 2000. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-I in Latin America. Infect Dis Clin North Am 14: 211–239, x–xi.
-
26.
Alarcon JO, Friedman HB, Montano SM, Zunt JR, Holmes KK, Quinnan GV Jr, 2006. High endemicity of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 among pregnant women in Peru. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 42: 604–609.
-
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La Rosa AM, Zunt JR, Peinado J, Lama JR, Ton TG, Suarez L, Pun M, Cabezas C, Sanchez J; Peruvian HIV Sentinel Surveillance Working Group, 2009. Retroviral infection in Peruvian men who have sex with men. Nephrol Dial Transplant 49: 112–117.
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Hyams KC, Phillips IA, Tejada A, Wignall FS, Roberts CR, Escamilla J, 1993. Three-year incidence study of retroviral and viral hepatitis transmission in a Peruvian prostitute population. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 6: 1353–1357.
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da Silva ZJ, Nielsen J, Andersen A, Oliveira I, Dias F, Rodrigues A, Holmgren B, Andersson S, Aaby P, 2009. Decline in human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 prevalence in urban areas of Bissau, Guinea-Bissau: exploring the association with HIV infections. AIDS 23: 637–639.
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The Changing Epidemiology of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Infection in Peruvian Female Sex Workers, 1993–2010
Jenell Stewart
Jenell Stewart
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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Kristen Heitzinger
Kristen Heitzinger
Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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Simon Pollett
Simon Pollett
Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Martha Calderón
Martha Calderón
Clínica de Salud Pública “Alberto Barton” del Callao, Callao, Peru.
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Jorge Alarcón
Jorge Alarcón
Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.
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Thanh G. N. Ton
Thanh G. N. Ton
Department of Global Health and Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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Joseph R. Zunt
Joseph R. Zunt
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
Department of Global Health and Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
Department of Global Health and Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was the first human retrovirus to be reported and is associated with neoplastic, neurological, autoimmune, and infectious complications. HTLV-1 is endemic in Peru, with the highest prevalence reported among commercial sex workers. Seroprevalence data collected from Peruvian female sex workers (FSWs) working in Callao over three study periods between 1993 and 2010 were used to examine the secular trend in HTLV-1 prevalence. Between 1993 and 2010, the prevalence of HTLV-1 decreased significantly from 14.5% to 3.1% (P < 0.01). The prevalence of HTLV-1 seropositivity differed significantly by birth cohort (1922–1959, 1960–1969, 1970–1979, and 1980–1992), and for each of the four birth cohorts, the prevalence did not significantly decrease by screening year (P > 0.07). There were no cases of HTLV-1 detected among FSW born after 1979 (N = 224). Participant characteristics associated with HTLV-1 seropositivity were birth in the Andes Mountains region, age, increased time in sex work, younger age of starting sex work, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositivity. The secular trend in declining prevalence persisted after adjustment for age, time in sex work, place of birth, and HIV serostatus, with the odds of HTLV-1 infection decreasing approximately 16% per year (adjusted odds ratio = 0.84, 95% confidence interval = 0.78, 0.90). The increasing use of condoms by later birth cohorts noted in our analysis, as well as the increasing availability of free condoms provided by the Peruvian government—which started in the late 1980s before this study—may have been responsible for declining HTLV seroprevalence.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was partially funded by the National Institutes of Health Office of the Director, Fogarty International Center, Office of AIDS Research, National Cancer Center, National Eye Institute, National Heart, Blood, and Lung Institute, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institute On Drug Abuse, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institutes of Health Office of Women's Health and Research through the Fogarty International Clinical Research Scholars and Fellows Program at Vanderbilt University (R24 TW007988) and the American Relief and Recovery Act.
Authors' addresses: Jenell Stewart, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, E-mail: jenells@uw.edu. Kristen Heitzinger, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, E-mail: heitzk@uw.edu. Simon Pollett, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, E-mail: spollett@med.usyd.edu.au. Martha Calderón, Clínica de Salud Pública, “Alberto Barton” del Callao, Callao, Peru, E-mail: marthacalderonsilva@yahoo.com. Jorge Alarcón, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru, E-mail: joav06@gmail.com. Thanh G. N. Ton and Joseph R. Zunt, Department of Global Health and Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, E-mails: thanhton@gmail.com and jzunt@u.washington.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Gessain A, Cassar O, 2012. Epidemiological aspects and world distribution of HTLV-1 infection. Front Microbiol 3: 388.
-
2.
de Thé G, Kazanji M, 1996. An HTLV-I/II vaccine: from animal models to clinical trials? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 13 (Suppl 1): S191–S198.
-
3.
Takatsuki K, 2005. Discovery of adult T-cell leukemia. Retrovirology 2: 16.
-
4.
Gessain A, Barin F, Vernant JC, Gout O, Maurs L, Calender A, de Thé G, 1985. Antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus type-I in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis. Lancet 2: 407–410.
-
5.
Quaresma JA, Yoshikawa GT, Koyama RV, Dias GA, Fujihara S, Fuzii HT, 2015. HTLV-1, immune response and autoimmunity. Viruses 8: pii: E5. doi: 10.3390/v8010005.
-
6.
Pedral-Sampaio DB, Martins Netto E, Pedrosa C, Brites C, Duarte M, Harrington W Jr, 1997. Co-Infection of tuberculosis and HIV/HTLV retroviruses: frequency and prognosis among patients admitted in a Brazilian Hospital. Braz J Infect Dis 1: 31–35.
-
7.
Verdonck K, Gonzalez E, Schrooten W, Vanham G, Gotuzzo E, 2008. HTLV-1 infection is associated with a history of active tuberculosis among family members of HTLV-1-infected patients in Peru. Epidemiol Infect 136: 1076–1083.
-
8.
Bastos M de L, Santos SB, Souza A, Finkmoore B, Bispo O, Barreto T, Cardoso I, Bispo I, Bastos F, Pereira D, Riley L, Carvalho EM, 2012. Influence of HTLV-1 on the clinical, microbiologic and immunologic presentation of tuberculosis. BMC Infect Dis 12: 199.
-
9.
Marinho J, Galvao-Castro B, Rodrigues LC, Barreto ML, 2005. Increased risk of tuberculosis with human T-lymphotropic virus-1 infection: a case-control study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 40: 625–628.
-
10.
Beilke MA, 2012. Retroviral coinfections: HIV and HTLV: taking stock of more than a quarter century of research. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 28: 139–147.
-
11.
Proietti FA, Carneiro-Proietti AB, Catalan-Soares BC, Murphy EL, 2005. Global epidemiology of HTLV-I infection and associated diseases. Oncogene 24: 6058–6068.
-
12.
Sanchez-Palacios C, Gotuzzo E, Vandamme AM, Maldonado Y, 2003. Seroprevalence and risk factors for human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-I) infection among ethnically and geographically diverse Peruvian women. Int J Infect Dis 7: 132–137.
-
13.
Gotuzzo E, Sanchez J, Escamilla J, Carrillo C, Phillips IA, Moreyra L, Stamm W, Ashley R, Roggen EL, Kreiss J, 1994. Human T cell lymphotropic virus type I infection among female sex workers in Peru. J Infect Dis 169: 754–759.
-
14.
Verdonck K, Gonzalez E, Van Dooren S, Vandamme AM, Vanham G, Gotuzzo E, 2007. Human T-lymphotropic virus 1: recent knowledge about an ancient infection. Lancet Infect Dis 7: 266–281.
-
15.
Gotuzzo E, Moody J, Verdonck K, Cabada MM, González E, Van Dooren S, Vandamme AM, Terashima A, Vermund SH, 2007. Frequent HTLV-1 infection in the offspring of Peruvian women with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis or strongyloidiasis. Rev Panam Salud Publica 22: 223–230.
-
16.
Trujillo L, Munoz D, Gotuzzo E, Yi A, Watts DM, 1999. Sexual practices and prevalence of HIV, HTLV-I/II, and Treponema pallidum among clandestine female sex workers in Lima, Peru. Sex Transm Dis 26: 115–118.
-
17.
Biggar RJ, Ng J, Kim N, Hisada M, Li HC, Cranston B, Hanchard B, Maloney EM, 2006. Human leukocyte antigen concordance and the transmission risk via breast-feeding of human T cell lymphotropic virus type I. J Infect Dis 193: 277–282.
-
18.
Fujiyoshi T, Yashiki S, Fujiyama C, Kuwayama M, Miyashita H, Ohnishi H, Blank M, Zaninovic V, Blank A, Cartier L, Byrnes J, Harrington WJ, Miura T, Hayami M, Tajima K, Sonoda S, 1995. Ethnic segregation of HTLV-I and HTLV-II carriers among South American native Indians. Int J Cancer 63: 510–515.
-
19.
Fujiyoshi T, Li HC, Lou H, Yashiki S, Karino S, Zaninovic V, Oneegllo SG, Camacho M, Andrade R, Hurtado LV, Gomez LH, Damiani E, Cartier L, Dipierri JE, Hayami M, Sonoda S, Tajima K, 1999. Characteristic distribution of HTLV type I and HTLV type II carriers among native ethnic groups in South America. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 15: 1235–1239.
-
20.
Zurita S, Costa C, Watts D, Indacochea S, Campos P, Sanchez J, Gotuzzo E, 1997. Prevalence of human retroviral infection in Quillabamba and Cuzco, Peru: a new endemic area for human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56: 561–565.
-
21.
Blas MM, Alva IE, Garcia PJ, Carcamo C, Montano SM, Muñante R, Zunt JR, 2012. Association between human papillomavirus and human T-lymphotropic virus in indigenous women from the Peruvian Amazon. PLoS One 7: e44240.
-
22.
Alva IE, Orellana ER, Blas MM, Bernabe-Ortiz A, Cotrina A, Chiappe M, Kochel TJ, Carcamo CP, García PJ, Zunt JR, Buffardi AL, Montano SM, 2012. HTLV-1 and -2 infections among 10 indigenous groups in the Peruvian Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 954–956.
-
23.
Blas MM, Alva IE, Garcia PJ, Cárcamo C, Montano SM, Mori N, Muñante R, Zunt JR, 2013. High prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus infection in indigenous women from the Peruvian Amazon. PLoS One 8: e73978.
-
24.
Carcamo CP, Campos PE, Garcia PJ, Hughes JP, Garnett GP, Holmes KK, 2012. Prevalences of sexually transmitted infections in young adults and female sex workers in Peru: a national population-based survey. Lancet Infect Dis 12: 765–773.
-
25.
Gotuzzo E, Arango C, de Queiroz-Campos A, Isturiz RE, 2000. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-I in Latin America. Infect Dis Clin North Am 14: 211–239, x–xi.
-
26.
Alarcon JO, Friedman HB, Montano SM, Zunt JR, Holmes KK, Quinnan GV Jr, 2006. High endemicity of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 among pregnant women in Peru. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 42: 604–609.
-
27.
La Rosa AM, Zunt JR, Peinado J, Lama JR, Ton TG, Suarez L, Pun M, Cabezas C, Sanchez J; Peruvian HIV Sentinel Surveillance Working Group, 2009. Retroviral infection in Peruvian men who have sex with men. Nephrol Dial Transplant 49: 112–117.
-
28.
Wignall FS, Hyams KC, Phillips IA, Escamilla J, Tejada A, Li O, Lopez F, Chauca G, Sanchez S, Roberts CR, 1992. Sexual transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus type I in Peruvian prostitutes. J Med Virol 38: 44–48.
-
29.
Hyams KC, Phillips IA, Tejada A, Wignall FS, Roberts CR, Escamilla J, 1993. Three-year incidence study of retroviral and viral hepatitis transmission in a Peruvian prostitute population. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 6: 1353–1357.
-
30.
Pollett S, Calderon M, Heitzinger K, Solari V, Montano SM, Zunt J, 2013. Prevalence and predictors of cervicitis in female sex workers in Peru: an observational study. BMC Infect Dis 13: 195.
-
31.
da Silva ZJ, Nielsen J, Andersen A, Oliveira I, Dias F, Rodrigues A, Holmgren B, Andersson S, Aaby P, 2009. Decline in human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 prevalence in urban areas of Bissau, Guinea-Bissau: exploring the association with HIV infections. AIDS 23: 637–639.
-
32.
Tortevoye P, Tuppin P, Carles G, Peneau C, Gessain A, 2005. Comparative trends of seroprevalence and seroincidence rates of human T cell lymphotropic virus type I and human immunodeficiency virus 1 in pregnant women of various ethnic groups sharing the same environment in French Guiana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 560–565.
-
33.
Koga Y, Iwanaga M, Soda M, Inokuchi N, Sasaki D, Hasegawa H, Yanagihara K, Yamaguchi K, Kamihira S, Yamada Y, 2010. Trends in HTLV-1 prevalence and incidence of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in Nagasaki, Japan. J Med Virol 82: 668–674.
-
34.
Yamaguchi K, 2001. Declining trends in HTLV-I prevalence among blood donors in Japan. Intern Med 40: 1–2.
-
35.
Iwanaga M, Chiyoda S, Kusaba E, Kamihira S, 2009. Trends in the seroprevalence of HTLV-1 in Japanese blood donors in Nagasaki Prefecture, 2000–2006. Int J Hematol 90: 186–190.
-
36.
Kline RL, Brothers T, Halsey N, Boulos R, Lairmore MD, Quinn TC, 1991. Evaluation of enzyme immunoassays for antibody to human T-lymphotropic viruses type I/II. Lancet 337: 30–33.
-
37.
Cossen C, Hagens S, Fukuchi R, Forghani B, Gallo D, Ascher M, 1992. Comparison of six commercial human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) enzyme immunoassay kits for detection of antibody to HTLV-I and -II. J Clin Microbiol 30: 724–725.
-
38.
Karopoulos A, Silvester C, Dax EM, 1993. A comparison of the performance of nine commercially available anti-HTLV-I screening assays. J Virol Methods 45: 83–91.
-
39.
Andersson S, Thorstensson R, Ramirez KG, Krook A, von Sydow M, Dias F, Biberfeld G, 1999. Comparative evaluation of 14 immunoassays for detection of antibodies to the human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II using panels of sera from Sweden and west Africa. Transfusion 39: 845–851.
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