Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Weisdorf JL, 2005. From foraging to farming: explaining the Neolithic Revolution. J Econ Surv 19: 561–586.
-
2.
Bar-Yosef O, 1998. On the nature of transitions: the middle to Upper Paleolithic and the Neolithic Revolution. Camb Archaeol J 8: 141–163.
-
3.
Dror DK, Allen LH, 2011. The importance of milk and other animal-source foods for children in low-income countries. Food Nutr Bull 32: 227–243.
-
4.
Nicholson C, Mwangi L, Staal S, Thornton P, 2003. Dairy cow ownership and child nutritional status in Kenya. AAEA Annual Meeting, Montreal, Canada, July 27–30, 2003.
-
5.
Leroy JL, Frongillo EA, 2007. Can interventions to promote animal production ameliorate undernutrition? J Nutr 137: 2311–2316.
-
6.
Ouma EA, Obare GA, Staal SJ, 2003. Cattle as Assets: Assessment of Non-Market Benefits from Cattle in Smallholder Kenyan Crop-Livestock Systems. The 25th International Conference of Agricultural Economists (IAAE), Durban, South Africa, August 16–22, 2003.
-
7.
Powell J, Pearson R, Hopkins J, 1998. Impacts of livestock on crop production. Gill M, Smith T, Pollott G, Owen E, Lawrence T, eds. Food, Lands and Livelihoods: Setting Research Agendas for Animal Science, Volume 21. Edinburgh, United Kingdom: British Society of Animal Science, 53–66.
-
8.
Marquis GS, Habicht JP, Lanata CF, Black RE, Rasmussen KM, 1997. Breast milk or animal-product foods improve linear growth of Peruvian toddlers consuming marginal diets. Am J Clin Nutr 66: 1102–1109.
-
9.
Cleaveland S, Laurenson MK, Taylor LH, 2001. Diseases of humans and their domestic mammals: pathogen characteristics, host range and the risk of emergence. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 356: 991–999.
-
10.
Hermans D, Pasmans F, Messens W, Martel A, Van Immerseel F, Rasschaert G, Heyndrickx M, Van Deun K, Haesebrouck F, 2012. Poultry as a host for the zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 12: 89–98.
-
11.
Randolph T, Schelling E, Grace D, Nicholson CF, Leroy JL, Cole DC, Demment MW, Omore A, Zinsstag J, Ruel M, 2007. Role of livestock in human nutrition and health for poverty reduction in developing countries. J Anim Sci 85: 2788–2800.
-
12.
Harris AR, Pickering AJ, Harris M, Doza S, Islam MS, Unicomb L, Luby S, Davis J, Boehm AB, 2016. Ruminants contribute fecal contamination to the urban household environment in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Environ Sci Technol 50: 4642–4649.
-
13.
Ngure FM, Humphrey JH, Mbuya MN, Majo F, Mutasa K, Govha M, Mazarura E, Chasekwa B, Prendergast AJ, Curtis V, Boor KJ, Stoltzfus RJ, 2013. Formative research on hygiene behaviors and geophagy among infants and young children and implications of exposure to fecal bacteria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 709–716.
-
14.
Ngure FM, Reid BM, Humphrey JH, Mbuya MN, Pelto G, Stoltzfus RJ, 2014. Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), environmental enteropathy, nutrition, and early child development: making the links. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1308: 118–128.
-
15.
Zambrano LD, Levy K, Menezes NP, Freeman MC, 2014. Human diarrhea infections associated with domestic animal husbandry: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 108: 313–325.
-
16.
Zafar SN, Luby SP, Mendoza C, 2010. Recall errors in a weekly survey of diarrhoea in Guatemala: determining the optimal length of recall. Epidemiol Infect 138: 264–269.
-
17.
Black R, Fischer Walker C, Lanata C, 2012. Diarrheal diseases. Nelson K, Williams C, eds. Infectious Disease Epidemiology: Theory and Practice. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.
-
18.
Grantham-McGregor S, Cheung YB, Cueto S, Glewwe P, Richter L, Strupp B, International Child Development Steering Group, 2007. Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries. Lancet 369: 60–70.
-
19.
Schmidt W, Boisson S, Routray P, Bell M, Cameron M, Torondel B, Clasen T, 2016. Exposure to cows is not associated with diarrhoea or impaired child growth in rural Odisha, India: a cohort study. Epidemiol Infect 144: 53–63.
-
20.
Mosites E, Thumbi SM, Otiang E, McElwain TF, Njenga MK, Rabinowitz PM, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Neuhouser ML, May S, Palmer GH, Walson JL, 2016. Relations between household livestock ownership, livestock disease, and young child growth. J Nutr 146: 1118–1124.
-
21.
Mosites EM, Rabinowitz PM, Thumbi SM, Montgomery JM, Palmer GH, May S, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Neuhouser ML, Walson JL, 2015. The relationship between livestock ownership and child stunting in three countries in eastern Africa using national survey data. PLoS One 10: e0136686.
-
22.
Azzarri C, Cross E, Haile B, Zezza A, 2014. Does Livestock Ownership Affect Animal Source Foods Consumption and Child Nutritional Status? Washington, DC: World Bank, Poverty and Inequality Team, Development Research Group.
-
23.
Jin M, Iannotti LL, 2014. Livestock production, animal source food intake, and young child growth: the role of gender for ensuring nutrition impacts. Soc Sci Med 105: 16–21.
-
24.
Kabunga N, 2014. Adoption and Impact of Improved Cow Breeds on Household Welfare and Child Nutrition Outcomes: Empirical Evidence from Uganda. The 88th Annual Conference, April 9–11, 2014, Agricultural Econimics Society, Paris, France.
-
25.
Vella V, Tomkins A, Nviku J, Marshall T, 1995. Determinants of nutritional status in south-west Uganda. J Trop Pediatr 41: 89–98.
-
26.
The DHS Program, 2011. Uganda: Standard DHS, 2011. Available at: http://dhsprogram.com/what-we-do/survey/survey-display-399.cfm. Accessed September 5, 2016.
-
27.
WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group, 2006. WHO child growth standards based on length/height, weight and age. Acta Paediatr Suppl 450: 76–85.
-
28.
ICF International, 2012. Demographic and Health Survey Sampling and Household Listing Manual. Calverton, Maryland: ICF International.
-
29.
Mwenya WNM, 1992. The Impact of the Introduction of Exotic Cattle in Eastern and Southern Africa. Proceedings of the Workshop held at Kadoma Ranch Hotel, July 20–23, 1992, Zimbabwe. Available at: http://www.fao.org/Wairdocs/ILRI/x5485E/x5485e04.htm. Accessed August 1, 2016.
-
30.
World Health Organization, 2008. Indicators for Assessing Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices. Part 1: Definitions. Conclusions of a Consensus Meeting Held 6–8 November 2007 in Washington, DC, USA. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43895/1/9789241596664_eng.pdf. Accessed January 20, 2016.
-
31.
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, 2008. The Drinking Water and Sanitation Ladders. Available at: http://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/watsan-ladder/. Accessed July 10, 2015.
-
32.
Filmer D, Pritchett LH, 2001. Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data—or tears: an application to educational enrollments in states of India. Demography 38: 115–132.
-
33.
Mwebaze S, 1999. Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles: Uganda. Available at: http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/counprof/uganda/uganda.htm. Accessed March 30, 2015.
-
34.
Schlag N, Zuzarte F, 2008. Market Barriers to Clean Cooking Fuels in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Literature. Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm Environment Institute.
-
35.
Bianba B, Yangzong Y, Gonggalanzi G, Berntsen S, Andersen LB, Stigum H, Nafstad P, Bjertness E, 2015. Anthropometric measures of 9- to 10-year-old native Tibetan children living at 3700 and 4300 m above sea level and Han Chinese living at 3700 m. Medicine (Baltimore) 94: e1516.
-
36.
Haas JD, Moreno-Black G, Frongillo EA Jr, Pabon J, Pareja G, Ybarnegaray J, Hurtado L, 1982. Altitude and infant growth in Bolivia: a longitudinal study. Am J Phys Anthropol 59: 251–262.
-
37.
Allen LH, Dror DK, 2011. Effects of animal source foods, with emphasis on milk, in the diet of children in low-income countries. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program 67: 113–130.
-
38.
Hoddinott J, Headey D, Dereje M, 2015. Cows, missing milk markets, and nutrition in rural Ethiopia. J Dev Stud 51: 958–975.
-
39.
Grosse S, 1998. Farm Animals and Children's Nutritional Status in Rural Rwanda. The Symposium on Human Nutrition and Livestock. Little Rock, Arkansas: Heifer Project International.
-
40.
Hitchings J, 1982. Agricultural Determinants of Nutritional Status among Kenyan Children. PhD Dissertation. Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
-
41.
Rawlins R, Pimkina S, Barrett CB, Pedersen S, Wydick B, 2013. Got milk? The impact of Heifer International's livestock donation programs in Rwanda. Food Policy 44: 202–213.
-
42.
Wiley AS, 2012. Cow milk consumption, insulin-like growth factor-I, and human biology: a life history approach. Am J Hum Biol 24: 130–138.
-
43.
Black RE, Williams SM, Jones IE, Goulding A, 2002. Children who avoid drinking cow milk have low dietary calcium intakes and poor bone health. Am J Clin Nutr 76: 675–680.
-
44.
Mwai O, Hanotte O, Kwon YJ, Cho S, 2015. African indigenous cattle: unique genetic resources in a rapidly changing world. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 28: 911–921.
-
45.
Agri Cultures Network, 2014. Reviving the Ankole Longhorns of Uganda. Available at: http://www.agriculturesnetwork.org/magazines/global/cultivating-diversity/valuing-indigenous-breeds. Accessed February 2, 2016.
-
46.
Pastoral and Environmental Network in the Horn of Africa (PENHA), 2010. The Ankole Longhorn cattle sustain our life and livelihood: we have to conserve them. Available at: http://www.penhanetwork.org/penha-research-papers. Accessed July 17, 2016.
-
47.
Headey D, Hirvonen K, 2015. Exploring Child Health Risks of Poultry Keeping in Ethiopia: Insights from the 2015 Feed the Future Survey. ESSP II Research Note 43. Washington, DC and Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: International Food Policy Research Institute and Ethiopian Development Research Institute. Available at: http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/129785. Accessed August 1, 2016.
-
48.
Weisz AJ, Manary MJ, Stephenson K, Agapova S, Manary FG, Thakwalakwa C, Shulman RJ, Manary MJ, 2012. Abnormal gut integrity is associated with reduced linear growth in rural Malawian children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 55: 747–750.
-
49.
Marquis GS, Ventura G, Gilman RH, Porras E, Miranda E, Carbajal L, Pentafiel M, 1990. Fecal contamination of shanty town toddlers in households with non-corralled poultry, Lima, Peru. Am J Public Health 80: 146–149.
-
50.
George CM, Oldja L, Biswas SK, Perin J, Lee GO, Ahmed S, Haque R, Sack RB, Parvin T, Azmi IJ, Bhuyian SI, Talukder KA, Faruque AG, 2015. Fecal markers of environmental enteropathy are associated with animal exposure and caregiver hygiene in Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 269–275.
-
51.
Balikowa D, 2011. Dairy Development in Uganda. A Review of Uganda's Dairy Industry. Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/a-aq292e.pdf. Accessed June 11, 2016.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 23 | 23 | 3 |
| Full Text Views | 305 | 86 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 92 | 20 | 0 |
Nonnative Cattle Ownership, Diet, and Child Height-for-Age: Evidence from the 2011 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey
Jamie L. Fierstein
Jamie L. Fierstein
Food Policy and Applied Nutrition Program, Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Misha Eliasziw
Misha Eliasziw
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Beatrice Lorge Rogers
Beatrice Lorge Rogers
Food Policy and Applied Nutrition Program, Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Janet E. Forrester
Janet E. Forrester
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
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In underresourced settings where domestic animals and children often cohabitate, there is limited evidence about the net impact of domestic animal ownership on child health. We analyzed the 2011 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey to determine whether household ownership of native cattle, goats, sheep, chickens, pigs, and nonnative cattle was associated with child height-for-age z-scores (HAZ), and to assess the influence of diet on this association in rural and urban environments. Using weighted multivariable linear regression, we found that nonnative cattle ownership was positively associated with HAZ in rural children 0 to < 2 years of age (+1.32 standard deviations [SD], 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.2–2.5) and 2 to < 5 years of age (+0.58 SD, 95% CI = 0.003–1.2), and urban children 2 to < 5 years of age (+1.08 SD, 95% CI = 0.38–1.8). Sheep ownership was positively associated with HAZ in rural children 2 to < 5 years of age (+0.29 SD, 95% CI = 0.002–0.58) and goat ownership was positively associated with HAZ in rural children 0 to < 2 years of age (+0.27 SD, 95% CI = 0.003–0.55). We observed no other significant associations. Children who lived in households that owned nonnative cattle consumed dairy more frequently; however, the relationship between child HAZ and nonnative cattle ownership was not mediated by child dairy consumption. These findings suggest that domestic animal ownership may not be detrimental to child HAZ, and that nonnative cattle ownership is beneficial for child HAZ through pathways other than dairy consumption.
Author Notes
Financial support: Jamie L. Fierstein was supported by a Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Citizenship Fellowship and a Tufts University Institute of the Environment Fellowship.
Authors' addresses: Jamie L. Fierstein and Beatrice Lorge Rogers, Food Policy and Applied Nutrition Program, Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, MA, E-mails: jamie.fierstein@tufts.edu and beatrice.rogers@tufts.edu. Misha Eliasziw, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, E-mail: misha.eliasziw@tufts.edu. Janet E. Forrester, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, E-mail: janet.forrester@tufts.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Weisdorf JL, 2005. From foraging to farming: explaining the Neolithic Revolution. J Econ Surv 19: 561–586.
-
2.
Bar-Yosef O, 1998. On the nature of transitions: the middle to Upper Paleolithic and the Neolithic Revolution. Camb Archaeol J 8: 141–163.
-
3.
Dror DK, Allen LH, 2011. The importance of milk and other animal-source foods for children in low-income countries. Food Nutr Bull 32: 227–243.
-
4.
Nicholson C, Mwangi L, Staal S, Thornton P, 2003. Dairy cow ownership and child nutritional status in Kenya. AAEA Annual Meeting, Montreal, Canada, July 27–30, 2003.
-
5.
Leroy JL, Frongillo EA, 2007. Can interventions to promote animal production ameliorate undernutrition? J Nutr 137: 2311–2316.
-
6.
Ouma EA, Obare GA, Staal SJ, 2003. Cattle as Assets: Assessment of Non-Market Benefits from Cattle in Smallholder Kenyan Crop-Livestock Systems. The 25th International Conference of Agricultural Economists (IAAE), Durban, South Africa, August 16–22, 2003.
-
7.
Powell J, Pearson R, Hopkins J, 1998. Impacts of livestock on crop production. Gill M, Smith T, Pollott G, Owen E, Lawrence T, eds. Food, Lands and Livelihoods: Setting Research Agendas for Animal Science, Volume 21. Edinburgh, United Kingdom: British Society of Animal Science, 53–66.
-
8.
Marquis GS, Habicht JP, Lanata CF, Black RE, Rasmussen KM, 1997. Breast milk or animal-product foods improve linear growth of Peruvian toddlers consuming marginal diets. Am J Clin Nutr 66: 1102–1109.
-
9.
Cleaveland S, Laurenson MK, Taylor LH, 2001. Diseases of humans and their domestic mammals: pathogen characteristics, host range and the risk of emergence. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 356: 991–999.
-
10.
Hermans D, Pasmans F, Messens W, Martel A, Van Immerseel F, Rasschaert G, Heyndrickx M, Van Deun K, Haesebrouck F, 2012. Poultry as a host for the zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 12: 89–98.
-
11.
Randolph T, Schelling E, Grace D, Nicholson CF, Leroy JL, Cole DC, Demment MW, Omore A, Zinsstag J, Ruel M, 2007. Role of livestock in human nutrition and health for poverty reduction in developing countries. J Anim Sci 85: 2788–2800.
-
12.
Harris AR, Pickering AJ, Harris M, Doza S, Islam MS, Unicomb L, Luby S, Davis J, Boehm AB, 2016. Ruminants contribute fecal contamination to the urban household environment in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Environ Sci Technol 50: 4642–4649.
-
13.
Ngure FM, Humphrey JH, Mbuya MN, Majo F, Mutasa K, Govha M, Mazarura E, Chasekwa B, Prendergast AJ, Curtis V, Boor KJ, Stoltzfus RJ, 2013. Formative research on hygiene behaviors and geophagy among infants and young children and implications of exposure to fecal bacteria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 709–716.
-
14.
Ngure FM, Reid BM, Humphrey JH, Mbuya MN, Pelto G, Stoltzfus RJ, 2014. Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), environmental enteropathy, nutrition, and early child development: making the links. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1308: 118–128.
-
15.
Zambrano LD, Levy K, Menezes NP, Freeman MC, 2014. Human diarrhea infections associated with domestic animal husbandry: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 108: 313–325.
-
16.
Zafar SN, Luby SP, Mendoza C, 2010. Recall errors in a weekly survey of diarrhoea in Guatemala: determining the optimal length of recall. Epidemiol Infect 138: 264–269.
-
17.
Black R, Fischer Walker C, Lanata C, 2012. Diarrheal diseases. Nelson K, Williams C, eds. Infectious Disease Epidemiology: Theory and Practice. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.
-
18.
Grantham-McGregor S, Cheung YB, Cueto S, Glewwe P, Richter L, Strupp B, International Child Development Steering Group, 2007. Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries. Lancet 369: 60–70.
-
19.
Schmidt W, Boisson S, Routray P, Bell M, Cameron M, Torondel B, Clasen T, 2016. Exposure to cows is not associated with diarrhoea or impaired child growth in rural Odisha, India: a cohort study. Epidemiol Infect 144: 53–63.
-
20.
Mosites E, Thumbi SM, Otiang E, McElwain TF, Njenga MK, Rabinowitz PM, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Neuhouser ML, May S, Palmer GH, Walson JL, 2016. Relations between household livestock ownership, livestock disease, and young child growth. J Nutr 146: 1118–1124.
-
21.
Mosites EM, Rabinowitz PM, Thumbi SM, Montgomery JM, Palmer GH, May S, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Neuhouser ML, Walson JL, 2015. The relationship between livestock ownership and child stunting in three countries in eastern Africa using national survey data. PLoS One 10: e0136686.
-
22.
Azzarri C, Cross E, Haile B, Zezza A, 2014. Does Livestock Ownership Affect Animal Source Foods Consumption and Child Nutritional Status? Washington, DC: World Bank, Poverty and Inequality Team, Development Research Group.
-
23.
Jin M, Iannotti LL, 2014. Livestock production, animal source food intake, and young child growth: the role of gender for ensuring nutrition impacts. Soc Sci Med 105: 16–21.
-
24.
Kabunga N, 2014. Adoption and Impact of Improved Cow Breeds on Household Welfare and Child Nutrition Outcomes: Empirical Evidence from Uganda. The 88th Annual Conference, April 9–11, 2014, Agricultural Econimics Society, Paris, France.
-
25.
Vella V, Tomkins A, Nviku J, Marshall T, 1995. Determinants of nutritional status in south-west Uganda. J Trop Pediatr 41: 89–98.
-
26.
The DHS Program, 2011. Uganda: Standard DHS, 2011. Available at: http://dhsprogram.com/what-we-do/survey/survey-display-399.cfm. Accessed September 5, 2016.
-
27.
WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group, 2006. WHO child growth standards based on length/height, weight and age. Acta Paediatr Suppl 450: 76–85.
-
28.
ICF International, 2012. Demographic and Health Survey Sampling and Household Listing Manual. Calverton, Maryland: ICF International.
-
29.
Mwenya WNM, 1992. The Impact of the Introduction of Exotic Cattle in Eastern and Southern Africa. Proceedings of the Workshop held at Kadoma Ranch Hotel, July 20–23, 1992, Zimbabwe. Available at: http://www.fao.org/Wairdocs/ILRI/x5485E/x5485e04.htm. Accessed August 1, 2016.
-
30.
World Health Organization, 2008. Indicators for Assessing Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices. Part 1: Definitions. Conclusions of a Consensus Meeting Held 6–8 November 2007 in Washington, DC, USA. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43895/1/9789241596664_eng.pdf. Accessed January 20, 2016.
-
31.
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, 2008. The Drinking Water and Sanitation Ladders. Available at: http://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/watsan-ladder/. Accessed July 10, 2015.
-
32.
Filmer D, Pritchett LH, 2001. Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data—or tears: an application to educational enrollments in states of India. Demography 38: 115–132.
-
33.
Mwebaze S, 1999. Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles: Uganda. Available at: http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/counprof/uganda/uganda.htm. Accessed March 30, 2015.
-
34.
Schlag N, Zuzarte F, 2008. Market Barriers to Clean Cooking Fuels in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Literature. Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm Environment Institute.
-
35.
Bianba B, Yangzong Y, Gonggalanzi G, Berntsen S, Andersen LB, Stigum H, Nafstad P, Bjertness E, 2015. Anthropometric measures of 9- to 10-year-old native Tibetan children living at 3700 and 4300 m above sea level and Han Chinese living at 3700 m. Medicine (Baltimore) 94: e1516.
-
36.
Haas JD, Moreno-Black G, Frongillo EA Jr, Pabon J, Pareja G, Ybarnegaray J, Hurtado L, 1982. Altitude and infant growth in Bolivia: a longitudinal study. Am J Phys Anthropol 59: 251–262.
-
37.
Allen LH, Dror DK, 2011. Effects of animal source foods, with emphasis on milk, in the diet of children in low-income countries. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program 67: 113–130.
-
38.
Hoddinott J, Headey D, Dereje M, 2015. Cows, missing milk markets, and nutrition in rural Ethiopia. J Dev Stud 51: 958–975.
-
39.
Grosse S, 1998. Farm Animals and Children's Nutritional Status in Rural Rwanda. The Symposium on Human Nutrition and Livestock. Little Rock, Arkansas: Heifer Project International.
-
40.
Hitchings J, 1982. Agricultural Determinants of Nutritional Status among Kenyan Children. PhD Dissertation. Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
-
41.
Rawlins R, Pimkina S, Barrett CB, Pedersen S, Wydick B, 2013. Got milk? The impact of Heifer International's livestock donation programs in Rwanda. Food Policy 44: 202–213.
-
42.
Wiley AS, 2012. Cow milk consumption, insulin-like growth factor-I, and human biology: a life history approach. Am J Hum Biol 24: 130–138.
-
43.
Black RE, Williams SM, Jones IE, Goulding A, 2002. Children who avoid drinking cow milk have low dietary calcium intakes and poor bone health. Am J Clin Nutr 76: 675–680.
-
44.
Mwai O, Hanotte O, Kwon YJ, Cho S, 2015. African indigenous cattle: unique genetic resources in a rapidly changing world. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 28: 911–921.
-
45.
Agri Cultures Network, 2014. Reviving the Ankole Longhorns of Uganda. Available at: http://www.agriculturesnetwork.org/magazines/global/cultivating-diversity/valuing-indigenous-breeds. Accessed February 2, 2016.
-
46.
Pastoral and Environmental Network in the Horn of Africa (PENHA), 2010. The Ankole Longhorn cattle sustain our life and livelihood: we have to conserve them. Available at: http://www.penhanetwork.org/penha-research-papers. Accessed July 17, 2016.
-
47.
Headey D, Hirvonen K, 2015. Exploring Child Health Risks of Poultry Keeping in Ethiopia: Insights from the 2015 Feed the Future Survey. ESSP II Research Note 43. Washington, DC and Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: International Food Policy Research Institute and Ethiopian Development Research Institute. Available at: http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/129785. Accessed August 1, 2016.
-
48.
Weisz AJ, Manary MJ, Stephenson K, Agapova S, Manary FG, Thakwalakwa C, Shulman RJ, Manary MJ, 2012. Abnormal gut integrity is associated with reduced linear growth in rural Malawian children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 55: 747–750.
-
49.
Marquis GS, Ventura G, Gilman RH, Porras E, Miranda E, Carbajal L, Pentafiel M, 1990. Fecal contamination of shanty town toddlers in households with non-corralled poultry, Lima, Peru. Am J Public Health 80: 146–149.
-
50.
George CM, Oldja L, Biswas SK, Perin J, Lee GO, Ahmed S, Haque R, Sack RB, Parvin T, Azmi IJ, Bhuyian SI, Talukder KA, Faruque AG, 2015. Fecal markers of environmental enteropathy are associated with animal exposure and caregiver hygiene in Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 269–275.
-
51.
Balikowa D, 2011. Dairy Development in Uganda. A Review of Uganda's Dairy Industry. Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/a-aq292e.pdf. Accessed June 11, 2016.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 23 | 23 | 3 |
| Full Text Views | 305 | 86 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 92 | 20 | 0 |