Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2014. Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: Joint Monitoring Programme Update 2014. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
2.
World Health Organization (WHO)/United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), 2015. Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation. Geneva, Switzerland, WHO.
-
3.
Clasen T, Fabini D, Boisson S, Taneja J, Song J, Aichinger E, Bui A, Dadashi S, Schmidt W-P, Burt Z, 2012. Making sanitation count: developing and testing a device for assessing latrine use in low-income settings. Environ Sci Technol 46: 3295–3303.
-
4.
Cotton A, Franceys R, Pickford J, Saywell D, 1995. On-Plot Sanitation in Low-Income Urban Communities. Loughborough, United Kingdom: Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC), Loughborough University of Technology.
-
5.
Smout IK, 1999. Lessons Learned from NGO Experiences in the Water and Sanitation Sector. Loughborough, United Kingdom: Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC), Loughborough University.
-
6.
Rotondo LA, Ngondi J, Rodgers AF, King JD, Kamissoko Y, Amadou A, Jip N, Cromwell EA, Emerson PM, 2009. Evaluation of community intervention with pit latrines for trachoma control in Ghana, Mali, Niger and Nigeria. Int Health 1: 154–162.
-
7.
Ngondi J, Teferi T, Gebre T, Shargie EB, Zerihun M, Ayele B, Adamu L, King JD, Cromwell EA, Emerson PM, 2010. Effect of a community intervention with pit latrines in five districts of Amhara, Ethiopia. Trop Med Int Health 15: 592–599.
-
8.
Classen T, Boisson S, Routray P, Torondel B, Bell M, Cumming O, Ensink J, Freeman M, Jenkins M, Odagiri M, Ray S, Sinha A, Suar M, Schmidt W-P, 2014. Effectiveness of a rural sanitation programme on diarrhoea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in Odisha, India: a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Glob Health 2: e645–e653.
-
9.
Ross RK, King JD, Damte M, Ayalew F, Gebre T, Cromwell EA, Teferi T, Emerson PM, 2011. Evaluation of household latrine coverage in Kewot woreda, Ethiopia, 3 years after implementing interventions to control blinding trachoma. Int Health 3: 251–258.
-
10.
Gebre T, Ayele B, Zerihun M, House JI, Stoller NE, Zhou Z, Ray KJ, Gaynor BD, Porco TC, Emerson PM, Lietman TM, Keenan JD, 2011. Latrine promotion for trachoma: assessment of mortality from a cluster-randomized trial in Ethiopia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 518–523.
-
11.
Stoller NE, Gebre T, Ayele B, Zerihun M, Assefa Y, Habte D, Zhou Z, Porco TC, Keenan JD, House JI, Gaynor BD, Lietman TM, Emerson PM, 2011. Efficacy of latrine promotion on emergence of infection with ocular Chlamydia trachomatis after mass antibiotic treatment: a cluster-randomized trial. Int Health 3: 75–84.
-
12.
Ayele B, Gebre T, Moncada J, House JI, Stoller NE, Zhou Z, Porco TC, Gaynor BD, Emerson PM, Schachter J, 2011. Risk factors for ocular Chlamydia after three mass azithromycin distributions. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1441.
-
13.
Gebre T, Ayele B, Zerihun M, Genet A, Stoller NE, Zhou Z, House JI, Yu SN, Ray KJ, Emerson PM, Keenan JD, Porco TC, Lietman TM, Gaynor BD, 2012. Comparison of annual versus twice-yearly mass azithromycin treatment for hyperendemic trachoma in Ethiopia: a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet 379: 143–151.
-
14.
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Health, 2005. National Hygiene and Sanitation Strategy. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Ministry of Health.
-
15.
Dreibelbis R, Winch P, Leontsini E, Hulland K, Ram P, Unicomb L, Luby S, 2013. The Integrated Behavioural Model for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: a systematic review of behavioural models and a framework for designing and evaluating behaviour change interventions in infrastructure-restricted settings. BMC Public Health 13: 1–13.
-
16.
Bandura A, 1989. Human agency in social cognitive theory. Am Psychol 44: 1175–1184.
-
17.
United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 1999. Towards Better Programming: A Manual on Hygiene Promotion. Water, Environment and Sanitation Technical Guidelines Series. New York, NY: UNICEF Programme Division.
-
18.
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Health, 2014. One WASH National Program: Program Operational Manual for the Consolidated WASH Account's. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Ministry of Health.
-
19.
Shakya HB, Christakis NA, Fowler JH, 2015. Social network predictors of latrine ownership. Soc Sci Med 125: 129–138.
-
20.
O'Reilly K, Louis E, 2014. The toilet tripod: understanding successful sanitation in rural India. Health Place 29: 43–51.
-
21.
Santos AC, Roberts JA, Barreto ML, Cairncross S, 2011. Demand for sanitation in Salvador, Brazil: a hybrid choice approach. Soc Sci Med 72: 1325–1332.
-
22.
Jenkins MW, Curtis V, 2005. Achieving the ‘good life’: why some people want latrines in rural Benin. Soc Sci Med 61: 2446–2459.
-
23.
Jenkins MW, Scott B, 2007. Behavioral indicators of household decision-making and demand for sanitation and potential gains from social marketing in Ghana. Soc Sci Med 64: 2427–2442.
-
24.
Awoke W, Muche S, 2013. A cross sectional study: latrine coverage and associated factors among rural communities in the District of Bahir Dar Zuria, Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 13: 1–6.
-
25.
Kema K, Semali I, Mkuwa S, Kagonji I, Temu F, Ilako F, Mkuye M, 2012. Factors affecting the utilisation of improved ventilated latrines among communities in Mtwara Rural District, Tanzania. Pan Afr Med J 13 (Suppl 1): 4.
-
26.
Barnard S, Routray P, Majorin F, Peletz R, Boisson S, Sinha A, Clasen T, 2013. Impact of Indian Total Sanitation Campaign on latrine coverage and use: a cross-sectional study in Orissa three years following programme implementation. PLoS One 8: e71438.
-
27.
Coffey D, Gupta A, Hathi P, Khurana N, Spears D, Srivastav N, Vyas S, 2014. Revealed preference for open defecation. Econ Polit Wkly 49: 43.
-
28.
Sahoo KC, Hulland KR, Caruso BA, Swain R, Freeman MC, Panigrahi P, Dreibelbis R, 2015. Sanitation-related psychosocial stress: a grounded theory study of women across the life-course in Odisha, India. Soc Sci Med 139: 80–89.
-
29.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN-DESA) United Nations Water Decade Programme on Capacity Development (UNW-DPC), 2009. Gender-Disaggregated Data on Water and Sanitation. Expert Group Meeting Report. New York, NY: United Nations.
-
30.
Yimam YT, Gelaye KA, Chercos DH, 2014. Latrine utilization and associated factors among people living in rural areas of Denbia district, northwest Ethiopia, 2013, a cross-sectional study. Pan Afr Med J 18: 334.
-
31.
Rodgers AF, Ajono LA, Gyapong JO, Hagan M, Emerson PM, 2007. Characteristics of latrine promotion participants and non-participants; inspection of latrines; and perceptions of household latrines in northern Ghana. Trop Med Int Health 12: 772–782.
-
32.
Curtis V, Biran A, 2001. Dirt, disgust, and disease: is hygiene in our genes? Perspect Biol Med 44: 17–31.
-
33.
Curtis VA, 2007. Dirt, disgust and disease: a natural history of hygiene. J Epidemiol Community Health 61: 660–664.
-
34.
Porzig-Drummond R, Stevenson R, Case T, Oaten M, 2009. Can the emotion of disgust be harnessed to promote hand hygiene? Experimental and field-based tests. Soc Sci Med 68: 1006–1012.
-
35.
Thys S, Mwape KE, Lefevre P, Dorny P, Marcotty T, Phiri AM, Phiri IK, Gabriel S, 2015. Why latrines are not used: communities' perceptions and practices regarding latrines in a Taenia solium endemic rural area in eastern Zambia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003570.
-
36.
O'Loughlin R, Fentie G, Flannery B, Emerson PM, 2006. Follow-up of a low cost latrine promotion programme in one district of Amhara, Ethiopia: characteristics of early adopters and non-adopters. Trop Med Int Health 11: 1406–1415.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 48 | 48 | 14 |
| Full Text Views | 537 | 127 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 258 | 46 | 0 |
Is Using a Latrine “A Strange Thing To Do”? A Mixed-Methods Study of Sanitation Preference and Behaviors in Rural Ethiopia
Kristen Aiemjoy
Kristen Aiemjoy
Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
Search for other papers by Kristen Aiemjoy in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Kristen Aiemjoy in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Nicole E. Stoller
Nicole E. Stoller
Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
Search for other papers by Nicole E. Stoller in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Nicole E. Stoller in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Sintayehu Gebresillasie
Sintayehu Gebresillasie
Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
Search for other papers by Sintayehu Gebresillasie in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Sintayehu Gebresillasie in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Ayalew Shiferaw
Ayalew Shiferaw
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia.
Search for other papers by Ayalew Shiferaw in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Ayalew Shiferaw in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Zerihun Tadesse
Zerihun Tadesse
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia.
Search for other papers by Zerihun Tadesse in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Zerihun Tadesse in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Tegene Sewent
Tegene Sewent
Michael Dejene Public Health Consultancy Services, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Search for other papers by Tegene Sewent in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Tegene Sewent in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Bezuayehu Ayele
Bezuayehu Ayele
Michael Dejene Public Health Consultancy Services, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Search for other papers by Bezuayehu Ayele in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Bezuayehu Ayele in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Melsew Chanyalew
Melsew Chanyalew
Amhara Regional Health Bureau, Bahir-Dar, Ethiopia.
Search for other papers by Melsew Chanyalew in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Melsew Chanyalew in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Solomon Aragie
Solomon Aragie
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia.
Search for other papers by Solomon Aragie in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Solomon Aragie in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Kelly Callahan
Kelly Callahan
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia.
Search for other papers by Kelly Callahan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Kelly Callahan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Aisha Stewart
Aisha Stewart
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia.
Search for other papers by Aisha Stewart in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Aisha Stewart in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Paul M. Emerson
Paul M. Emerson
The Taskforce for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia.
Search for other papers by Paul M. Emerson in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Paul M. Emerson in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Thomas M. Lietman
Thomas M. Lietman
Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
Search for other papers by Thomas M. Lietman in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Thomas M. Lietman in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Jeremy D. Keenan
Jeremy D. Keenan
Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
Search for other papers by Jeremy D. Keenan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Jeremy D. Keenan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Catherine E. Oldenburg
Catherine E. Oldenburg
Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
Search for other papers by Catherine E. Oldenburg in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Catherine E. Oldenburg in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Latrines are the most basic form of improved sanitation and are a common public health intervention. Understanding motivations for building and using latrines can help develop effective, sustainable latrine promotion programs. We conducted a mixed-methods study of latrine use in the Amhara region of Ethiopia. We held 15 focus group discussions and surveyed 278 households in five communities. We used the Integrated Behavioral Model for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene interventions to guide our qualitative analysis. Seventy-one percent of households had a latrine, but coverage varied greatly across communities. Higher household income was not associated with latrine use (odds ratio [OR] = 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.5, 7.7); similarly, cost and availability of materials were not discussed as barriers to latrine use in the focus groups. Male-headed households were more likely to use latrines than households with female heads (OR = 3.5; 95% CI = 1.6, 7.7), and households with children in school were more likely to use latrines than households without children in school (OR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.6, 3.3). These quantitative findings were confirmed in focus groups, where participants discussed how children relay health messages from school. Participants discussed how women prefer not to use latrines, often finding them strange or even scary. These findings are useful for public health implementation; they imply that community-level drivers are important predictors of household latrine use and that cost is not a significant barrier. These findings confirm that school-aged children may be effective conduits of health messages and suggest that latrines can be better marketed and designed for women.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by the National Institutes of Health–National Eye Institute (U10 EY016214) and That Man May See (San Francisco, CA). Catherine E. Oldenburg receives support from NIH T32DA013911 and NIH R25MH083620.
Authors' addresses: Kristen Aiemjoy, Nicole E. Stoller, Thomas M. Lietman, Jeremy D. Keenan, and Catherine E. Oldenburg, Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, E-mails: kristen.aiemjoy@ucsf.edu, nicolestoller@gmail.com, tom.lietman@ucsf.edu, jeremy.keenan@ucsf.edu, and catherine.oldenburg@ucsf.edu. Sintayehu Gebresillasie, Ayalew Shiferaw, Zerihun Tadesse, Solomon Aragie, Kelly Callahan, and Aisha Stewart, The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: sintayehugs@gmail.com, ayalewsisu2003@gmail.com, zerihun.tadesse@cartercenter.org, solomon.aragie@cartercenter.org, kelly.callahan@cartercenter.org, and aisha.stewart@cartercenter.org. Tegene Sewent and Bezuayehu Ayele, Michael Dejene Public Health Consultancy Services, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, E-mails: tegenesew@yahoo.com and buzew2007@yahoo.com. Melsew Chanyalew, Amhara Regional Health Bureau, Bahir-Dar, Ethiopia, E-mail: yeshiwork97@yahoo.com. Paul M. Emerson, The Taskforce for Global Health, Decatur, GA, E-mail: pemerson@taskforce.org.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2014. Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: Joint Monitoring Programme Update 2014. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
2.
World Health Organization (WHO)/United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), 2015. Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation. Geneva, Switzerland, WHO.
-
3.
Clasen T, Fabini D, Boisson S, Taneja J, Song J, Aichinger E, Bui A, Dadashi S, Schmidt W-P, Burt Z, 2012. Making sanitation count: developing and testing a device for assessing latrine use in low-income settings. Environ Sci Technol 46: 3295–3303.
-
4.
Cotton A, Franceys R, Pickford J, Saywell D, 1995. On-Plot Sanitation in Low-Income Urban Communities. Loughborough, United Kingdom: Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC), Loughborough University of Technology.
-
5.
Smout IK, 1999. Lessons Learned from NGO Experiences in the Water and Sanitation Sector. Loughborough, United Kingdom: Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC), Loughborough University.
-
6.
Rotondo LA, Ngondi J, Rodgers AF, King JD, Kamissoko Y, Amadou A, Jip N, Cromwell EA, Emerson PM, 2009. Evaluation of community intervention with pit latrines for trachoma control in Ghana, Mali, Niger and Nigeria. Int Health 1: 154–162.
-
7.
Ngondi J, Teferi T, Gebre T, Shargie EB, Zerihun M, Ayele B, Adamu L, King JD, Cromwell EA, Emerson PM, 2010. Effect of a community intervention with pit latrines in five districts of Amhara, Ethiopia. Trop Med Int Health 15: 592–599.
-
8.
Classen T, Boisson S, Routray P, Torondel B, Bell M, Cumming O, Ensink J, Freeman M, Jenkins M, Odagiri M, Ray S, Sinha A, Suar M, Schmidt W-P, 2014. Effectiveness of a rural sanitation programme on diarrhoea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in Odisha, India: a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Glob Health 2: e645–e653.
-
9.
Ross RK, King JD, Damte M, Ayalew F, Gebre T, Cromwell EA, Teferi T, Emerson PM, 2011. Evaluation of household latrine coverage in Kewot woreda, Ethiopia, 3 years after implementing interventions to control blinding trachoma. Int Health 3: 251–258.
-
10.
Gebre T, Ayele B, Zerihun M, House JI, Stoller NE, Zhou Z, Ray KJ, Gaynor BD, Porco TC, Emerson PM, Lietman TM, Keenan JD, 2011. Latrine promotion for trachoma: assessment of mortality from a cluster-randomized trial in Ethiopia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 518–523.
-
11.
Stoller NE, Gebre T, Ayele B, Zerihun M, Assefa Y, Habte D, Zhou Z, Porco TC, Keenan JD, House JI, Gaynor BD, Lietman TM, Emerson PM, 2011. Efficacy of latrine promotion on emergence of infection with ocular Chlamydia trachomatis after mass antibiotic treatment: a cluster-randomized trial. Int Health 3: 75–84.
-
12.
Ayele B, Gebre T, Moncada J, House JI, Stoller NE, Zhou Z, Porco TC, Gaynor BD, Emerson PM, Schachter J, 2011. Risk factors for ocular Chlamydia after three mass azithromycin distributions. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1441.
-
13.
Gebre T, Ayele B, Zerihun M, Genet A, Stoller NE, Zhou Z, House JI, Yu SN, Ray KJ, Emerson PM, Keenan JD, Porco TC, Lietman TM, Gaynor BD, 2012. Comparison of annual versus twice-yearly mass azithromycin treatment for hyperendemic trachoma in Ethiopia: a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet 379: 143–151.
-
14.
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Health, 2005. National Hygiene and Sanitation Strategy. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Ministry of Health.
-
15.
Dreibelbis R, Winch P, Leontsini E, Hulland K, Ram P, Unicomb L, Luby S, 2013. The Integrated Behavioural Model for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: a systematic review of behavioural models and a framework for designing and evaluating behaviour change interventions in infrastructure-restricted settings. BMC Public Health 13: 1–13.
-
16.
Bandura A, 1989. Human agency in social cognitive theory. Am Psychol 44: 1175–1184.
-
17.
United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 1999. Towards Better Programming: A Manual on Hygiene Promotion. Water, Environment and Sanitation Technical Guidelines Series. New York, NY: UNICEF Programme Division.
-
18.
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Health, 2014. One WASH National Program: Program Operational Manual for the Consolidated WASH Account's. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Ministry of Health.
-
19.
Shakya HB, Christakis NA, Fowler JH, 2015. Social network predictors of latrine ownership. Soc Sci Med 125: 129–138.
-
20.
O'Reilly K, Louis E, 2014. The toilet tripod: understanding successful sanitation in rural India. Health Place 29: 43–51.
-
21.
Santos AC, Roberts JA, Barreto ML, Cairncross S, 2011. Demand for sanitation in Salvador, Brazil: a hybrid choice approach. Soc Sci Med 72: 1325–1332.
-
22.
Jenkins MW, Curtis V, 2005. Achieving the ‘good life’: why some people want latrines in rural Benin. Soc Sci Med 61: 2446–2459.
-
23.
Jenkins MW, Scott B, 2007. Behavioral indicators of household decision-making and demand for sanitation and potential gains from social marketing in Ghana. Soc Sci Med 64: 2427–2442.
-
24.
Awoke W, Muche S, 2013. A cross sectional study: latrine coverage and associated factors among rural communities in the District of Bahir Dar Zuria, Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 13: 1–6.
-
25.
Kema K, Semali I, Mkuwa S, Kagonji I, Temu F, Ilako F, Mkuye M, 2012. Factors affecting the utilisation of improved ventilated latrines among communities in Mtwara Rural District, Tanzania. Pan Afr Med J 13 (Suppl 1): 4.
-
26.
Barnard S, Routray P, Majorin F, Peletz R, Boisson S, Sinha A, Clasen T, 2013. Impact of Indian Total Sanitation Campaign on latrine coverage and use: a cross-sectional study in Orissa three years following programme implementation. PLoS One 8: e71438.
-
27.
Coffey D, Gupta A, Hathi P, Khurana N, Spears D, Srivastav N, Vyas S, 2014. Revealed preference for open defecation. Econ Polit Wkly 49: 43.
-
28.
Sahoo KC, Hulland KR, Caruso BA, Swain R, Freeman MC, Panigrahi P, Dreibelbis R, 2015. Sanitation-related psychosocial stress: a grounded theory study of women across the life-course in Odisha, India. Soc Sci Med 139: 80–89.
-
29.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN-DESA) United Nations Water Decade Programme on Capacity Development (UNW-DPC), 2009. Gender-Disaggregated Data on Water and Sanitation. Expert Group Meeting Report. New York, NY: United Nations.
-
30.
Yimam YT, Gelaye KA, Chercos DH, 2014. Latrine utilization and associated factors among people living in rural areas of Denbia district, northwest Ethiopia, 2013, a cross-sectional study. Pan Afr Med J 18: 334.
-
31.
Rodgers AF, Ajono LA, Gyapong JO, Hagan M, Emerson PM, 2007. Characteristics of latrine promotion participants and non-participants; inspection of latrines; and perceptions of household latrines in northern Ghana. Trop Med Int Health 12: 772–782.
-
32.
Curtis V, Biran A, 2001. Dirt, disgust, and disease: is hygiene in our genes? Perspect Biol Med 44: 17–31.
-
33.
Curtis VA, 2007. Dirt, disgust and disease: a natural history of hygiene. J Epidemiol Community Health 61: 660–664.
-
34.
Porzig-Drummond R, Stevenson R, Case T, Oaten M, 2009. Can the emotion of disgust be harnessed to promote hand hygiene? Experimental and field-based tests. Soc Sci Med 68: 1006–1012.
-
35.
Thys S, Mwape KE, Lefevre P, Dorny P, Marcotty T, Phiri AM, Phiri IK, Gabriel S, 2015. Why latrines are not used: communities' perceptions and practices regarding latrines in a Taenia solium endemic rural area in eastern Zambia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003570.
-
36.
O'Loughlin R, Fentie G, Flannery B, Emerson PM, 2006. Follow-up of a low cost latrine promotion programme in one district of Amhara, Ethiopia: characteristics of early adopters and non-adopters. Trop Med Int Health 11: 1406–1415.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 48 | 48 | 14 |
| Full Text Views | 537 | 127 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 258 | 46 | 0 |