A Tale of Two Flaviviruses: A Seroepidemiological Study of Dengue Virus and West Nile Virus Transmission in the Ouest and Sud-Est Departments of Haiti

Thomas A. Weppelmann Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida.
Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.

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Alexandra Burne Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Florida.

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Michael E. von Fricken Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.

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Maha A. Elbadry Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.

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Madsen Beau De Rochars Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Department of Health Services, Research, Management, and Policy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.

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Jacques Boncy Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.
Laboratoire National de Santé Publique (LNSP), Ministère de la Santé et de la Population (MSPP), Port au Prince, Haiti.

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Bernard A. Okech Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.

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Though plans to eliminate malaria from the island of Hispaniola have recently received much attention, arbovirus surveillance continues to be largely neglected in Haiti. To support surveillance efforts and encourage vector-control strategies, a cross-sectional study of dengue virus (DENV) and West Nile virus (WNV) transmission was conducted using standard seroepidemiological methods. Blood samples (N = 673) were collected from 278 males and 395 females from three locations in the Ouest and Sud-Est Departments of Haiti. Serum was separated and tested for the presence of anti-DENV and anti-WNV immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Anti-DENV IgG antibodies were detected in 72.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 68.7, 75.5) of the sample population; with no significant differences in seroprevalence by study location, participant gender, or age group (P > 0.1, in all tests). Anti-WNV IgG antibodies were detected in only 1% (95% CI = 0.3, 1.8) of the sample population, all which originated from participants located in Gressier. The high prevalence of anti-DENV IgG antibodies among all age groups, including those in the youngest age group (2–5 years of age), suggests hyperendemic transmission of DENV in the Ouest and Sud-Est Departments of Haiti. In contrast, the relative absence of anti-WNV IgG antibodies, even among older population members, further supports the notion that WNV transmission in this population is largely absent. These findings highlight the large burden of disease from DENV and the need for enhanced arbovirus surveillance and implementation of vector control strategies throughout Haiti.

Author Notes

* Address correspondence to Bernard A. Okech, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32611. E-mail: bokech@ufl.edu

Financial support: This study was funded by the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response Division to B.A.O. and by University of Florida, College of Public Health and Health Profession funds to M.E.V.

Authors' addresses: Thomas A. Weppelmann, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, E-mail: alexwepp@yahoo.com. Alexandra Burne, Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. E-mail: burnea@ufl.edu. Michael E. von Fricken, Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, E-mail: mvonfric@gmu.edu. Maha A. Elbadry and Bernard A. Okech, Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, E-mails: eldadrym@ufl.edu and bokech@ufl.edu. Madsen Beau De Rochars, Department of Health Services Research Management and Policy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, E-mail: madsenbeau@phhp.ufl.edu. Jacques Boncy, Laboratoire National de Santé Publique (LNSP), Ministère de la Santé et de la Population (MSPP), Route de Tabarre, Port au Prince, Haiti, E-mail: jboncy2001@yahoo.fr.

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