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Almendravirus: A Proposed New Genus of Rhabdoviruses Isolated from Mosquitoes in Tropical Regions of the Americas
The Rhabdoviridae is a diverse family of negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, many of which infect vertebrate hosts and are transmitted by hematophagous arthropods. Others appear to be arthropod specific, circulating only within arthropod populations. Herein, we report the isolation and characterization of three novel viruses from mosquitoes collected from the Americas. Coot Bay virus was isolated from Anopheles quadrimaculatus mosquitoes collected in the Everglades National Park, Florida; Rio Chico virus was isolated from Anopheles triannulatus mosquitoes collected in Panama; and Balsa virus was isolated from two pools of Culex erraticus mosquitoes collected in Colombia. Sequence analysis indicated that the viruses share a similar genome organization to Arboretum virus and Puerto Almendras virus that had previously been isolated from mosquitoes collected in Peru. Each genome features the five canonical rhabdovirus structural protein genes as well as a gene encoding a class 1A viroporin-like protein (U1) located between the G and L genes (3′-N-P-M-G-U1-L-5′). Phylogenetic analysis of complete L protein sequences indicated that all five viruses cluster in a unique clade that is relatively deeply rooted in the ancestry of animal rhabdoviruses. The failure of all viruses in this clade to grow in newborn mice or vertebrate cells in culture suggests that they may be poorly adapted to replication in vertebrates.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported in part by contract HHSN272201000040I/HHSN2700004/D4 from the National Institutes of Health. Laboratory work in the United States was funded in part by NIH grant R24 AI120942. Maria Angelica Contreras was supported by Programa de Doctorados Nacionales–Colciencias (Convacatoria 567) PhD Fellowship from Colombia. Gillian Eastwood, and collections in Panama, were supported by a Robert E. Shope International Fellowship from the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene in 2012; kindly assisted by Jose R. Loaiza, and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. We also acknowledge support from Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies, Center for Ecoepidemiology, and the U.S. National Park Service (Collecting Permit no. EVER-2013-SCI-0032). The field collection in Colombia was funded in part by Colciencias grant 111549326198.
Authors' addresses: Maria Angelica Contreras, Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales (PECET), Sede de Investigacion Universitaria (SIU), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, CO, and Grupo de Investigacion en Sistematica Molecular (GSM), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellin, CO, E-mail: maria.contreras@pecet-colombia.org. Gillian Eastwood, Griffin Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, E-mail: gill2g@hotmail.com. Hilda Guzman, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Houston, TX, E-mail: hguzman@utmb.edu. Vsevolod Popov and Robert B. Tesh, Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Center for Tropical Diseases, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, E-mails: vpopov@utmb.edu and rtesh@utmb.edu. Chelsea Savit, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, E-mail: savvysavit@gmail.com. Sandra Uribe, Sede de Investigacion Universitaria (SIU), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, CO, E-mail: siuribesoto@gmail.com. Laura D. Kramer, Zoonotic Diseases, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, and Griffin Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, E-mail: laura.kramer@health.ny.gov. Thomas G. Wood and Steven G. Widen, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, E-mails: tgwood@utmb.edu and sgwiden@utmb.edu. Durland Fish, Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, E-mail: durland.fish@yale.edu. Nikos Vasilakis, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, E-mail: nivasila@utmb.edu. Peter J. Walker, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia, and School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia, E-mail: peter.walker@uq.edu.au.