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Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
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Pealer LN, Marfin AA, Petersen LR, Lanciotti RS, Page PL, Stramer SL, Stobierski MG, Signs K, Newman B, Kapoor H, Goodman JL, Chamberland ME; West Nile Virus Transmission Investigation Team, 2003. Transmission of West Nile virus through blood transfusion in the United States in 2002. N Engl J Med 349: 1236–1245.
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Rabe IB, Schwartz BS, Farnon EC, Josephson SA, Webber AB, Roberts JP, de Mattos AM, Gallay BJ, van Slyck S, Messenger SL, Yen CJ, Bloch EM, Drew CP, Fischer M, Glaser CA; WNV Transplant Investigation Team, 2013. Fatal transplant-associated West Nile virus encephalitis and public health investigation—California, 2010. Transplantation 96: 463–468.
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Yango AF, Fischbach BV, Levy M, Chandrakantan A, Tan V, Spak C, Melton L, Rice K, Barri Y, Rajagopal A, Klintmalm G, 2014. West Nile virus infection in kidney and pancreas transplant recipients in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex during the 2012 Texas epidemic. Transplantation 97: 953–957.
-
16.
Busch MP, Caglioti S, Robertson EF, McAuley JD, Tobler LH, Kamel H, Linnen JM, Shyamala V, Tomasulo P, Kleinman SH, 2005. Screening the blood supply for West Nile virus RNA by nucleic acid amplification testing. N Engl J Med 353: 460–467.
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Stramer SL, Fang CT, Foster GA, Wagner AG, Brodsky JP, Dodd RY, 2005. West Nile virus among blood donors in the United States, 2003 and 2004. N Engl J Med 353: 451–459.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007. West Nile virus transmission through blood transfusion—South Dakota, 2006. MMWR 56: 76–79.
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West Nile Virus Infection in Human and Mouse Cornea Tissue
Bradley J. Blitvich
Bradley J. Blitvich
Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.
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Tian Wang
Tian Wang
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.
Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.
Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.
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Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.
Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.
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Vandana Saxena
Vandana Saxena
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.
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Shemin Zeng
Shemin Zeng
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
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Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
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Karen M. Harmon
Karen M. Harmon
Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.
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Matthew D. Raymond
Matthew D. Raymond
Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.
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Kenneth M. Goins
Kenneth M. Goins
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
Iowa Lions Eye Bank, Coralville, Iowa.
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Iowa Lions Eye Bank, Coralville, Iowa.
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Cynthia R. Reed
Cynthia R. Reed
Iowa Lions Eye Bank, Coralville, Iowa.
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Robert F. Mullins
Robert F. Mullins
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
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Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
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Mark A. Greiner
Mark A. Greiner
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
Iowa Lions Eye Bank, Coralville, Iowa.
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Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
Iowa Lions Eye Bank, Coralville, Iowa.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the in vitro and ex vivo susceptibility of human corneal cells to West Nile virus (WNV) infection and evaluate the ability of the virus to disseminate to the corneas of infected mice. Human corneal epithelial cells were challenged with WNV, incubated for 1–6 days, and tested for evidence of WNV infection. Viral RNA and antigen were detected at every time point, and the virus reached a peak titer of 2.5 × 107 plaque-forming units (pfu)/mL at 3 days postinoculation (PI). Corneas procured from donors were incubated in culture dishes containing WNV for 1–5 days and tested for evidence of WNV. Viral RNA and antigen were detected, and the virus reached a mean peak titer of 4.9 × 104 pfu/mL at 5 days PI. Mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with WNV, and their eyes were harvested at 2, 5, and 8 days PI and tested for evidence of WNV. Viral RNA was detected in corneas of four of nine systemically infected mice as early as 2 days PI. We conclude that human corneal cells support WNV replication in vitro and ex vivo, and WNV may disseminate into the corneas of experimentally infected mice. These findings indicate that corneal transmission cannot be ruled out as a novel mode of human-to-human WNV transmission and additional experiments should be conducted to assess this risk further.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by a grant from the Iowa Lions Eye Bank.
Authors' addresses: Bradley J. Blitvich, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, E-mail: blitvich@iastate.edu. Tian Wang, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, E-mail: ti1wang@utmb.edu. Vandana Saxena, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, and Department of Immunology, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India, E-mail: vandysaxena@gmail.com. Shemin Zeng and Robert F. Mullins, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, and The Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, E-mails: shemin-zeng@uiowa.edu and robert-mullins@uiowa.edu. Karen M. Harmon, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, E-mail: kharmon@iastate.edu. Matthew D. Raymond, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, and Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, E-mail: mdraymond@wisc.edu. Kenneth M. Goins, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, and Iowa Lions Eye Bank, Coralville, IA, E-mail: kenneth-goins@uiowa.edu. Cynthia R. Reed, Iowa Lions Eye Bank, Coralville, IA, E-mail: cynthia-reed@uiowa.edu. Mark A. Greiner, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, The Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, and Iowa Lions Eye Bank, Coralville, IA, E-mail: mark-greiner@uiowa.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Petersen LR, Brault AC, Nasci RS, 2013. West Nile virus: review of the literature. JAMA 310: 308–315.
-
2.
Ciota AT, Kramer LD, 2013. Vector-virus interactions and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus. Viruses 5: 3021–3047.
-
3.
Colpitts TM, Conway MJ, Montgomery RR, Fikrig E, 2012. West Nile virus: biology, transmission, and human infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 25: 635–648.
-
4.
Zou S, Foster GA, Dodd RY, Petersen LR, Stramer SL, 2010. West Nile fever characteristics among viremic persons identified through blood donor screening. J Infect Dis 202: 1354–1361.
-
5.
Lanciotti RS, Roehrig JT, Deubel V, Smith J, Parker M, Steele K, Crise B, Volpe KE, Crabtree MB, Scherret JH, Hall RA, MacKenzie JS, Cropp CB, Panigrahy B, Ostlund E, Schmitt B, Malkinson M, Banet C, Weissman J, Komar N, Savage HM, Stone W, McNamara T, Gubler DJ, 1999. Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States. Science 286: 2333–2337.
-
6.
Petersen LR, Carson PJ, Biggerstaff BJ, Custer B, Borchardt SM, Busch MP, 2013. Estimated cumulative incidence of West Nile virus infection in US adults, 1999–2010. Epidemiol Infect 141: 591–595.
-
7.
Iwamoto M, Jernigan DB, Guasch A, Trepka MJ, Blackmore CG, Hellinger WC, Pham SM, Zaki S, Lanciotti RS, Lance-Parker SE, DiazGranados CA, Winquist AG, Perlino CA, Wiersma S, Hillyer KL, Goodman JL, Marfin AA, Chamberland ME, Petersen LR; West Nile Virus in Transplant Recipients Investigation Team, 2003. Transmission of West Nile virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 348: 2196–2203.
-
8.
Pealer LN, Marfin AA, Petersen LR, Lanciotti RS, Page PL, Stramer SL, Stobierski MG, Signs K, Newman B, Kapoor H, Goodman JL, Chamberland ME; West Nile Virus Transmission Investigation Team, 2003. Transmission of West Nile virus through blood transfusion in the United States in 2002. N Engl J Med 349: 1236–1245.
-
9.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002. Possible West Nile virus transmission to an infant through breast-feeding—Michigan, 2002. MMWR 51: 877–878.
-
10.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002. Intrauterine West Nile virus infection—New York, 2002. MMWR 51: 1135–1136.
-
11.
Winston DJ, Vikram HR, Rabe IB, Dhillon G, Mulligan D, Hong JC, Busuttil RW, Nowicki MJ, Mone T, Civen R, Tecle SA, Trivedi KK, Hocevar SN; West Nile Virus Transplant-Associated Transmission Investigation Team, 2014. Donor-derived West Nile virus infection in solid organ transplant recipients: report of four additional cases and review of clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic features. Transplantation 97: 881–889.
-
12.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002. West Nile virus infection in organ donor and transplant recipients—Georgia and Florida, 2002. MMWR 51: 790.
-
13.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005. West Nile virus infections in organ transplant recipients—New York and Pennsylvania, August–September, 2005. MMWR 54: 1021–1023.
-
14.
Rabe IB, Schwartz BS, Farnon EC, Josephson SA, Webber AB, Roberts JP, de Mattos AM, Gallay BJ, van Slyck S, Messenger SL, Yen CJ, Bloch EM, Drew CP, Fischer M, Glaser CA; WNV Transplant Investigation Team, 2013. Fatal transplant-associated West Nile virus encephalitis and public health investigation—California, 2010. Transplantation 96: 463–468.
-
15.
Yango AF, Fischbach BV, Levy M, Chandrakantan A, Tan V, Spak C, Melton L, Rice K, Barri Y, Rajagopal A, Klintmalm G, 2014. West Nile virus infection in kidney and pancreas transplant recipients in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex during the 2012 Texas epidemic. Transplantation 97: 953–957.
-
16.
Busch MP, Caglioti S, Robertson EF, McAuley JD, Tobler LH, Kamel H, Linnen JM, Shyamala V, Tomasulo P, Kleinman SH, 2005. Screening the blood supply for West Nile virus RNA by nucleic acid amplification testing. N Engl J Med 353: 460–467.
-
17.
Stramer SL, Fang CT, Foster GA, Wagner AG, Brodsky JP, Dodd RY, 2005. West Nile virus among blood donors in the United States, 2003 and 2004. N Engl J Med 353: 451–459.
-
18.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007. West Nile virus transmission through blood transfusion—South Dakota, 2006. MMWR 56: 76–79.
-
19.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013. Fatal West Nile virus infection after probable transfusion-associated transmission—Colorado, 2012. MMWR 62: 622–624.
-
20.
Montgomery SP, Brown JA, Kuehnert M, Smith TL, Crall N, Lanciotti RS, Macedo de Oliveira A, Boo T, Marfin AA; West Nile Virus Transfusion-Associated Transmission Investigation Team, 2006. Transfusion-associated transmission of West Nile virus, United States 2003 through 2005. Transfusion 46: 2038–2046.
-
21.
Lanciotti RS, Kerst AJ, Nasci RS, Godsey MS, Mitchell CJ, Savage HM, Komar N, Panella NA, Allen BC, Volpe KE, Davis BS, Roehrig JT, 2000. Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 38: 4066–4071.
-
22.
Zeng S, Hernandez J, Mullins RF, 2012. Effects of antioxidant components of AREDS vitamins and zinc ions on endothelial cell activation: implications for macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 53: 1041–1047.
-
23.
Towbin H, Staehelin T, Gordon J, 1979. Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76: 4350–4354.
-
24.
Athmanathan S, Reddy SB, Nutheti R, Rao GN, 2002. Comparison of an immortalized human corneal epithelial cell line with Vero cells in the isolation of Herpes simplex virus-1 for the laboratory diagnosis of herpes simplex keratitis. BMC Ophthalmol 2: 3.
-
25.
Way JH, Bowen ET, Platt GS, 1976. Comparative studies of some African arboviruses in cell culture and in mice. J Gen Virol 30: 123–130.
-
26.
Remeijer L, Maertzdorf J, Doornenbal P, Verjans GM, Osterhaus AD, 2001. Herpes simplex virus 1 transmission through corneal transplantation. Lancet 357: 442.
-
27.
Hoft RH, Pflugfelder SC, Forster RK, Ullman S, Polack FM, Schiff ER, 1997. Clinical evidence for hepatitis B transmission resulting from corneal transplantation. Cornea 16: 132–137.
-
28.
Houff SA, Burton RC, Wilson RW, Henson TE, London WT, Baer GM, Anderson LJ, Winkler WG, Madden DL, Sever JL, 1979. Human-to-human transmission of rabies virus by corneal transplant. N Engl J Med 300: 603–604.
-
29.
Javadi MA, Fayaz A, Mirdehghan SA, Ainollahi B, 1996. Transmission of rabies by corneal graft. Cornea 15: 431–433.
-
30.
Lee HM, Naor J, Alhindi R, Chinfook T, Krajden M, Mazzulli T, Rootman DS, 2001. Detection of hepatitis C virus in the corneas of seropositive donors. Cornea 20: 37–40.
-
31.
Qavi HB, Green MT, SeGall GK, Lewis DE, Hollinger FB, 1992. Frequency of dual infections of corneas with HIV-1 and HHV-6. Curr Eye Res 11: 315–323.
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