ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Kramer LD, Styer LM, Ebel GD, 2008. A global perspective on the epidemiology of West Nile virus. Annu Rev Entomol 53: 61–81.
-
2.
CDC, 2015. West Nile Virus Infection. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/westnile/index.html. Accessed May 28, 2016.
-
3.
Petersen LR, Brault AC, Nasci RS, 2013. West Nile virus: review of the literature. JAMA 310: 308–315.
-
4.
CDC, 2002. Provisional surveillance summary of the West Nile virus epidemic: United States, January–November 2002. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51: 1129–1133.
-
5.
Fenton A, Pedersen AB, 2005. Community epidemiology framework for classifying disease threats. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1815–1821.
-
6.
Lloyd-Smith JO, George D, Pepin KM, Pitzer VE, Pulliam JRC, Dobson AP, Hudson PJ, Grenfell BT, 2009. Epidemic dynamics at the human-animal interface. Science 326: 1362–1367.
-
7.
Vazquez Prokopec GM, Eng JV, Kelly R, Mead DG, Kolhe P, Howgate J, Kitron UD, Burkot T, 2010. The risk of West Nile virus infection is associated with combined sewer overflow streams in urban Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Environ Health Perspect 118: 1382–1388.
-
8.
Allison AB, Mead DG, Gibbs SEJ, Hoffman DM, Stallknecht DE, 2004. West Nile virus viremia in wild rock pigeons. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 2252–2255.
-
9.
Gibbs SEJ, Allison AB, Yabsley MJ, Mead DG, Wilcox BR, Stallknecht DE, 2006. West Nile virus antibodies in avian species of Georgia, USA: 2000–2004. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 6: 57–72.
-
10.
Bradley CA, Gibbs SEJ, Altizer S, 2008. Urban land use predicts West Nile virus exposure in songbirds. Ecol Appl 18: 1083–1092.
-
11.
Hamer GL, Walker ED, Brawn JD, Loss SR, Ruiz MO, Goldberg TL, Schotthoefer AM, Brown WM, Wheeler E, Kitron UD, 2008. Rapid amplification of West Nile virus: the role of hatch-year birds. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 8: 57–67.
-
12.
USGS, 1966. North American Breeding Bird Survey. Available at: https://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/bbs/. Accessed December 19, 2013.
-
13.
Kilpatrick A, Daszak P, Jones M, Marra P, Kramer L, 2006. Host heterogeneity dominates West Nile virus transmission. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 273: 2327–2333.
-
14.
Diuk-Wasser MA, Molaei G, Simpson JE, Folsom-O'Keefe CM, Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG, 2010. Avian communal roosts as amplification foci for West Nile virus in urban areas in northeastern United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 337–343.
-
15.
Godsey MS, King RJ, Burkhalter K, Delorey M, Colton L, Charnetzky D, Sutherland G, Ezenwa VO, Wilson LA, Coffey M, Milheim LE, Taylor VG, Palmisano C, Wesson DM, Guptill SC, 2013. Ecology of potential West Nile virus vectors in southeastern Louisiana: enzootic transmission in the relative absence of Culex quinquefasciatus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 986–996.
-
16.
Nowak DJ, Rowntree RA, McPherson EG, Sisinni SM, Kerkmann ER, Stevens JC, 1996. Measuring and analyzing urban tree cover. Landsc Urban Plan 36: 49–57.
-
17.
Sibley DA, 2000. The Sibley Guide to Birds. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
-
18.
Pyle P, 1997. Identification Guide to North American Birds. Bolinas, CA: Slate Creek Press.
-
19.
USGS, 1920. Bird Banding Laboratory. Available at: https://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/bbl/. Accessed December 19, 2013.
-
20.
Loss SR, Hamer GL, Walker ED, Ruiz MO, Goldberg TL, Kitron UD, Brawn JD, 2009. Avian host community structure and prevalence of West Nile virus in Chicago, Illinois. Oecologia 159: 415–424.
-
21.
Young JS, Climburg A, Smucker K, Hutto RL, 2007. Point Count Protocol, Northern Region Landbird Monitoring Program. Avian Science Center, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana.
-
22.
Newhouse VF, Chamberlain RW, Johnson JG, Sudia WD, 1966. Use of dry ice to increase mosquito catches of the CDC miniature light trap. Mosq News 26: 30–35.
-
23.
Reiter P, 1983. A portable, battery-powered trap for collecting gravid Culex mosquitoes. Mosq News 43: 496–498.
-
24.
Detinova TS, 1962. Age-Grouping Methods in Diptera of Medical Importance. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
25.
Levine RS, Mead DG, Kitron UD, 2013. Limited spillover to humans from West Nile virus viremic birds in Atlanta, Georgia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 13: 812–817.
-
26.
Roellig DM, Gomez-Puerta LA, Mead DG, Pinto J, Ancca-Juarez J, Calderon M, Bern C, Gilman RH, Cama VA, The Chagas Disease Workgroup in Arequipa, 2013. Hemi-nested PCR and RFLP methodologies for identifying blood meals of the Chagas disease vector, Triatoma infestans. PLoS One 8: e74713.
-
27.
Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ, 1990. Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215: 403–410.
-
28.
Chaves LF, 2010. An entomologist guide to demystify pseudoreplication: data analysis of field studies with design constraints. J Med Entomol 47: 291–298.
-
29.
Hurlbert SH, 1984. Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological experiments. Ecol Monogr 54: 187–211.
-
30.
Skaug H, Fournier D, Nielsen A, Magnusson A, Bolker B, 2013. Generalized linear mixed models using AD model builder. R Package Version 0.7.2. Available at: http://glmmadmb.r-forge.r-project.org.
-
31.
Elston DA, Moss R, Bouliner T, Arrowsmith C, Lambin X, 2001. Analysis of aggregation, a worked example: numbers of ticks on red grouse chicks. Parasitology 122: 563–569.
-
32.
Komar N, Langevin S, Hinten S, Nemeth N, Edwards E, Hettler D, Davis B, Bowen R, Brunning M, 2003. Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 311–322.
-
33.
Nemeth NM, Oesterle PT, Bowen RA, 2009. Humoral immunity to West Nile virus is long-lasting and protective in the house sparrow (Passer domesticus). Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 864–869.
-
34.
Fiske I, Chandler R, 2011. Unmarked: an R package for fitting hierarchical models of wildlife occurrence and abundance. J Stat Softw 4: 1–23.
-
35.
Dail D, Madsen L, 2011. Models for estimating abundance from repeated counts of an open metapopulation. Biometrics 67: 577–587.
-
36.
Biggerstaff BJ, 2006. PooledInfRate, Version 3.0: A Microsoft Excel Add-In to Compute Prevalence Estimates from Pooled Samples. Fort Collins, CO: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
-
37.
Hamer GL, Kitron UD, Goldberg TL, Brawn JD, Loss SR, Ruiz MO, Hayes DB, Walker ED, 2009. Host selection by Culex pipiens mosquitoes and West Nile virus amplification. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 268–278.
-
38.
Calenge C, 2006. The package adehabitat for the R software: a tool for the analysis of space and habitat use by animals. Ecol Modell 197: 516–519.
-
39.
Hamer GL, Chaves LF, Anderson TK, Kitron UD, Brawn JDO, Ruiz M, Loss SR, Walker ED, Goldberg TL, 2011. Fine-scale variation in vector host use and force of infection drive localized patterns of West Nile Virus transmission. PLoS One 6: e23767.
-
40.
US Census Bureau, 2010. Data Tools Easy Stats. Available at: http://www.census.gov/en.html.
-
41.
Kilpatrick AM, LaDeau SL, Marra PP, 2007. Ecology of West Nile virus transmission and its impact on birds in the western hemisphere. Auk 124: 1121–1136.
-
42.
Wheeler SS, Vineyard MP, Barker CM, Reisen WK, 2012. Importance of recrudescent avian infection in West Nile virus overwintering: incomplete antibody neutralization of virus allows infrequent vector infection. J Med Entomol 49: 895–902.
-
43.
Kilpatrick A, Kramer L, Jones M, Marra P, Daszak P, 2006. West Nile virus epidemics in North America are driven by shifts in mosquito feeding behavior. PLoS Biol 4: e82.
-
44.
LaDeau SL, Marra PP, Kilpatrick AM, Calder CA, 2008. West Nile virus revisited: consequences for North American ecology. Bioscience 58: 937–946.
-
45.
Simpson JE, Hurtado PJ, Medlock J, Molaei G, Andreadis TG, Galvani AP, Diuk-Wasser MA, 2012. Vector host-feeding preferences drive transmission of multi-host pathogens: West Nile virus as a model system. Proc Biol Sci 279: 925–933.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1700 | 1258 | 40 |
| Full Text Views | 778 | 23 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 444 | 26 | 0 |
Supersuppression: Reservoir Competency and Timing of Mosquito Host Shifts Combine to Reduce Spillover of West Nile Virus
Rebecca S. Levine
Rebecca S. Levine
Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Daniel G. Mead
Daniel G. Mead
Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia.
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Gabriel L. Hamer
Gabriel L. Hamer
Department of Entomology, Texas A&M College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.
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Berry J. Brosi
Berry J. Brosi
Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
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David L. Hedeen
David L. Hedeen
Office of Environmental Services, Georgia Department of Transportation, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Meghan W. Hedeen
Meghan W. Hedeen
Office of Environmental Services, Georgia Department of Transportation, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Joseph R. McMillan
Joseph R. McMillan
Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Donal Bisanzio
Donal Bisanzio
Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Uriel D. Kitron
Uriel D. Kitron
Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
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In the eastern United States, human cases of West Nile virus (WNV) result from spillover from urban epizootic transmission between passerine birds and Culex mosquitoes. In Atlanta, GA, substantial WNV presence in hosts and vectors has not resulted in the human disease burden observed in cities with similar infection pressure. Our study goal was to investigate extrinsic ecological conditions that potentially contribute to these reduced transmission rates. We conducted WNV surveillance among hosts and vectors in urban Atlanta and recorded an overall avian seroprevalence of nearly 30%, which was significantly higher among northern cardinals, blue jays, and members of the mimid family, and notably low among American robins. Examination of temporal Culex feeding patterns showed a marked feeding shift from American robins in the early season to northern cardinals in the late season. We therefore rule out American robins as superspreaders in the Atlanta area and suggest instead that northern cardinals and mimids act as WNV “supersuppressor” species, which slow WNV transmission by drawing many infectious bites during the critical virus amplification period, yet failing to amplify transmission due to low host competencies. Of particular interest, urban forest patches provide spillover protection by increasing the WNV amplification fraction on supersuppressor species.
Author Notes
Financial support: Funding for this research was provided by National Institutes of Health (NIH) training grant 5T32AI055404-08 (L. Real, PI), Emory University Department of Environmental Science, and University of Georgia Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study (SCWDS).
Authors' addresses: Rebecca S. Levine, Berry J. Brosi, Joseph R. McMillan, Donal Bisanzio, and Uriel D. Kitron, Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: rclevin@alum.emory.edu, bbrosi@emory.edu, jrmcmil@emory.edu, dbisanzio@zoo.ox.ac.uk, and ukitron@emory.edu. Daniel G. Mead, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, E-mail: dmead@uga.edu. Gabriel L. Hamer, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College Station, TX, E-mail: ghamer@tamu.edu. David L. Hedeen and Meghan W. Hedeen, Office of Environmental Services, Georgia Department of Transportation, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: chrysoptera@yahoo.com and meghedeen@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Kramer LD, Styer LM, Ebel GD, 2008. A global perspective on the epidemiology of West Nile virus. Annu Rev Entomol 53: 61–81.
-
2.
CDC, 2015. West Nile Virus Infection. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/westnile/index.html. Accessed May 28, 2016.
-
3.
Petersen LR, Brault AC, Nasci RS, 2013. West Nile virus: review of the literature. JAMA 310: 308–315.
-
4.
CDC, 2002. Provisional surveillance summary of the West Nile virus epidemic: United States, January–November 2002. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51: 1129–1133.
-
5.
Fenton A, Pedersen AB, 2005. Community epidemiology framework for classifying disease threats. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1815–1821.
-
6.
Lloyd-Smith JO, George D, Pepin KM, Pitzer VE, Pulliam JRC, Dobson AP, Hudson PJ, Grenfell BT, 2009. Epidemic dynamics at the human-animal interface. Science 326: 1362–1367.
-
7.
Vazquez Prokopec GM, Eng JV, Kelly R, Mead DG, Kolhe P, Howgate J, Kitron UD, Burkot T, 2010. The risk of West Nile virus infection is associated with combined sewer overflow streams in urban Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Environ Health Perspect 118: 1382–1388.
-
8.
Allison AB, Mead DG, Gibbs SEJ, Hoffman DM, Stallknecht DE, 2004. West Nile virus viremia in wild rock pigeons. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 2252–2255.
-
9.
Gibbs SEJ, Allison AB, Yabsley MJ, Mead DG, Wilcox BR, Stallknecht DE, 2006. West Nile virus antibodies in avian species of Georgia, USA: 2000–2004. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 6: 57–72.
-
10.
Bradley CA, Gibbs SEJ, Altizer S, 2008. Urban land use predicts West Nile virus exposure in songbirds. Ecol Appl 18: 1083–1092.
-
11.
Hamer GL, Walker ED, Brawn JD, Loss SR, Ruiz MO, Goldberg TL, Schotthoefer AM, Brown WM, Wheeler E, Kitron UD, 2008. Rapid amplification of West Nile virus: the role of hatch-year birds. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 8: 57–67.
-
12.
USGS, 1966. North American Breeding Bird Survey. Available at: https://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/bbs/. Accessed December 19, 2013.
-
13.
Kilpatrick A, Daszak P, Jones M, Marra P, Kramer L, 2006. Host heterogeneity dominates West Nile virus transmission. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 273: 2327–2333.
-
14.
Diuk-Wasser MA, Molaei G, Simpson JE, Folsom-O'Keefe CM, Armstrong PM, Andreadis TG, 2010. Avian communal roosts as amplification foci for West Nile virus in urban areas in northeastern United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 337–343.
-
15.
Godsey MS, King RJ, Burkhalter K, Delorey M, Colton L, Charnetzky D, Sutherland G, Ezenwa VO, Wilson LA, Coffey M, Milheim LE, Taylor VG, Palmisano C, Wesson DM, Guptill SC, 2013. Ecology of potential West Nile virus vectors in southeastern Louisiana: enzootic transmission in the relative absence of Culex quinquefasciatus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 986–996.
-
16.
Nowak DJ, Rowntree RA, McPherson EG, Sisinni SM, Kerkmann ER, Stevens JC, 1996. Measuring and analyzing urban tree cover. Landsc Urban Plan 36: 49–57.
-
17.
Sibley DA, 2000. The Sibley Guide to Birds. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
-
18.
Pyle P, 1997. Identification Guide to North American Birds. Bolinas, CA: Slate Creek Press.
-
19.
USGS, 1920. Bird Banding Laboratory. Available at: https://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/bbl/. Accessed December 19, 2013.
-
20.
Loss SR, Hamer GL, Walker ED, Ruiz MO, Goldberg TL, Kitron UD, Brawn JD, 2009. Avian host community structure and prevalence of West Nile virus in Chicago, Illinois. Oecologia 159: 415–424.
-
21.
Young JS, Climburg A, Smucker K, Hutto RL, 2007. Point Count Protocol, Northern Region Landbird Monitoring Program. Avian Science Center, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana.
-
22.
Newhouse VF, Chamberlain RW, Johnson JG, Sudia WD, 1966. Use of dry ice to increase mosquito catches of the CDC miniature light trap. Mosq News 26: 30–35.
-
23.
Reiter P, 1983. A portable, battery-powered trap for collecting gravid Culex mosquitoes. Mosq News 43: 496–498.
-
24.
Detinova TS, 1962. Age-Grouping Methods in Diptera of Medical Importance. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
25.
Levine RS, Mead DG, Kitron UD, 2013. Limited spillover to humans from West Nile virus viremic birds in Atlanta, Georgia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 13: 812–817.
-
26.
Roellig DM, Gomez-Puerta LA, Mead DG, Pinto J, Ancca-Juarez J, Calderon M, Bern C, Gilman RH, Cama VA, The Chagas Disease Workgroup in Arequipa, 2013. Hemi-nested PCR and RFLP methodologies for identifying blood meals of the Chagas disease vector, Triatoma infestans. PLoS One 8: e74713.
-
27.
Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ, 1990. Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215: 403–410.
-
28.
Chaves LF, 2010. An entomologist guide to demystify pseudoreplication: data analysis of field studies with design constraints. J Med Entomol 47: 291–298.
-
29.
Hurlbert SH, 1984. Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological experiments. Ecol Monogr 54: 187–211.
-
30.
Skaug H, Fournier D, Nielsen A, Magnusson A, Bolker B, 2013. Generalized linear mixed models using AD model builder. R Package Version 0.7.2. Available at: http://glmmadmb.r-forge.r-project.org.
-
31.
Elston DA, Moss R, Bouliner T, Arrowsmith C, Lambin X, 2001. Analysis of aggregation, a worked example: numbers of ticks on red grouse chicks. Parasitology 122: 563–569.
-
32.
Komar N, Langevin S, Hinten S, Nemeth N, Edwards E, Hettler D, Davis B, Bowen R, Brunning M, 2003. Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 311–322.
-
33.
Nemeth NM, Oesterle PT, Bowen RA, 2009. Humoral immunity to West Nile virus is long-lasting and protective in the house sparrow (Passer domesticus). Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 864–869.
-
34.
Fiske I, Chandler R, 2011. Unmarked: an R package for fitting hierarchical models of wildlife occurrence and abundance. J Stat Softw 4: 1–23.
-
35.
Dail D, Madsen L, 2011. Models for estimating abundance from repeated counts of an open metapopulation. Biometrics 67: 577–587.
-
36.
Biggerstaff BJ, 2006. PooledInfRate, Version 3.0: A Microsoft Excel Add-In to Compute Prevalence Estimates from Pooled Samples. Fort Collins, CO: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
-
37.
Hamer GL, Kitron UD, Goldberg TL, Brawn JD, Loss SR, Ruiz MO, Hayes DB, Walker ED, 2009. Host selection by Culex pipiens mosquitoes and West Nile virus amplification. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 268–278.
-
38.
Calenge C, 2006. The package adehabitat for the R software: a tool for the analysis of space and habitat use by animals. Ecol Modell 197: 516–519.
-
39.
Hamer GL, Chaves LF, Anderson TK, Kitron UD, Brawn JDO, Ruiz M, Loss SR, Walker ED, Goldberg TL, 2011. Fine-scale variation in vector host use and force of infection drive localized patterns of West Nile Virus transmission. PLoS One 6: e23767.
-
40.
US Census Bureau, 2010. Data Tools Easy Stats. Available at: http://www.census.gov/en.html.
-
41.
Kilpatrick AM, LaDeau SL, Marra PP, 2007. Ecology of West Nile virus transmission and its impact on birds in the western hemisphere. Auk 124: 1121–1136.
-
42.
Wheeler SS, Vineyard MP, Barker CM, Reisen WK, 2012. Importance of recrudescent avian infection in West Nile virus overwintering: incomplete antibody neutralization of virus allows infrequent vector infection. J Med Entomol 49: 895–902.
-
43.
Kilpatrick A, Kramer L, Jones M, Marra P, Daszak P, 2006. West Nile virus epidemics in North America are driven by shifts in mosquito feeding behavior. PLoS Biol 4: e82.
-
44.
LaDeau SL, Marra PP, Kilpatrick AM, Calder CA, 2008. West Nile virus revisited: consequences for North American ecology. Bioscience 58: 937–946.
-
45.
Simpson JE, Hurtado PJ, Medlock J, Molaei G, Andreadis TG, Galvani AP, Diuk-Wasser MA, 2012. Vector host-feeding preferences drive transmission of multi-host pathogens: West Nile virus as a model system. Proc Biol Sci 279: 925–933.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1700 | 1258 | 40 |
| Full Text Views | 778 | 23 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 444 | 26 | 0 |