ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2014. World Malaria Report 2014. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
2.
Snow RW, 2015. Global malaria eradication and the importance of Plasmodium falciparum epidemiology in Africa. BMC Med 13: 14–16.
-
3.
Murray CJL, Rosenfeld LC, Lim SS, Andrews KG, Foreman KJ, Haring D, Fullman N, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Lopez AD, 2012. Global malaria mortality between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet 379: 413–431.
-
4.
World Health Organization, 2010. World Malaria Report 2010. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
5.
Kokwaro G, 2009. Ongoing challenges in the management of malaria. Malar J 8 (Suppl 1): S2.
-
6.
Kaneko A, 2010. A community-directed strategy for sustainable malaria elimination on islands: short-term MDA integrated with ITNs and robust surveillance. Acta Trop 114: 177–183.
-
7.
Schultz L, Wapling J, Mueller I, Ntsuke PO, Senn N, Nale J, Kiniboro B, Buckee CO, Tavul L, Siba PM, Reeder JC, Barry AE, 2010. Multilocus haplotypes reveal variable levels of diversity and population structure of Plasmodium falciparum in Papua New Guinea, a region of intense perennial transmission. Malar J 9: 336.
-
8.
Cohen JM, Smith DL, Cotter C, Ward A, Yamey G, Sabot OJ, Moonen B, 2012. Malaria resurgence: a systematic review and assessment of its causes. Malar J 11: 122.
-
9.
Anderson TJ, Haubold B, Williams JT, Estrada-Franco JG, Richardson L, Mollinedo R, Bockarie M, Mokili J, Mharakurwa S, French N, Whitworth J, Velez ID, Brockman AH, Nosten F, Ferreira MU, Day KP, 2000. Microsatellite markers reveal a spectrum of population structures in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biol Evol 17: 1467–1482.
-
10.
Mobegi VA, Loua KM, Ahouidi AD, Satoguina J, Nwakanma DC, Amambua-Ngwa A, Conway DJ, 2012. Population genetic structure of Plasmodium falciparum across a region of diverse endemicity in west Africa. Malar J 11: 223.
-
11.
Machado RLD, Povoa MM, Calvosa VSP, Ferreira MU, Rossit ARB, dos Santos EJM, Conway DJ, 2004. Genetic structure of Plasmodium falciparum populations in the Brazilian Amazon region. J Infect Dis 190: 1547–1555.
-
12.
Iwagami M, Rivera PT, Villacorte EA, Escueta AD, Hatabu T, Kawazu S, Hayakawa T, Tanabe K, Kano S, 2009. Genetic diversity and population structure of Plasmodium falciparum in the Philippines. Malar J 8: 96.
-
13.
Bogreau H, Renaud F, Bouchiba H, Durand P, Assi S-B, Henry M-C, Garnotel E, Pradines B, Fusai T, Wade B, Adehossi E, Parola P, Kamil MA, Puijalon O, Rogier C, 2006. Genetic diversity and structure of African Plasmodium falciparum populations in urban and rural areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 953–959.
-
14.
Lynch C, Roper C, 2011. The transit phase of migration: circulation of malaria and its multidrug-resistant forms in Africa. PLoS Med 8: e1001040.
-
15.
Oyebola MK, Idowu ET, Olukosi YA, Iwalokun BA, Agomo CO, Ajibaye OO, Tola M, Otubanjo AO, 2014. Genetic diversity and complexity of Plasmodium falciparum infections in Lagos, Nigeria. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 4: 87–91.
-
16.
Rebaudet S, Bogreau H, Silaï R, Lepere JF, Bertaux L, Pradines B, Delmont J, Gautret P, Parola P, Rogier C, 2010. Genetic structure of Plasmodium falciparum and elimination of malaria, Comoros archipelago. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 1686–1694.
-
17.
Pumpaibool T, Arnathau C, Durand P, Kanchanakhan N, Siripoon N, Suegorn A, Sitthi-Amorn C, Renaud F, Harnyuttanakorn P, 2009. Genetic diversity and population structure of Plasmodium falciparum in Thailand, a low transmission country. Malar J 8: 155.
-
18.
Talisuna AO, Okello PE, Erhart A, Coosemans M, D'Alessandro U, 2007. Intensity of malaria transmission and the spread of Plasmodium falciparum-resistant malaria: a review of epidemiologic field evidence. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 170–180.
-
19.
Roper C, Pearce R, Nair S, Sharp B, Nosten F, Anderson T, 2004. Intercontinental spread of pyrimethamine-resistant malaria. Science 305: 1124.
-
20.
Lum JK, Kaneko A, Tanabe K, Takahashi N, Björkman A, Kobayakawa T, 2004. Malaria dispersal among islands: human mediated Plasmodium falciparum gene flow in Vanuatu, Melanesia. Acta Trop 90: 181–185.
-
21.
Alonso PL, Tanner M, 2013. Public health challenges and prospects for malaria control and elimination. Nat Med 19: 150–155.
-
22.
Feachem RGA, Phillips AA, Hwang J, Cotter C, Wielgosz B, Greenwood BM, Sabot O, Rodriguez MH, Abeyasinghe RR, Ghebreyesus TA, Snow RW, 2010. Shrinking the malaria map: progress and prospects. Lancet 376: 1566–1578.
-
23.
Lum JK, Kaneko A, Taleo G, Amos M, Reiff DM, 2007. Genetic diversity and gene flow of humans, Plasmodium falciparum, and Anopheles farauti s.s. of Vanuatu: inferred malaria dispersal and implications for malaria control. Acta Trop 103: 102–107.
-
24.
Reid H, Vallely A, Taleo G, Tatem AJ, Kelly G, Riley I, Harris I, Henri I, Iamaher S, Clements ACA, 2010. Baseline spatial distribution of malaria prior to an elimination programme in Vanuatu. Malar J 9: 150.
-
25.
World Health Organization, 2009. World Malaria Report 2009. World Heal Organ 12: 66.
-
26.
Le Menach A, Tatem AJ, Cohen JM, Hay SI, Randell H, Patil AP, Smith DL, 2011. Travel risk, malaria importation and malaria transmission in Zanzibar. Sci Rep 1: 93.
-
27.
World Health Organization, 2008. World Health Statistics 2008. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
28.
Okara RM, Sinka ME, Minakawa N, Mbogo CM, Hay SI, Snow RW, 2010. Distribution of the main malaria vectors in Kenya. Malar J 9: 69.
-
29.
Minakawa N, Dida GO, Sonye GO, Futami K, Njenga SM, 2012. Malaria vectors in Lake Victoria and adjacent habitats in western Kenya. PLoS One 7: 32725.
-
30.
Noor AM, Gething PW, Alegana VA, Patil AP, Hay SI, Muchiri E, Juma E, Snow RW, 2009. The risks of malaria infection in Kenya in 2009. BMC Infect Dis 9: 180.
-
31.
Zhong D, Afrane Y, Githeko A, Yang Z, Cui L, Menge DM, Temu EA, Yan G, 2007. Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity in western Kenya highlands. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 1043–1050.
-
32.
Razakandrainibe FG, Durand P, Koella JC, De Meeüs T, Rousset F, Ayala FJ, Renaud F, 2005. “Clonal” population structure of the malaria agent Plasmodium falciparum in high-infection regions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 17388–17393.
-
33.
Annan Z, Durand P, Ayala FJ, Arnathau C, Awono-Ambene P, Simard F, Razakandrainibe FG, Koella JC, Fontenille D, Renaud F, 2007. Population genetic structure of Plasmodium falciparum in the two main African vectors, Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 7987–7992.
-
34.
Prugnolle F, Durand P, Jacob K, Razakandrainibe F, Arnathau C, Villarreal D, Rousset F, de Meeûs T, Renaud F, 2008. A comparison of Anopheles gambiae and Plasmodium falciparum genetic structure over space and time. Microbes Infect 10: 269–275.
-
35.
Anderson TJ, Su XZ, Bockarie M, Lagog M, Day KP, 1999. Twelve microsatellite markers for characterization of Plasmodium falciparum from finger-prick blood samples. Parasitology 119: 113–125.
-
36.
Su XZ, Wellems TE, 1996. Toward a high-resolution Plasmodium falciparum linkage map: polymorphic markers from hundreds of simple sequence repeats. Genomics 33: 430–444.
-
37.
Md Idris Z, Chim WC, Chang SD, Masatsugu K, Isao T, Ahmediin O, Willis A, James K, Akira K, 2014. Geographic and seasonal variation in malaria prevalence on islands in Lake Victoria (western Kenya): results from three cross sectional studies. Malar J 13: 1.
-
38.
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, 2010. Population and Housing Census 2009. Nairobi, Kenya: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics.
-
39.
Singh B, Bobogare A, Cox-Singh J, Snounou G, Abdullah MS, Rahman HA, 1999. A genus- and species-specific nested polymerase chain reaction malaria detection assay for epidemiologic studies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60: 687–692.
-
40.
Li J, Zhang Y, Sullivan M, Hong L, Huang L, Lu F, McCutchan TF, Su XZ, 2007. Typing Plasmodium yoelii microsatellites using a simple and affordable fluorescent labeling method. Mol Biochem Parasitol 155: 94–102.
-
41.
Excoffier L, Laval G, Schneider S, 2005. Arlequin (version 3.0): an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evol Bioinforma 1: 47–50.
-
42.
Goudet J, 1995. FSTAT (version 1.2): a computer program to calculate F-statistics. J Hered 86: 485–486.
-
43.
Larrañaga N, Mejía RE, Hormaza JI, Montoya A, Soto A, Fontecha GA, 2013. Genetic structure of Plasmodium falciparum populations across the Honduras-Nicaragua border. Malar J 12: 354.
-
44.
Michalakis Y, Excoffier L, 1996. A generic estimation of population subdivision using distances between alleles with special reference for microsatellite loci. Genetics 142: 1061–1064.
-
45.
Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Donnelly P, 2000. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155: 945–959.
-
46.
Pritchard JK, 2010. Documentation for structure software : version 2.3. In Pract 6: 321–326.
-
47.
Evanno G, Regnaut S, Goudet J, 2005. Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software structure: a simulation study. Mol Ecol 14: 2611–2620.
-
48.
Earl DA, vonHoldt BM, 2011. STRUCTURE HARVESTER: a website and program for visualizing STRUCTURE output and implementing the Evanno method. Conserv Genet Resour 4: 359–361.
-
49.
Jakobsson M, Rosenberg NA, 2007. CLUMPP: A cluster matching and permutation program for dealing with label switching and multimodality in analysis of population structure. Bioinformatics 23: 1801–1806.
-
50.
Rosenberg NA, 2004. DISTRUCT: a program for the graphical display of population structure. Mol Ecol Notes 4: 137–138.
-
51.
Haubold B, Hudson RR, 2000. LIAN 3.0: detecting linkage disequilibrium in multilocus data. Linkage analysis. Bioinformatics 16: 847–848.
-
52.
Hoffmann EHE, Ribolla PEM, Ferreira MU, 2003. Genetic relatedness of Plasmodium falciparum isolates and the origin of allelic diversity at the merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) locus in Brazil and Vietnam. Malar J 2: 24.
-
53.
Oyebola MK, Idowu ET, Nyang H, Olukosi YA, Otubanjo OA, Nwakanma DC, Awolola ST, Amambua-ngwa A, 2014. Microsatellite markers reveal low levels of population sub-structuring of Plasmodium falciparum in southwestern Nigeria. Malar J 13: 493.
-
54.
Durand P, Michalakis Y, Cestier S, Oury B, Leclerc MC, Tibayrenc M, Renaud F, 2003. Significant linkage disequilibrium and high genetic diversity in a population of Plasmodium falciparum from an area (Republic of the Congo) highly endemic for malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 345–349.
-
55.
Costantini C, Li SG, Della Torre A, Sagnon N, Coluzzi M, Taylor CE, 1996. Density, survival and dispersal of Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes in a west African Sudan savanna village. Med Vet Entomol 10: 203–219.
-
56.
Anthony TG, Conway DJ, Cox-Singh J, Matusop A, Ratnam S, Shamsul S, Singh B, 2005. Fragmented population structure of Plasmodium falciparum in a region of declining endemicity. J Infect Dis 191: 1558–1564.
-
57.
Leclerc MC, Durand P, De Meeûs T, Robert V, Renaud F, 2002. Genetic diversity and population structure of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Dakar, Senegal, investigated from microsatellite and antigen determinant loci. Microbes Infect 4: 685–692.
-
58.
Fraser-Hurt N, Felger I, Edoh D, Steiger S, Mashaka M, Masanja H, Smith T, Mbena F, Beck HP, 1999. Effect of insecticide-treated bed nets on haemoglobin values, prevalence and multiplicity of infection with Plasmodium falciparum in a randomized controlled trial in Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93: 47–51.
-
59.
Rosenberg R, Wirtz RA, Schneider I, Burge R, 1990. An estimation of the number of malaria sporozoites ejected by a feeding mosquito. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84: 209–212.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 845 | 709 | 30 |
| Full Text Views | 425 | 11 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 179 | 12 | 0 |
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Plasmodium falciparum in Lake Victoria Islands, A Region of Intense Transmission
Felix M. Mulenge
Felix M. Mulenge
Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya.
Search for other papers by Felix M. Mulenge in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Felix M. Mulenge in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Carol W. Hunja
Carol W. Hunja
South Eastern Kenya University, Kitui, Kenya.
Search for other papers by Carol W. Hunja in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Carol W. Hunja in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Esther Magiri
Esther Magiri
Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya.
Search for other papers by Esther Magiri in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Esther Magiri in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Richard Culleton
Richard Culleton
Malaria Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
Search for other papers by Richard Culleton in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Richard Culleton in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Akira Kaneko
Akira Kaneko
Island Malaria Group, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.
Search for other papers by Akira Kaneko in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.
Search for other papers by Akira Kaneko in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Rashid A. Aman
Rashid A. Aman
Center for Research in Therapeutic Sciences, Strathmore University, Nairobi, Kenya.
African Center for Clinical Trials, Nairobi, Kenya.
Search for other papers by Rashid A. Aman in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
African Center for Clinical Trials, Nairobi, Kenya.
Search for other papers by Rashid A. Aman in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Understanding the genetic structure and transmission dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum parasites in malaria-endemic regions is crucial before the implementation of interventions. Located in a high-transmission region of western Kenya where P. falciparum is the predominant species, the Lake Victoria islands are ideal for feasibility of malaria elimination studies. We analyzed genetic variation in eight microsatellite loci to examine parasite population structure and gene flow patterns across five sites. High levels of genetic diversity were measured throughout the region (mean heterozygosity index = 0.84). The overall fixation index value between the sites was 0.044, indicating that approximately 5% of the overall allelic variation is due to differences between the populations. Based on these results, we concluded that parasite population structure in the studied islands is shaped by human migration patterns that maintain extensive parasite gene flow between the sites. Consequently, any malaria elimination and interventions strategies in the study area will have to be carried out broadly on all four islands and adjoining mainland region.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by a Consortium for National Health Research (CNHR), Kenya, grant awarded to Carol W. Hunja and by Swedish Research Council grants (523-2009-3233, 348-2012-6346, and 348-2013-6311), Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS) Core-to-Core Program B, Asia-Africa Science Platforms (JSPS KAKENHI) grant (26257504), and a collaborative research grant of Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine awarded to Akira Kaneko.
Authors' addresses: Felix M. Mulenge and Esther Magiri, Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mails: felixmulenge@yahoo.com and emagiri@jkuat.ac.ke. Carol W. Hunja, South Eastern Kenya University, Kitui, Kenya, E-mail: chunja@seku.ac.ke. Richard Culleton, Malaria Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan, E-mail: richard@nagasaki-u.ac.jp. Akira Kaneko, Island Malaria Group, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, E-mail: akirakaneko555@gmail.com. Rashid A. Aman, Center for Research in Therapeutic Science, Strathmore University, Nairobi, Kenya, and African Center for Clinical Trials, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mail: raman@africaonline.co.ke.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2014. World Malaria Report 2014. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
2.
Snow RW, 2015. Global malaria eradication and the importance of Plasmodium falciparum epidemiology in Africa. BMC Med 13: 14–16.
-
3.
Murray CJL, Rosenfeld LC, Lim SS, Andrews KG, Foreman KJ, Haring D, Fullman N, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Lopez AD, 2012. Global malaria mortality between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet 379: 413–431.
-
4.
World Health Organization, 2010. World Malaria Report 2010. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
5.
Kokwaro G, 2009. Ongoing challenges in the management of malaria. Malar J 8 (Suppl 1): S2.
-
6.
Kaneko A, 2010. A community-directed strategy for sustainable malaria elimination on islands: short-term MDA integrated with ITNs and robust surveillance. Acta Trop 114: 177–183.
-
7.
Schultz L, Wapling J, Mueller I, Ntsuke PO, Senn N, Nale J, Kiniboro B, Buckee CO, Tavul L, Siba PM, Reeder JC, Barry AE, 2010. Multilocus haplotypes reveal variable levels of diversity and population structure of Plasmodium falciparum in Papua New Guinea, a region of intense perennial transmission. Malar J 9: 336.
-
8.
Cohen JM, Smith DL, Cotter C, Ward A, Yamey G, Sabot OJ, Moonen B, 2012. Malaria resurgence: a systematic review and assessment of its causes. Malar J 11: 122.
-
9.
Anderson TJ, Haubold B, Williams JT, Estrada-Franco JG, Richardson L, Mollinedo R, Bockarie M, Mokili J, Mharakurwa S, French N, Whitworth J, Velez ID, Brockman AH, Nosten F, Ferreira MU, Day KP, 2000. Microsatellite markers reveal a spectrum of population structures in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biol Evol 17: 1467–1482.
-
10.
Mobegi VA, Loua KM, Ahouidi AD, Satoguina J, Nwakanma DC, Amambua-Ngwa A, Conway DJ, 2012. Population genetic structure of Plasmodium falciparum across a region of diverse endemicity in west Africa. Malar J 11: 223.
-
11.
Machado RLD, Povoa MM, Calvosa VSP, Ferreira MU, Rossit ARB, dos Santos EJM, Conway DJ, 2004. Genetic structure of Plasmodium falciparum populations in the Brazilian Amazon region. J Infect Dis 190: 1547–1555.
-
12.
Iwagami M, Rivera PT, Villacorte EA, Escueta AD, Hatabu T, Kawazu S, Hayakawa T, Tanabe K, Kano S, 2009. Genetic diversity and population structure of Plasmodium falciparum in the Philippines. Malar J 8: 96.
-
13.
Bogreau H, Renaud F, Bouchiba H, Durand P, Assi S-B, Henry M-C, Garnotel E, Pradines B, Fusai T, Wade B, Adehossi E, Parola P, Kamil MA, Puijalon O, Rogier C, 2006. Genetic diversity and structure of African Plasmodium falciparum populations in urban and rural areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 953–959.
-
14.
Lynch C, Roper C, 2011. The transit phase of migration: circulation of malaria and its multidrug-resistant forms in Africa. PLoS Med 8: e1001040.
-
15.
Oyebola MK, Idowu ET, Olukosi YA, Iwalokun BA, Agomo CO, Ajibaye OO, Tola M, Otubanjo AO, 2014. Genetic diversity and complexity of Plasmodium falciparum infections in Lagos, Nigeria. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 4: 87–91.
-
16.
Rebaudet S, Bogreau H, Silaï R, Lepere JF, Bertaux L, Pradines B, Delmont J, Gautret P, Parola P, Rogier C, 2010. Genetic structure of Plasmodium falciparum and elimination of malaria, Comoros archipelago. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 1686–1694.
-
17.
Pumpaibool T, Arnathau C, Durand P, Kanchanakhan N, Siripoon N, Suegorn A, Sitthi-Amorn C, Renaud F, Harnyuttanakorn P, 2009. Genetic diversity and population structure of Plasmodium falciparum in Thailand, a low transmission country. Malar J 8: 155.
-
18.
Talisuna AO, Okello PE, Erhart A, Coosemans M, D'Alessandro U, 2007. Intensity of malaria transmission and the spread of Plasmodium falciparum-resistant malaria: a review of epidemiologic field evidence. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 170–180.
-
19.
Roper C, Pearce R, Nair S, Sharp B, Nosten F, Anderson T, 2004. Intercontinental spread of pyrimethamine-resistant malaria. Science 305: 1124.
-
20.
Lum JK, Kaneko A, Tanabe K, Takahashi N, Björkman A, Kobayakawa T, 2004. Malaria dispersal among islands: human mediated Plasmodium falciparum gene flow in Vanuatu, Melanesia. Acta Trop 90: 181–185.
-
21.
Alonso PL, Tanner M, 2013. Public health challenges and prospects for malaria control and elimination. Nat Med 19: 150–155.
-
22.
Feachem RGA, Phillips AA, Hwang J, Cotter C, Wielgosz B, Greenwood BM, Sabot O, Rodriguez MH, Abeyasinghe RR, Ghebreyesus TA, Snow RW, 2010. Shrinking the malaria map: progress and prospects. Lancet 376: 1566–1578.
-
23.
Lum JK, Kaneko A, Taleo G, Amos M, Reiff DM, 2007. Genetic diversity and gene flow of humans, Plasmodium falciparum, and Anopheles farauti s.s. of Vanuatu: inferred malaria dispersal and implications for malaria control. Acta Trop 103: 102–107.
-
24.
Reid H, Vallely A, Taleo G, Tatem AJ, Kelly G, Riley I, Harris I, Henri I, Iamaher S, Clements ACA, 2010. Baseline spatial distribution of malaria prior to an elimination programme in Vanuatu. Malar J 9: 150.
-
25.
World Health Organization, 2009. World Malaria Report 2009. World Heal Organ 12: 66.
-
26.
Le Menach A, Tatem AJ, Cohen JM, Hay SI, Randell H, Patil AP, Smith DL, 2011. Travel risk, malaria importation and malaria transmission in Zanzibar. Sci Rep 1: 93.
-
27.
World Health Organization, 2008. World Health Statistics 2008. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
28.
Okara RM, Sinka ME, Minakawa N, Mbogo CM, Hay SI, Snow RW, 2010. Distribution of the main malaria vectors in Kenya. Malar J 9: 69.
-
29.
Minakawa N, Dida GO, Sonye GO, Futami K, Njenga SM, 2012. Malaria vectors in Lake Victoria and adjacent habitats in western Kenya. PLoS One 7: 32725.
-
30.
Noor AM, Gething PW, Alegana VA, Patil AP, Hay SI, Muchiri E, Juma E, Snow RW, 2009. The risks of malaria infection in Kenya in 2009. BMC Infect Dis 9: 180.
-
31.
Zhong D, Afrane Y, Githeko A, Yang Z, Cui L, Menge DM, Temu EA, Yan G, 2007. Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity in western Kenya highlands. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 1043–1050.
-
32.
Razakandrainibe FG, Durand P, Koella JC, De Meeüs T, Rousset F, Ayala FJ, Renaud F, 2005. “Clonal” population structure of the malaria agent Plasmodium falciparum in high-infection regions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 17388–17393.
-
33.
Annan Z, Durand P, Ayala FJ, Arnathau C, Awono-Ambene P, Simard F, Razakandrainibe FG, Koella JC, Fontenille D, Renaud F, 2007. Population genetic structure of Plasmodium falciparum in the two main African vectors, Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 7987–7992.
-
34.
Prugnolle F, Durand P, Jacob K, Razakandrainibe F, Arnathau C, Villarreal D, Rousset F, de Meeûs T, Renaud F, 2008. A comparison of Anopheles gambiae and Plasmodium falciparum genetic structure over space and time. Microbes Infect 10: 269–275.
-
35.
Anderson TJ, Su XZ, Bockarie M, Lagog M, Day KP, 1999. Twelve microsatellite markers for characterization of Plasmodium falciparum from finger-prick blood samples. Parasitology 119: 113–125.
-
36.
Su XZ, Wellems TE, 1996. Toward a high-resolution Plasmodium falciparum linkage map: polymorphic markers from hundreds of simple sequence repeats. Genomics 33: 430–444.
-
37.
Md Idris Z, Chim WC, Chang SD, Masatsugu K, Isao T, Ahmediin O, Willis A, James K, Akira K, 2014. Geographic and seasonal variation in malaria prevalence on islands in Lake Victoria (western Kenya): results from three cross sectional studies. Malar J 13: 1.
-
38.
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, 2010. Population and Housing Census 2009. Nairobi, Kenya: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics.
-
39.
Singh B, Bobogare A, Cox-Singh J, Snounou G, Abdullah MS, Rahman HA, 1999. A genus- and species-specific nested polymerase chain reaction malaria detection assay for epidemiologic studies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60: 687–692.
-
40.
Li J, Zhang Y, Sullivan M, Hong L, Huang L, Lu F, McCutchan TF, Su XZ, 2007. Typing Plasmodium yoelii microsatellites using a simple and affordable fluorescent labeling method. Mol Biochem Parasitol 155: 94–102.
-
41.
Excoffier L, Laval G, Schneider S, 2005. Arlequin (version 3.0): an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evol Bioinforma 1: 47–50.
-
42.
Goudet J, 1995. FSTAT (version 1.2): a computer program to calculate F-statistics. J Hered 86: 485–486.
-
43.
Larrañaga N, Mejía RE, Hormaza JI, Montoya A, Soto A, Fontecha GA, 2013. Genetic structure of Plasmodium falciparum populations across the Honduras-Nicaragua border. Malar J 12: 354.
-
44.
Michalakis Y, Excoffier L, 1996. A generic estimation of population subdivision using distances between alleles with special reference for microsatellite loci. Genetics 142: 1061–1064.
-
45.
Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Donnelly P, 2000. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155: 945–959.
-
46.
Pritchard JK, 2010. Documentation for structure software : version 2.3. In Pract 6: 321–326.
-
47.
Evanno G, Regnaut S, Goudet J, 2005. Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software structure: a simulation study. Mol Ecol 14: 2611–2620.
-
48.
Earl DA, vonHoldt BM, 2011. STRUCTURE HARVESTER: a website and program for visualizing STRUCTURE output and implementing the Evanno method. Conserv Genet Resour 4: 359–361.
-
49.
Jakobsson M, Rosenberg NA, 2007. CLUMPP: A cluster matching and permutation program for dealing with label switching and multimodality in analysis of population structure. Bioinformatics 23: 1801–1806.
-
50.
Rosenberg NA, 2004. DISTRUCT: a program for the graphical display of population structure. Mol Ecol Notes 4: 137–138.
-
51.
Haubold B, Hudson RR, 2000. LIAN 3.0: detecting linkage disequilibrium in multilocus data. Linkage analysis. Bioinformatics 16: 847–848.
-
52.
Hoffmann EHE, Ribolla PEM, Ferreira MU, 2003. Genetic relatedness of Plasmodium falciparum isolates and the origin of allelic diversity at the merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) locus in Brazil and Vietnam. Malar J 2: 24.
-
53.
Oyebola MK, Idowu ET, Nyang H, Olukosi YA, Otubanjo OA, Nwakanma DC, Awolola ST, Amambua-ngwa A, 2014. Microsatellite markers reveal low levels of population sub-structuring of Plasmodium falciparum in southwestern Nigeria. Malar J 13: 493.
-
54.
Durand P, Michalakis Y, Cestier S, Oury B, Leclerc MC, Tibayrenc M, Renaud F, 2003. Significant linkage disequilibrium and high genetic diversity in a population of Plasmodium falciparum from an area (Republic of the Congo) highly endemic for malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 345–349.
-
55.
Costantini C, Li SG, Della Torre A, Sagnon N, Coluzzi M, Taylor CE, 1996. Density, survival and dispersal of Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes in a west African Sudan savanna village. Med Vet Entomol 10: 203–219.
-
56.
Anthony TG, Conway DJ, Cox-Singh J, Matusop A, Ratnam S, Shamsul S, Singh B, 2005. Fragmented population structure of Plasmodium falciparum in a region of declining endemicity. J Infect Dis 191: 1558–1564.
-
57.
Leclerc MC, Durand P, De Meeûs T, Robert V, Renaud F, 2002. Genetic diversity and population structure of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Dakar, Senegal, investigated from microsatellite and antigen determinant loci. Microbes Infect 4: 685–692.
-
58.
Fraser-Hurt N, Felger I, Edoh D, Steiger S, Mashaka M, Masanja H, Smith T, Mbena F, Beck HP, 1999. Effect of insecticide-treated bed nets on haemoglobin values, prevalence and multiplicity of infection with Plasmodium falciparum in a randomized controlled trial in Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93: 47–51.
-
59.
Rosenberg R, Wirtz RA, Schneider I, Burge R, 1990. An estimation of the number of malaria sporozoites ejected by a feeding mosquito. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84: 209–212.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 845 | 709 | 30 |
| Full Text Views | 425 | 11 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 179 | 12 | 0 |