Author:
ProCite
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Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Zaw PP, Htoo TS, Pham NM, Eggleston K, 2015. Disparities in health and healthcare in Myanmar. Lancet 386: 2053.
-
2.
Htay TT, 2007. Making pregnancy safer in Myanmar: introducing misoprostol to prevent post-partum haemorrhage as part of active management of the third stage of labour. Reprod Health Matters 15: 214–215.
-
3.
Sein TT, Myint P, Tin N, Win H, Aye SS, Sein T, 2014. The Republic of the Union of Myanmar: Health System Review. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
4.
Beyrer C, Lee TJ, 2008. Responding to infectious diseases in Burma and her border regions. Confl Health 2: 2.
-
5.
Taw NP, 2015. The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census. The Union Report: Census Report, Vol. 2. Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar: Department of Population, Ministry of Immigration and Population.
-
6.
Zhao A, Gao H, Li B, Yu K, Win NN, Zhang Y, Wang P, 2015. Potential contribution of iron deficiency and multiple factors to anemia among 6- to 72-month-old children in the Kokang area of Myanmar. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 836–840.
-
7.
Zhao A, Zhang Y, Peng Y, Li J, Yang T, Liu Z, Lv Y, Wang P, 2012. Prevalence of anemia and its risk factors among children 6–36 months old in Burma. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 306–311.
-
8.
WHO, 1998. Complementary Feeding of Young Children in Developing Countries: A Review of Current Scientific Knowledge. Available at: http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/infantfeeding/WHO_NUT_98.1/en/. Accessed March 17, 2016.
-
9.
Wilson AC, Forsyth JS, Greene SA, Irvine L, Hau C, Howie PW, 1998. Relation of infant diet to childhood health: seven year follow up of cohort of children in Dundee infant feeding study. BMJ 316: 21–25.
-
10.
Sultan AN, Zuberi RW, 2003. Late weaning: the most significant risk factor in the development of iron deficiency anaemia at 1–2 years of age. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 15: 3–7.
-
11.
Sarwar T, 2002. Infant feeding practices of Pakistani mothers in England and Pakistan. J Hum Nutr Diet 15: 419–428.
-
12.
Stevenson RD, Allaire JH, 1991. The development of normal feeding and swallowing. Pediatr Clin North Am 38: 1439–1453.
-
13.
Mahalanabis D, 1991. Breast feeding and vitamin A deficiency among children attending a diarrhoea treatment centre in Bangladesh: a case-control study. BMJ 31: 493–496.
-
14.
Black RE, Morris SS, Bryce J, 2003. Where and why are 10 million children dying every year? Lancet 361: 2226–2234.
-
15.
Saleh F, Ara F, Hoque MA, Alam MS, 2014. Complementary feeding practices among mothers in selected slums of Dhaka city: a descriptive study. J Health Popul Nutr 32: 89–96.
-
16.
WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group, 2006 WHO Child Growth Standards: Length/Height-for-Age, Weight-for-Age, Weight-for-Length, Weight-for-Height and Body Mass Index-for-Age. Methods and Development. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press.
-
17.
UNICEF, 1998. Preventing Iron Deficiency in Women and Children: Technical Consensus on Key Issues. Available at: http://www.inffoundation.org/pdf/prevent_iron_def.pdf. Accessed December 31, 2015.
-
18.
Young BE, Krebs NF, 2013. Complementary feeding: critical considerations to optimize growth, nutrition, and feeding behavior. Curr Pediatr Rep 1: 247–256.
-
19.
Ferguson EL, Darmon N, Fahmida U, Fitriyanti S, Harper TB, Premachandra IM, 2006. Design of optimal food-based complementary feeding recommendations and identification of key “problem nutrients” using goal programming. J Nutr 136: 2399–2404.
-
20.
Ashenafi S, Meaza D, Yemane B, 2013. Timely initiation of complementary feeding and associated factors among children aged 6 to 12 months in northern Ethiopia: an institution-based cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 13: 1050.
-
21.
Issaka AI, Agho KE, Page AN, Burns PL, Stevens GJ, Dibley MJ, 2015. Factors associated with early introduction of formula and/or solid, semi-solid or soft foods in seven francophone west African countries. Nutrients 7: 948–969.
-
22.
Saha KK, Frongillo EA, Alam DS, Arifeen SE, Persson LA, Rasmussen KM, 2015. Household food security and infant feeding practices in rural Bangladesh. Public Health Nutr 13: 1–7.
-
23.
Sawadogo SP, Yves MP, Claire MR, Alain B, Alfred TS, Serge T, Francis D, 2010. Late introduction and poor diversity were the main weaknesses of complementary foods in a cohort study in rural Burkina Faso. Nutrition 26: 746–752.
-
24.
Saaka M, Wemakor A, Abizari AR, Aryee P, 2015. How well do WHO complementary feeding indicators relate to nutritional status of children aged 6–23 months in rural northern Ghana? BMC Public Health 15: 1157.
-
25.
Mei Y, Hu LH, Liu JT, 2013. Introduction of complementary food in rural areas of Yunan, China. Soft Science of Health 27: 174–176.
-
26.
Scott JA, Binns CW, Graham KI, Oddy WH, 2009. Predictors of the early introduction of solid foods in infants: results of a cohort study. BMC Pediatr 9: 60.
-
27.
Qasem W, Fenton T, Friel J, 2015. Age of introduction of first complementary feeding for infants: a systematic review. BMC Pediatr 15: 107.
-
28.
Simondon KB, Simondon F, 1997. Age at introduction of complementary food and physical growth from 2 to 9 months in rural Senegal. Eur J Clin Nutr 51: 703–707.
-
29.
Pande S, Keyzer MA, Arouna A, Sonneveld BG, 2008. Addressing diarrhea prevalence in the West African Middle Belt: social and geographic dimensions in a case study for Benin. Int J Health Geogr 7: 17.
-
30.
Kimmons JE, Dewey KG, Haque E, Chakraborty J, Osendarp SJ, Brown KH, 2005. Low nutrient intakes among infants in rural Bangladesh are attributable to low intake and micronutrient density of complementary foods. J Nutr 135: 444–451.
-
31.
Zhao A, Ning Y, Zhang Y, Yang X, Wang J, Li W, Wang P, 2014. Mineral compositions in breast milk of healthy Chinese lactating women in urban areas and its associated factors. Chin Med J (Engl) 127: 2643–2648.
-
32.
Baker RD, Greer FR, 2010. Diagnosis and prevention of iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in infants and young children (0–3 years of age). Pediatrics 126: 1040–1050.
-
33.
WHO, 2010. Indicators for Assessing Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices. Part 2: Measurement. Geneva, Switzerland: The World Health Organization.
-
34.
WHO, 2007. Indicators for Assessing Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices. Part 1: Definitions. Washington, DC: Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development, World Health Organization.
-
35.
WHO, 2015. Health Topics: Breastfeeding. Available at: http://www.who.int/topics/breastfeeding/en/. Accessed December 31, 2015.
-
36.
UNICEF, 2013. Breastfeeding on the Worldwide Agenda: Findings from a Landscape Analysis on Political Commitment for Programmes to Protect, Promote and Support Breastfeeding. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/eapro/breastfeeding_on_worldwide_agenda.pdf. Accessed October 7, 2014.
-
37.
Anand T, Rahi M, Sharma P, Ingle GK, 2014. Issues in prevention of iron deficiency anemia in India. Nutrition 30: 764–770.
-
38.
Zhao AL, Zhang Y, Li B, Wang P, Li J, Xue Y, Gao H, 2014. Prevalence of anemia and its risk factors among lactating mothers in Myanmar. Am J Trop Med Hyg 90: 963–967.
-
39.
Semahegn A, Tesfaye G, Bogale A, 2014. Complementary feeding practice of mothers and associated factors in Hiwot Fana Specialized Hospital, eastern Ethiopia. Pan Afr Med J 18: 143.
-
40.
Saleem AF, Mahmud S, Baig-Ansari N, Zaidi AK, 2014. Impact of maternal education about complementary feeding on their infants' nutritional outcomes in low- and middle-income households: a community-based randomized interventional study in Karachi, Pakistan. J Health Popul Nutr 32: 623–633.
-
41.
Bascom EM, Napolitano MA, 2015. Breastfeeding duration and primary reasons for breastfeeding cessation among women with postpartum depressive symptoms. J Hum Lact 32: 282–291.
-
42.
McInnes RJ, Hoddinott P, Britten J, Darwent K, Craig LCA, 2013. Significant others, situations and infant feeding behaviour change processes: a serial qualitative interview study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 13: 114.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 119 | 119 | 21 |
| Full Text Views | 621 | 142 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 308 | 85 | 0 |
Inappropriate Feeding Behavior: One of the Important Causes of Malnutrition in 6- to 36-Month-Old Children in Myanmar
Ai Zhao
Ai Zhao
Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, Peopl's Republic of China.
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Hongchong Gao
Hongchong Gao
School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Bo Li
Bo Li
Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Program Office, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
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Jun Zhang
Jun Zhang
Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Program Office, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
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Naing Naing Win
Naing Naing Win
Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Program Office, Rangoon, Myanmar.
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Peiyu Wang
Peiyu Wang
Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, Peopl's Republic of China.
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Jiayin Li
Jiayin Li
Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Program Office, Rangoon, Myanmar.
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Yumei Zhang
Yumei Zhang
Science Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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The complementary feeding period is an important time for children's growth and development. This study was conducted to 1) determine the feeding behaviors of 6- to 36-month-old children in Myanmar, 2) explore health effects of feeding behaviors, and 3) determine factors associated with feeding behaviors. A total of 807 children and their mothers (N = 642) were recruited from nine villages in Kachin, Shan, and Kokang, Myanmar. Feeding behaviors and sociodemographic characteristics were investigated using a validated questionnaire. Hemoglobin and anthropometric indicators were measured during the fieldwork. In our sample, 18.6%, 72.7%, and 9.8% of children were introduced to complementary foods (CFs) earlier than 4 months of age, between 4 and 8 months of age, and later than 8 months of age, respectively. For different types of CFs, up to the age of 24.1–36 months, there were still 6.5% and 4.1% of the children who had never been introduced to eggs and meat. Introduction of CFs earlier than 4 months of age was a risk factor for being underweight (age-adjusted odds ratio (ORadjust-age) = 1.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.2–2.5) and for stunting (ORadjust-age = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.1–2.3), whereas introduction of CFs later than 8 months of age was a risk factor for anemia (ORadjust-age = 3.5, 95% CI = 1.7–7.2). Mothers who had anemia (OR = 3.7, 95% CI = 2.0–6.9) tended toward early introduction of CFs. Women with a lower family income tended toward later introduction of CFs (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.3–3.3). This study demonstrated that inappropriate feeding behavior was one of the important causes of malnutrition.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Ai Zhao and Peiyu Wang, Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China, E-mails: aizhaobjmu@gmail.com and xiaochaai@163.com. Hongchong Gao, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China, E-mail: sisystone@gmail.com. Bo Li and Jun Zhang, Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Program Office, Kunming, Yunnan, China, E-mails: boli_hu@163.com and junzhang_hpa@163.com. Naing Naing Win and Jiayin Li, Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Program Office, Rangoon, Myanmar, E-mails: naingnaingwin_hpa@gmail.com and jiayinli_hpa@gmail.com. Yumei Zhang, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, PR China, E-mail: zhangyumei111@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Zaw PP, Htoo TS, Pham NM, Eggleston K, 2015. Disparities in health and healthcare in Myanmar. Lancet 386: 2053.
-
2.
Htay TT, 2007. Making pregnancy safer in Myanmar: introducing misoprostol to prevent post-partum haemorrhage as part of active management of the third stage of labour. Reprod Health Matters 15: 214–215.
-
3.
Sein TT, Myint P, Tin N, Win H, Aye SS, Sein T, 2014. The Republic of the Union of Myanmar: Health System Review. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
4.
Beyrer C, Lee TJ, 2008. Responding to infectious diseases in Burma and her border regions. Confl Health 2: 2.
-
5.
Taw NP, 2015. The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census. The Union Report: Census Report, Vol. 2. Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar: Department of Population, Ministry of Immigration and Population.
-
6.
Zhao A, Gao H, Li B, Yu K, Win NN, Zhang Y, Wang P, 2015. Potential contribution of iron deficiency and multiple factors to anemia among 6- to 72-month-old children in the Kokang area of Myanmar. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 836–840.
-
7.
Zhao A, Zhang Y, Peng Y, Li J, Yang T, Liu Z, Lv Y, Wang P, 2012. Prevalence of anemia and its risk factors among children 6–36 months old in Burma. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 306–311.
-
8.
WHO, 1998. Complementary Feeding of Young Children in Developing Countries: A Review of Current Scientific Knowledge. Available at: http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/infantfeeding/WHO_NUT_98.1/en/. Accessed March 17, 2016.
-
9.
Wilson AC, Forsyth JS, Greene SA, Irvine L, Hau C, Howie PW, 1998. Relation of infant diet to childhood health: seven year follow up of cohort of children in Dundee infant feeding study. BMJ 316: 21–25.
-
10.
Sultan AN, Zuberi RW, 2003. Late weaning: the most significant risk factor in the development of iron deficiency anaemia at 1–2 years of age. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 15: 3–7.
-
11.
Sarwar T, 2002. Infant feeding practices of Pakistani mothers in England and Pakistan. J Hum Nutr Diet 15: 419–428.
-
12.
Stevenson RD, Allaire JH, 1991. The development of normal feeding and swallowing. Pediatr Clin North Am 38: 1439–1453.
-
13.
Mahalanabis D, 1991. Breast feeding and vitamin A deficiency among children attending a diarrhoea treatment centre in Bangladesh: a case-control study. BMJ 31: 493–496.
-
14.
Black RE, Morris SS, Bryce J, 2003. Where and why are 10 million children dying every year? Lancet 361: 2226–2234.
-
15.
Saleh F, Ara F, Hoque MA, Alam MS, 2014. Complementary feeding practices among mothers in selected slums of Dhaka city: a descriptive study. J Health Popul Nutr 32: 89–96.
-
16.
WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group, 2006 WHO Child Growth Standards: Length/Height-for-Age, Weight-for-Age, Weight-for-Length, Weight-for-Height and Body Mass Index-for-Age. Methods and Development. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press.
-
17.
UNICEF, 1998. Preventing Iron Deficiency in Women and Children: Technical Consensus on Key Issues. Available at: http://www.inffoundation.org/pdf/prevent_iron_def.pdf. Accessed December 31, 2015.
-
18.
Young BE, Krebs NF, 2013. Complementary feeding: critical considerations to optimize growth, nutrition, and feeding behavior. Curr Pediatr Rep 1: 247–256.
-
19.
Ferguson EL, Darmon N, Fahmida U, Fitriyanti S, Harper TB, Premachandra IM, 2006. Design of optimal food-based complementary feeding recommendations and identification of key “problem nutrients” using goal programming. J Nutr 136: 2399–2404.
-
20.
Ashenafi S, Meaza D, Yemane B, 2013. Timely initiation of complementary feeding and associated factors among children aged 6 to 12 months in northern Ethiopia: an institution-based cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 13: 1050.
-
21.
Issaka AI, Agho KE, Page AN, Burns PL, Stevens GJ, Dibley MJ, 2015. Factors associated with early introduction of formula and/or solid, semi-solid or soft foods in seven francophone west African countries. Nutrients 7: 948–969.
-
22.
Saha KK, Frongillo EA, Alam DS, Arifeen SE, Persson LA, Rasmussen KM, 2015. Household food security and infant feeding practices in rural Bangladesh. Public Health Nutr 13: 1–7.
-
23.
Sawadogo SP, Yves MP, Claire MR, Alain B, Alfred TS, Serge T, Francis D, 2010. Late introduction and poor diversity were the main weaknesses of complementary foods in a cohort study in rural Burkina Faso. Nutrition 26: 746–752.
-
24.
Saaka M, Wemakor A, Abizari AR, Aryee P, 2015. How well do WHO complementary feeding indicators relate to nutritional status of children aged 6–23 months in rural northern Ghana? BMC Public Health 15: 1157.
-
25.
Mei Y, Hu LH, Liu JT, 2013. Introduction of complementary food in rural areas of Yunan, China. Soft Science of Health 27: 174–176.
-
26.
Scott JA, Binns CW, Graham KI, Oddy WH, 2009. Predictors of the early introduction of solid foods in infants: results of a cohort study. BMC Pediatr 9: 60.
-
27.
Qasem W, Fenton T, Friel J, 2015. Age of introduction of first complementary feeding for infants: a systematic review. BMC Pediatr 15: 107.
-
28.
Simondon KB, Simondon F, 1997. Age at introduction of complementary food and physical growth from 2 to 9 months in rural Senegal. Eur J Clin Nutr 51: 703–707.
-
29.
Pande S, Keyzer MA, Arouna A, Sonneveld BG, 2008. Addressing diarrhea prevalence in the West African Middle Belt: social and geographic dimensions in a case study for Benin. Int J Health Geogr 7: 17.
-
30.
Kimmons JE, Dewey KG, Haque E, Chakraborty J, Osendarp SJ, Brown KH, 2005. Low nutrient intakes among infants in rural Bangladesh are attributable to low intake and micronutrient density of complementary foods. J Nutr 135: 444–451.
-
31.
Zhao A, Ning Y, Zhang Y, Yang X, Wang J, Li W, Wang P, 2014. Mineral compositions in breast milk of healthy Chinese lactating women in urban areas and its associated factors. Chin Med J (Engl) 127: 2643–2648.
-
32.
Baker RD, Greer FR, 2010. Diagnosis and prevention of iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in infants and young children (0–3 years of age). Pediatrics 126: 1040–1050.
-
33.
WHO, 2010. Indicators for Assessing Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices. Part 2: Measurement. Geneva, Switzerland: The World Health Organization.
-
34.
WHO, 2007. Indicators for Assessing Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices. Part 1: Definitions. Washington, DC: Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development, World Health Organization.
-
35.
WHO, 2015. Health Topics: Breastfeeding. Available at: http://www.who.int/topics/breastfeeding/en/. Accessed December 31, 2015.
-
36.
UNICEF, 2013. Breastfeeding on the Worldwide Agenda: Findings from a Landscape Analysis on Political Commitment for Programmes to Protect, Promote and Support Breastfeeding. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/eapro/breastfeeding_on_worldwide_agenda.pdf. Accessed October 7, 2014.
-
37.
Anand T, Rahi M, Sharma P, Ingle GK, 2014. Issues in prevention of iron deficiency anemia in India. Nutrition 30: 764–770.
-
38.
Zhao AL, Zhang Y, Li B, Wang P, Li J, Xue Y, Gao H, 2014. Prevalence of anemia and its risk factors among lactating mothers in Myanmar. Am J Trop Med Hyg 90: 963–967.
-
39.
Semahegn A, Tesfaye G, Bogale A, 2014. Complementary feeding practice of mothers and associated factors in Hiwot Fana Specialized Hospital, eastern Ethiopia. Pan Afr Med J 18: 143.
-
40.
Saleem AF, Mahmud S, Baig-Ansari N, Zaidi AK, 2014. Impact of maternal education about complementary feeding on their infants' nutritional outcomes in low- and middle-income households: a community-based randomized interventional study in Karachi, Pakistan. J Health Popul Nutr 32: 623–633.
-
41.
Bascom EM, Napolitano MA, 2015. Breastfeeding duration and primary reasons for breastfeeding cessation among women with postpartum depressive symptoms. J Hum Lact 32: 282–291.
-
42.
McInnes RJ, Hoddinott P, Britten J, Darwent K, Craig LCA, 2013. Significant others, situations and infant feeding behaviour change processes: a serial qualitative interview study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 13: 114.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 119 | 119 | 21 |
| Full Text Views | 621 | 142 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 308 | 85 | 0 |