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-
1.
Murray CJ, Rosenfeld LC, Lim SS, Andrews KG, Foreman KJ, Haring D, Fullman N, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Lopez AD, 2012. Global malaria mortality between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet 379: 413–431.
-
2.
World Health Organization, 2011. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria, 2nd edition. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization Press, 194. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/162441/1/9789241549127_eng.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2016.
-
3.
World Health Organization, 2015. World Malaria Report 2015. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization Press, 280.
-
4.
Doolan DL, Dobano C, Baird JK, 2009. Acquired immunity to malaria. Clin Microbiol Rev 22: 13–36.
-
5.
Ladhani S, Lowe B, Cole AO, Kowuondo K, Newton CR, 2002. Changes in white blood cells and platelets in children with falciparum malaria: relationship to disease outcome. Br J Haematol 119: 839–847.
-
6.
Jakeman GN, Saul A, Hogarth WL, Collins WE, 1999. Anaemia of acute malaria infections in non-immune patients primarily results from destruction of uninfected erythrocytes. Parasitology 119: 127–133.
-
7.
Perkins DJ, Were T, Davenport GC, Kempaiah P, Hittner JB, Ong'echa JM, 2011. Severe malarial anemia: innate immunity and pathogenesis. Int J Biol Sci 7: 1427–1442.
-
8.
Lamikanra AA, Brown D, Potocnik A, Casals-Pascual C, Langhorne J, Roberts DJ, 2007. Malarial anemia: of mice and men. Blood 110: 18–28.
-
9.
Buffet PA, Safeukui I, Deplaine G, Brousse V, Prendki V, Thellier M, Turner GD, Mercereau-Puijalon O, 2011. The pathogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in humans: insights from splenic physiology. Blood 117: 381–392.
-
10.
Boele van Hensbroek M, Calis JC, Phiri KS, Vet R, Munthali F, Kraaijenhagen R, van den Berg H, Faragher B, Bates I, Molyneux ME, 2010. Pathophysiological mechanisms of severe anaemia in Malawian children. PLoS One 5: e12589.
-
11.
Beales PF, Brabin B, Dorman E, Gilles HM, Loutain L, Marsh K, Molyneux ME, Olliaro P, Schapira A, Touze JE, Hien TT, Warrell DA, White N, 2000. Severe falciparum malaria. World Health Organization, Communicable Diseases Cluster. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94: S1–S90.
-
12.
Lopera-Mesa TM, Doumbia S, Konaté D, Anderson JM, Doumbouya M, Keita AS, Diakité SA, Traoré K, Krause MA, Diouf A, Moretz SE, Tullo GS, Miura K, Gu W, Fay MP, Taylor SM, Long CA, Diakité M, Fairhurst RM, 2015. Effect of red blood cell variants on childhood malaria in Mali: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Haematol 2: e140–e149.
-
13.
Crompton PD, Traore B, Kayentao K, Doumbo S, Ongoiba A, Diakite SA, Krause MA, Doumtabe D, Kone Y, Weiss G, Huang CY, Doumbia S, Guindo A, Fairhurst RM, Miller LH, Pierce SK, Doumbo OK, 2008. Sickle cell trait is associated with a delayed onset of malaria: implications for time-to-event analysis in clinical studies of malaria. J Infect Dis 198: 1265–1275.
-
14.
Guindo A, Fairhurst RM, Doumbo OK, Wellems TE, Diallo DA, 2007. X-linked G6PD deficiency protects hemizygous males but not heterozygous females against severe malaria. PLoS Med 4: e66.
-
15.
Miura K, Diakite M, Diouf A, Doumbia S, Konate D, Keita AS, Moretz SE, Tullo G, Zhou H, Lopera-Mesa TM, Anderson JM, Fairhurst RM, Long CA, 2013. Relationship between malaria incidence and IgG levels to Plasmodium falciparum merozoite antigens in Malian children: impact of hemoglobins S and C. PLoS One 8: e60182.
-
16.
Lugada ES, Mermin J, Kaharuza F, Ulvestad E, Were W, Langeland N, Asjo B, Malamba S, Downing R, 2004. Population-based hematologic and immunologic reference values for a healthy Ugandan population. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 11: 29–34.
-
17.
Buchanan AM, Muro FJ, Gratz J, Crump JA, Musyoka AM, Sichangi MW, Morrissey AB, M'Rimberia JK, Njau BN, Msuya LJ, Bartlett JA, Cunningham CK, 2010. Establishment of haematological and immunological reference values for healthy Tanzanian children in Kilimanjaro Region. Trop Med Int Health 15: 1011–1021.
-
18.
Embree J, Bwayo J, Nagelkerke N, Njenga S, Nyange P, Ndinya-Achola J, Pamba H, Plummer F, 2001. Lymphocyte subsets in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected and uninfected children in Nairobi. Pediatr Infect Dis J 20: 397–403.
-
19.
Adetifa IM, Hill PC, Jeffries DJ, Jackson-Sillah D, Ibanga HB, Bah G, Donkor S, Corrah T, Adegbola RA, 2009. Haematological values from a Gambian cohort: possible reference range for a west African population. Int J Lab Hematol 31: 615–622.
-
20.
Lopera-Mesa TM, Doumbia S, Chiang S, Zeituni AE, Konate DS, Doumbouya M, Keita AS, Stepniewska K, Traore K, Diakite SA, Ndiaye D, Sa JM, Anderson JM, Fay MP, Long CA, Diakite M, Fairhurst RM, 2013. Plasmodium falciparum clearance rates in response to artesunate in Malian children with malaria: effect of acquired immunity. J Infect Dis 207: 1655–1663.
-
21.
Alves-Junior ER, Gomes LT, Ribatski-Silva D, Mendes CR, Leal-Santos FA, Simoes LR, Mello MB, Fontes CJ, 2014. Assumed white blood cell count of 8,000 cells/μL overestimates malaria parasite density in the Brazilian Amazon. PLoS One 9: e94193.
-
22.
Agarwal A, Guindo A, Cissoko Y, Taylor JG, Coulibaly D, Kone A, Kayentao K, Djimde A, Plowe CV, Doumbo O, Wellems TE, Diollo D, 2000. Hemoglobin C associated with protection from severe malaria in the Dogon of Mali, a west African population with a low prevalence of hemoglobin S. Blood 96: 2358–2363.
-
23.
Diallo DA, Doumbo OK, Dicko A, Guindo A, Coulibaly D, Kayentao K, Djimde AA, Thera MA, Fairhurst RM, Plowe CV, Wellems TE, 2004. A comparison of anemia in hemoglobin C and normal hemoglobin A children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Acta Trop 90: 295–299.
-
24.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2008. Defining, Establishing, and Verifying Reference Intervals in the Clinical Laboratory: Approved Guideline, 3rd edition. Wayne, PA: Laboratory Standards Institute.
-
25.
Miller JL, 2013. Iron deficiency anemia: a common and curable disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 3: a011866.
-
26.
De Clercq D, Sacko M, Behnke JM, Traore M, Vercruysse J, 1995. Schistosoma and geohelminth infections in Mali, west Africa. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 75: 191–199.
-
27.
Behnke JM, De Clercq D, Sacko M, Gilbert FS, Ouattara DB, Vercruysse J, 2000. The epidemiology of human hookworm infections in the southern region of Mali. Trop Med Int Health 5: 343–354.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2181 | 2019 | 476 |
| Full Text Views | 568 | 13 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 111 | 13 | 2 |
Hematological Indices in Malian Children Change Significantly During a Malaria Season and with Increasing Age: Implications for Malaria Epidemiological Studies
Mahamadou Diakite
Mahamadou Diakite
Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Odontostomatology (FMPOS), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali.
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Kazutoyo Miura
Kazutoyo Miura
Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland.
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Ababacar Diouf
Ababacar Diouf
Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland.
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Drissa Konate
Drissa Konate
Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Odontostomatology (FMPOS), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali.
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Abdoul S. Keita
Abdoul S. Keita
Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Odontostomatology (FMPOS), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali.
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Saibou Doumbia
Saibou Doumbia
Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Odontostomatology (FMPOS), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali.
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Seidina Diakite
Seidina Diakite
Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Odontostomatology (FMPOS), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali.
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Karim Traore
Karim Traore
Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Odontostomatology (FMPOS), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali.
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Mory Doumbouya
Mory Doumbouya
Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Odontostomatology (FMPOS), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali.
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Jennifer M. Anderson
Jennifer M. Anderson
Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland.
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Rick M. Fairhurst
Rick M. Fairhurst
Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland.
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Carole A. Long
Carole A. Long
Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland.
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Standard hematological indices are commonly used in malaria epidemiological studies to measure anemia prevalence and calculate blood parasite densities. In Africa, few studies have investigated how these indices change during a malaria transmission season and with increasing age. To address these knowledge gaps, we collected blood from 169 healthy Malian children aged 3–12 years before (May 2010) and after (January 2011) a transmission season. Red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb) level, hematocrit (Ht), white blood cell (WBC) count, and WBC subsets were measured in paired blood samples, and the data were stratified by month (May, January) and age group (3–5, 6–8, and 9–12 years). From May to January, RBC count (4.53–4.70 × 106/μL; P < 0.0001), Hb level (11.5–11.9 g/dL; P < 0.0001), and Ht (37.1–39.2%; P < 0.0001) increased, and WBC count (6.46–5.96 × 103/μL; P = 0.0006) decreased. From May to January, the prevalence of WBC subsets also changed: 35–43% neutrophils, 6.5–7.6% monocytes, and 53–45% lymphocytes (P < 0.001). These seasonal changes were not associated with the number of malaria episodes experienced in the interim or the presence of RBC polymorphisms. In May, Hb (11.2, 11.4, and 11.8 g/dL; P = 0.0013) and Ht (36.5%, 36.7%, and 38.1%; P = 0.0154) increased and WBC count (8.04, 6.43, and 5.76 × 103/μL; P < 0.0001) decreased with age group; similar differences were observed in January. These data suggest that season- and age-based reference values for hematological indices are needed to better estimate anemia prevalence and parasite density in malaria epidemiological studies.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was funded by the Intramural Research Program of the NIAID, NIH.
Authors' addresses: Mahamadou Diakite, Drissa Konate, Abdoul S. Keita, Saibou Doumbia, Seidina Diakite, Karim Traore, and Mory Doumbouya, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Odontostomatology (FMPOS), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali, E-mails: mdiakite@icermali.org, dkonate@icermali.org, akeita@icermali.org, saibou@icermali.org, sdiakite@icermali.org, ktraore@icermali.org, and moryd@icermali.org. Kazutoyo Miura, Ababacar Diouf, Jennifer M. Anderson, Rick M. Fairhurst, and Carole A. Long, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, E-mails: kmiura@niaid.nih.gov, dioufa@niaid.nih.gov, jenanderson@niaid.nih.gov, rfairhurst@niaid.nih.gov, and clong@niaid.nih.gov.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Murray CJ, Rosenfeld LC, Lim SS, Andrews KG, Foreman KJ, Haring D, Fullman N, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Lopez AD, 2012. Global malaria mortality between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet 379: 413–431.
-
2.
World Health Organization, 2011. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria, 2nd edition. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization Press, 194. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/162441/1/9789241549127_eng.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2016.
-
3.
World Health Organization, 2015. World Malaria Report 2015. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization Press, 280.
-
4.
Doolan DL, Dobano C, Baird JK, 2009. Acquired immunity to malaria. Clin Microbiol Rev 22: 13–36.
-
5.
Ladhani S, Lowe B, Cole AO, Kowuondo K, Newton CR, 2002. Changes in white blood cells and platelets in children with falciparum malaria: relationship to disease outcome. Br J Haematol 119: 839–847.
-
6.
Jakeman GN, Saul A, Hogarth WL, Collins WE, 1999. Anaemia of acute malaria infections in non-immune patients primarily results from destruction of uninfected erythrocytes. Parasitology 119: 127–133.
-
7.
Perkins DJ, Were T, Davenport GC, Kempaiah P, Hittner JB, Ong'echa JM, 2011. Severe malarial anemia: innate immunity and pathogenesis. Int J Biol Sci 7: 1427–1442.
-
8.
Lamikanra AA, Brown D, Potocnik A, Casals-Pascual C, Langhorne J, Roberts DJ, 2007. Malarial anemia: of mice and men. Blood 110: 18–28.
-
9.
Buffet PA, Safeukui I, Deplaine G, Brousse V, Prendki V, Thellier M, Turner GD, Mercereau-Puijalon O, 2011. The pathogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in humans: insights from splenic physiology. Blood 117: 381–392.
-
10.
Boele van Hensbroek M, Calis JC, Phiri KS, Vet R, Munthali F, Kraaijenhagen R, van den Berg H, Faragher B, Bates I, Molyneux ME, 2010. Pathophysiological mechanisms of severe anaemia in Malawian children. PLoS One 5: e12589.
-
11.
Beales PF, Brabin B, Dorman E, Gilles HM, Loutain L, Marsh K, Molyneux ME, Olliaro P, Schapira A, Touze JE, Hien TT, Warrell DA, White N, 2000. Severe falciparum malaria. World Health Organization, Communicable Diseases Cluster. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94: S1–S90.
-
12.
Lopera-Mesa TM, Doumbia S, Konaté D, Anderson JM, Doumbouya M, Keita AS, Diakité SA, Traoré K, Krause MA, Diouf A, Moretz SE, Tullo GS, Miura K, Gu W, Fay MP, Taylor SM, Long CA, Diakité M, Fairhurst RM, 2015. Effect of red blood cell variants on childhood malaria in Mali: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Haematol 2: e140–e149.
-
13.
Crompton PD, Traore B, Kayentao K, Doumbo S, Ongoiba A, Diakite SA, Krause MA, Doumtabe D, Kone Y, Weiss G, Huang CY, Doumbia S, Guindo A, Fairhurst RM, Miller LH, Pierce SK, Doumbo OK, 2008. Sickle cell trait is associated with a delayed onset of malaria: implications for time-to-event analysis in clinical studies of malaria. J Infect Dis 198: 1265–1275.
-
14.
Guindo A, Fairhurst RM, Doumbo OK, Wellems TE, Diallo DA, 2007. X-linked G6PD deficiency protects hemizygous males but not heterozygous females against severe malaria. PLoS Med 4: e66.
-
15.
Miura K, Diakite M, Diouf A, Doumbia S, Konate D, Keita AS, Moretz SE, Tullo G, Zhou H, Lopera-Mesa TM, Anderson JM, Fairhurst RM, Long CA, 2013. Relationship between malaria incidence and IgG levels to Plasmodium falciparum merozoite antigens in Malian children: impact of hemoglobins S and C. PLoS One 8: e60182.
-
16.
Lugada ES, Mermin J, Kaharuza F, Ulvestad E, Were W, Langeland N, Asjo B, Malamba S, Downing R, 2004. Population-based hematologic and immunologic reference values for a healthy Ugandan population. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 11: 29–34.
-
17.
Buchanan AM, Muro FJ, Gratz J, Crump JA, Musyoka AM, Sichangi MW, Morrissey AB, M'Rimberia JK, Njau BN, Msuya LJ, Bartlett JA, Cunningham CK, 2010. Establishment of haematological and immunological reference values for healthy Tanzanian children in Kilimanjaro Region. Trop Med Int Health 15: 1011–1021.
-
18.
Embree J, Bwayo J, Nagelkerke N, Njenga S, Nyange P, Ndinya-Achola J, Pamba H, Plummer F, 2001. Lymphocyte subsets in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected and uninfected children in Nairobi. Pediatr Infect Dis J 20: 397–403.
-
19.
Adetifa IM, Hill PC, Jeffries DJ, Jackson-Sillah D, Ibanga HB, Bah G, Donkor S, Corrah T, Adegbola RA, 2009. Haematological values from a Gambian cohort: possible reference range for a west African population. Int J Lab Hematol 31: 615–622.
-
20.
Lopera-Mesa TM, Doumbia S, Chiang S, Zeituni AE, Konate DS, Doumbouya M, Keita AS, Stepniewska K, Traore K, Diakite SA, Ndiaye D, Sa JM, Anderson JM, Fay MP, Long CA, Diakite M, Fairhurst RM, 2013. Plasmodium falciparum clearance rates in response to artesunate in Malian children with malaria: effect of acquired immunity. J Infect Dis 207: 1655–1663.
-
21.
Alves-Junior ER, Gomes LT, Ribatski-Silva D, Mendes CR, Leal-Santos FA, Simoes LR, Mello MB, Fontes CJ, 2014. Assumed white blood cell count of 8,000 cells/μL overestimates malaria parasite density in the Brazilian Amazon. PLoS One 9: e94193.
-
22.
Agarwal A, Guindo A, Cissoko Y, Taylor JG, Coulibaly D, Kone A, Kayentao K, Djimde A, Plowe CV, Doumbo O, Wellems TE, Diollo D, 2000. Hemoglobin C associated with protection from severe malaria in the Dogon of Mali, a west African population with a low prevalence of hemoglobin S. Blood 96: 2358–2363.
-
23.
Diallo DA, Doumbo OK, Dicko A, Guindo A, Coulibaly D, Kayentao K, Djimde AA, Thera MA, Fairhurst RM, Plowe CV, Wellems TE, 2004. A comparison of anemia in hemoglobin C and normal hemoglobin A children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Acta Trop 90: 295–299.
-
24.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2008. Defining, Establishing, and Verifying Reference Intervals in the Clinical Laboratory: Approved Guideline, 3rd edition. Wayne, PA: Laboratory Standards Institute.
-
25.
Miller JL, 2013. Iron deficiency anemia: a common and curable disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 3: a011866.
-
26.
De Clercq D, Sacko M, Behnke JM, Traore M, Vercruysse J, 1995. Schistosoma and geohelminth infections in Mali, west Africa. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 75: 191–199.
-
27.
Behnke JM, De Clercq D, Sacko M, Gilbert FS, Ouattara DB, Vercruysse J, 2000. The epidemiology of human hookworm infections in the southern region of Mali. Trop Med Int Health 5: 343–354.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2181 | 2019 | 476 |
| Full Text Views | 568 | 13 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 111 | 13 | 2 |