Dick GW, Kitchen SF, Haddow AJ, 1952. Zika virus. I. Isolations and serological specificity. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 46: 509–520.
Leparc-Goffart I, Nougairede A, Cassadou S, Prat C, De Lamballerie X, 2014. Chikungunya in the Americas. Lancet 383: 514.
Olson JG, Ksiazek TG, Gubler DJ, Lubis SI, Simanjuntak G, Lee VH, Nalim S, Juslis K, See R, 1983. A survey for arboviral antibodies in sera of humans and animals in Lombok, Republic of Indonesia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 77: 131–137.
Rodhain F, Gonzalez JP, Mercier E, Helynck B, Larouze B, Hannoun C, 1989. Arbovirus infections and viral haemorrhagic fevers in Uganda: a serological survey in Karamoja district, 1984. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 83: 851–854.
Adekolu-John EO, Fagbami AH, 1983. Arthropod-borne virus antibodies in sera of residents of Kainji Lake Basin, Nigeria 1980. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 77: 149–151.
Lee KS, Lai YL, Lo S, Barkham T, Aw P, Ooi PL, Tai JC, Hibberd M, Johansson P, Khoo SP, Ng LC, 2010. Dengue virus surveillance for early warning, Singapore. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 847–849.
Watts DM, Porter KR, Putvatana P, Vasquez B, Calampa C, Hayes CG, Halstead SB, 1999. Failure of secondary infection with American genotype dengue 2 to cause dengue haemorrhagic fever. Lancet 354: 1431–1434.
Tsetsarkin KA, Vanlandingham DL, McGee CE, Higgs S, 2007. A single mutation in chikungunya virus affects vector specificity and epidemic potential. PLoS Pathog 3: e201.
Duffy MR, Chen TH, Hancock WT, Powers AM, Kool JL, Lanciotti RS, Pretrick M, Marfel M, Holzbauer S, Dubray C, Guillaumot L, Griggs A, Bel M, Lambert AJ, Laven J, Kosoy O, Panella A, Biggerstaff BJ, Fischer M, Hayes EB, 2009. Zika virus outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia. N Engl J Med 360: 2536–2543.
Lanciotti RS, Kosoy OL, Laven JJ, Velez JO, Lambert AJ, Johnson AJ, Stanfield SM, Duffy MR, 2008. Genetic and serologic properties of Zika virus associated with an epidemic, Yap State, Micronesia, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 1232–1239.
Sato R, Hamada N, Kashiwagi T, Imamura Y, Hara K, Nishimura M, Kamimura T, Takasaki T, Watanabe H, Koga T, 2015. Dengue hemorrhagic fever in a Japanese traveler with pre-existing Japanese encephalitis virus antibody. Trop Med Health 43: 85–88.
Fagbami AH, 1979. Zika virus infections in Nigeria: virological and seroepidemiological investigations in Oyo State. J Hyg (Lond) 83: 213–219.
Monath TP, Craven RB, Muth DJ, Trautt CJ, Calisher CH, Fitzgerald SA, 1980. Limitations of the complement-fixation test for distinguishing naturally acquired from vaccine-induced yellow fever infection in flavivirus-hyperendemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29: 624–634.
Alera MT, Hermann L, Tac-An IA, Klungthong C, Rutvisuttinunt W, Manasatienkij W, Villa D, Thaisomboonsuk B, Velasco JM, Chinnawirotpisan P, Lago CB, Roque VG Jr, Macareo LR, Srikiatkhachorn A, Fernandez S, Yoon IK, 2015. Zika virus infection, Philippines, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis 21: 722–724.
Campos GS, Bandeira AC, Sardi SI, 2015. Zika virus outbreak, Bahia, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 21: 1885–1886.
Heang V, Yasuda CY, Sovann L, Haddow AD, Travassos da Rosa AP, Tesh RB, Kasper MR, 2012. Zika virus infection, Cambodia, 2010. Emerg Infect Dis 18: 349–351.
Armstrong PM, Rico-Hesse R, 2001. Differential susceptibility of Aedes aegypti to infection by the American and Southeast Asian genotypes of dengue type 2 virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 1: 159–168.
Pyke AT, Daly MT, Cameron JN, Moore PR, Taylor CT, Hewitson GR, Humphreys JL, Gair R, 2014. Imported Zika virus infection from the Cook Islands into Australia, 2014. PLoS Curr 6.
Grard G, Caron M, Mombo IM, Nkoghe D, Mboui Ondo S, Jiolle D, Fontenille D, Paupy C, Leroy EM, 2014. Zika virus in Gabon (Central Africa)–2007: a new threat from Aedes albopictus? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2681.
ProMED-mail, 2015. Zika virus—Americas (04). 20151211.3855107.
Li MI, Wong PSJ, Ng LC, Tan CH, 2012. Oral susceptibility of Singapore Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus) to Zika virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1792.
Wong PS, Li MZ, Chong CS, Ng LC, Tan CH, 2013. Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse): a potential vector of Zika virus in Singapore. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2348.
Diagne CT, Diallo D, Faye O, Ba Y, Faye O, Gaye A, Dia I, Faye O, Weaver SC, Sall AA, Diallo M, 2015. Potential of selected Senegalese Aedes spp. mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit Zika virus. BMC Infect Dis 15: 492.
Darwish MA, Hoogstraal H, Roberts TJ, Ahmed IP, Omar F, 1983. A sero-epidemiological survey for certain arboviruses (Togaviridae) in Pakistan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 77: 442–445.
Wolfe ND, Kilbourn AM, Karesh WB, Rahman HA, Bosi EJ, Cropp BC, Andau M, Spielman A, Gubler DJ, 2001. Sylvatic transmission of arboviruses among Bornean orangutans. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64: 310–316.
Chastel C, 2012. Eventual role of asymptomatic cases of dengue for the introduction and spread of dengue viruses in non-endemic regions. Front Physiol 3: 70.
Nakkhara P, Chongsuvivatwong V, Thammapalo S, 2013. Risk factors for symptomatic and asymptomatic chikungunya infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 107: 789–796.
Rohani A, Potiwat R, Zamree I, Lee HL, 2009. Refractoriness of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) to dual infection with dengue and chikungunya virus. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 40: 443–448.
Besnard M, Lastere S, Teissier A, Cao-Lormeau V, Musso D, 2014. Evidence of perinatal transmission of Zika virus, French Polynesia, December 2013 and February 2014. Euro Surveill 19. PMID:24721538.
Foy BD, Kobylinski KC, Chilson Foy JL, Blitvich BJ, Travassos da Rosa A, Haddow AD, Lanciotti RS, Tesh RB, 2011. Probable non-vector-borne transmission of Zika virus, Colorado, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 880–882.
Gourinat AC, O'Connor O, Calvez E, Goarant C, Dupont-Rouzeyrol M, 2015. Detection of Zika virus in urine. Emerg Infect Dis 21: 84–86.
Summers DJ, Acosta RW, Acosta AM, 2015. Zika virus in an American recreational traveler. J Travel Med 22: 338–340.
Tappe D, Rissland J, Gabriel M, Emmerich P, Gunther S, Held G, Smola S, Schmidt-Chanasit J, 2014. First case of laboratory-confirmed Zika virus infection imported into Europe, November 2013. Euro Surveill 19. PMID:24507467.
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Following the emergence of Zika in the past decade, there are lessons to be learned from similar emergence events of dengue (DENV) and chikungunya (CHIKV). Specifically, as Zika emerges in the Americas there is a natural tendency to apply the knowledge base of DENV and CHIKV to mitigation and control of a virus with such a similar transmission system. However, there are marked differences that may preclude such broad stroke application of this knowledge base without making potentially faulty assumptions. Herein, Zika virus (ZIKV) transmission is reviewed, and the commonalities among these three arboviruses are discussed. Importantly, the divergence of this particular arbovirus is discussed, as is the need to develop ZIKV-specific knowledge base for mitigation of this disease. Specifically reviewed are 1) emergence and persistence patterns, 2) genetic and phenotypic diversity, 3) vector host range, and finally, 4) alternate transmission routes and added complexity of ZIKV transmission and presentation.
Author's address: Rebecca C. Christofferson, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, E-mail: rcarri1@lsu.edu.
Dick GW, Kitchen SF, Haddow AJ, 1952. Zika virus. I. Isolations and serological specificity. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 46: 509–520.
Leparc-Goffart I, Nougairede A, Cassadou S, Prat C, De Lamballerie X, 2014. Chikungunya in the Americas. Lancet 383: 514.
Olson JG, Ksiazek TG, Gubler DJ, Lubis SI, Simanjuntak G, Lee VH, Nalim S, Juslis K, See R, 1983. A survey for arboviral antibodies in sera of humans and animals in Lombok, Republic of Indonesia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 77: 131–137.
Rodhain F, Gonzalez JP, Mercier E, Helynck B, Larouze B, Hannoun C, 1989. Arbovirus infections and viral haemorrhagic fevers in Uganda: a serological survey in Karamoja district, 1984. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 83: 851–854.
Adekolu-John EO, Fagbami AH, 1983. Arthropod-borne virus antibodies in sera of residents of Kainji Lake Basin, Nigeria 1980. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 77: 149–151.
Lee KS, Lai YL, Lo S, Barkham T, Aw P, Ooi PL, Tai JC, Hibberd M, Johansson P, Khoo SP, Ng LC, 2010. Dengue virus surveillance for early warning, Singapore. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 847–849.
Watts DM, Porter KR, Putvatana P, Vasquez B, Calampa C, Hayes CG, Halstead SB, 1999. Failure of secondary infection with American genotype dengue 2 to cause dengue haemorrhagic fever. Lancet 354: 1431–1434.
Tsetsarkin KA, Vanlandingham DL, McGee CE, Higgs S, 2007. A single mutation in chikungunya virus affects vector specificity and epidemic potential. PLoS Pathog 3: e201.
Duffy MR, Chen TH, Hancock WT, Powers AM, Kool JL, Lanciotti RS, Pretrick M, Marfel M, Holzbauer S, Dubray C, Guillaumot L, Griggs A, Bel M, Lambert AJ, Laven J, Kosoy O, Panella A, Biggerstaff BJ, Fischer M, Hayes EB, 2009. Zika virus outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia. N Engl J Med 360: 2536–2543.
Lanciotti RS, Kosoy OL, Laven JJ, Velez JO, Lambert AJ, Johnson AJ, Stanfield SM, Duffy MR, 2008. Genetic and serologic properties of Zika virus associated with an epidemic, Yap State, Micronesia, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 1232–1239.
Sato R, Hamada N, Kashiwagi T, Imamura Y, Hara K, Nishimura M, Kamimura T, Takasaki T, Watanabe H, Koga T, 2015. Dengue hemorrhagic fever in a Japanese traveler with pre-existing Japanese encephalitis virus antibody. Trop Med Health 43: 85–88.
Fagbami AH, 1979. Zika virus infections in Nigeria: virological and seroepidemiological investigations in Oyo State. J Hyg (Lond) 83: 213–219.
Monath TP, Craven RB, Muth DJ, Trautt CJ, Calisher CH, Fitzgerald SA, 1980. Limitations of the complement-fixation test for distinguishing naturally acquired from vaccine-induced yellow fever infection in flavivirus-hyperendemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29: 624–634.
Alera MT, Hermann L, Tac-An IA, Klungthong C, Rutvisuttinunt W, Manasatienkij W, Villa D, Thaisomboonsuk B, Velasco JM, Chinnawirotpisan P, Lago CB, Roque VG Jr, Macareo LR, Srikiatkhachorn A, Fernandez S, Yoon IK, 2015. Zika virus infection, Philippines, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis 21: 722–724.
Campos GS, Bandeira AC, Sardi SI, 2015. Zika virus outbreak, Bahia, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 21: 1885–1886.
Heang V, Yasuda CY, Sovann L, Haddow AD, Travassos da Rosa AP, Tesh RB, Kasper MR, 2012. Zika virus infection, Cambodia, 2010. Emerg Infect Dis 18: 349–351.
Armstrong PM, Rico-Hesse R, 2001. Differential susceptibility of Aedes aegypti to infection by the American and Southeast Asian genotypes of dengue type 2 virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 1: 159–168.
Pyke AT, Daly MT, Cameron JN, Moore PR, Taylor CT, Hewitson GR, Humphreys JL, Gair R, 2014. Imported Zika virus infection from the Cook Islands into Australia, 2014. PLoS Curr 6.
Grard G, Caron M, Mombo IM, Nkoghe D, Mboui Ondo S, Jiolle D, Fontenille D, Paupy C, Leroy EM, 2014. Zika virus in Gabon (Central Africa)–2007: a new threat from Aedes albopictus? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2681.
ProMED-mail, 2015. Zika virus—Americas (04). 20151211.3855107.
Li MI, Wong PSJ, Ng LC, Tan CH, 2012. Oral susceptibility of Singapore Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus) to Zika virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1792.
Wong PS, Li MZ, Chong CS, Ng LC, Tan CH, 2013. Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse): a potential vector of Zika virus in Singapore. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2348.
Diagne CT, Diallo D, Faye O, Ba Y, Faye O, Gaye A, Dia I, Faye O, Weaver SC, Sall AA, Diallo M, 2015. Potential of selected Senegalese Aedes spp. mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit Zika virus. BMC Infect Dis 15: 492.
Darwish MA, Hoogstraal H, Roberts TJ, Ahmed IP, Omar F, 1983. A sero-epidemiological survey for certain arboviruses (Togaviridae) in Pakistan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 77: 442–445.
Wolfe ND, Kilbourn AM, Karesh WB, Rahman HA, Bosi EJ, Cropp BC, Andau M, Spielman A, Gubler DJ, 2001. Sylvatic transmission of arboviruses among Bornean orangutans. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64: 310–316.
Chastel C, 2012. Eventual role of asymptomatic cases of dengue for the introduction and spread of dengue viruses in non-endemic regions. Front Physiol 3: 70.
Nakkhara P, Chongsuvivatwong V, Thammapalo S, 2013. Risk factors for symptomatic and asymptomatic chikungunya infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 107: 789–796.
Rohani A, Potiwat R, Zamree I, Lee HL, 2009. Refractoriness of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) to dual infection with dengue and chikungunya virus. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 40: 443–448.
Besnard M, Lastere S, Teissier A, Cao-Lormeau V, Musso D, 2014. Evidence of perinatal transmission of Zika virus, French Polynesia, December 2013 and February 2014. Euro Surveill 19. PMID:24721538.
Foy BD, Kobylinski KC, Chilson Foy JL, Blitvich BJ, Travassos da Rosa A, Haddow AD, Lanciotti RS, Tesh RB, 2011. Probable non-vector-borne transmission of Zika virus, Colorado, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 880–882.
Gourinat AC, O'Connor O, Calvez E, Goarant C, Dupont-Rouzeyrol M, 2015. Detection of Zika virus in urine. Emerg Infect Dis 21: 84–86.
Summers DJ, Acosta RW, Acosta AM, 2015. Zika virus in an American recreational traveler. J Travel Med 22: 338–340.
Tappe D, Rissland J, Gabriel M, Emmerich P, Gunther S, Held G, Smola S, Schmidt-Chanasit J, 2014. First case of laboratory-confirmed Zika virus infection imported into Europe, November 2013. Euro Surveill 19. PMID:24507467.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 2709 | 2339 | 217 |
Full Text Views | 787 | 12 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 259 | 13 | 2 |