Singh B, Daneshvar C, 2013. Human infections and detection of Plasmodium knowlesi. Clin Microbiol Rev 26: 165–184.
William T, Jelip J, Menon J, Anderios F, Mohammad R, Awang Mohammad TA, Grigg MJ, Yeo TW, Anstey NM, Barber BE, 2014. Changing epidemiology of malaria in Sabah, Malaysia: increasing incidence of Plasmodium knowlesi. Malar J 13: 390.
Barber BE, William T, Grigg MJ, Yeo TW, Anstey NM, 2013. Limitations of microscopy to differentiate Plasmodium species in a region co-endemic for Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium knowlesi. Malar J 12: 8.
Barber BE, William T, Grigg MJ, Piera K, Yeo TW, Anstey NM, 2013. Evaluation of the sensitivity of a pLDH-based and an aldolase-based rapid diagnostic test for diagnosis of uncomplicated and severe malaria caused by PCR-confirmed Plasmodium knowlesi, Plasmodium falciparum, and Plasmodium vivax. J Clin Microbiol 51: 1118–1123.
William T, Menon J, Rajahram G, Chan L, Ma G, Donaldson S, Khoo S, Frederick C, Jelip J, Anstey NM, Yeo TW, 2011. Severe Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in a tertiary care hospital, Sabah, Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 1248–1255.
Barber BE, William T, Grigg MJ, Menon J, Auburn S, Marfurt J, Anstey NM, Yeo TW, 2013. A prospective comparative study of knowlesi, falciparum, and vivax malaria in Sabah, Malaysia: high proportion with severe disease from Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium vivax but no mortality with early referral and artesunate therapy. Clin Infect Dis 56: 383–397.
Grigg MJ, William T, Barber BE, Parameswaran U, Bird E, Piera K, Aziz A, Dhanaraj P, Yeo TW, Anstey NM, 2014. Combining parasite lactate dehydrogenase-based and histidine-rich protein 2-based rapid tests to improve specificity for diagnosis of malaria due to Plasmodium knowlesi and other Plasmodium species in Sabah, Malaysia. J Clin Microbiol 52: 2053–2060.
Imwong M, Tanomsing N, Pukrittayakamee S, Day NP, White NJ, Snounou G, 2009. Spurious amplification of a Plasmodium vivax small-subunit RNA gene by use of primers currently used to detect Plasmodium knowlesi. J Clin Microbiol 47: 4173–4175.
Putaporntip C, Buppan P, Jongwutiwes S, 2011. Improved performance with saliva and urine as alternative DNA sources for malaria diagnosis by mitochondrial DNA-based PCR assays. Clin Microbiol Infect 17: 1484–1491.
Lucchi NW, Poorak M, Oberstaller J, DeBarry J, Srinivasamoorthy G, Goldman I, Xayavong M, da Silva AJ, Peterson DS, Barnwell JW, Kissinger J, Udhayakumar V, 2012. A new single-step PCR assay for the detection of the zoonotic malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi. PLoS One 7: e31848.
Divis PC, Shokoples SE, Singh B, Yanow SK, 2010. A TaqMan real-time PCR assay for the detection and quantitation of Plasmodium knowlesi. Malar J 9: 344.
Reller ME, Chen WH, Dalton J, Lichay MA, Dumler JS, 2013. Multiplex 5′ nuclease quantitative real-time PCR for clinical diagnosis of malaria and species-level identification and epidemiologic evaluation of malaria-causing parasites, including Plasmodium knowlesi. J Clin Microbiol 51: 2931–2938.
Van Hong N, van den Eede P, Van Overmeir C, Vythilingham I, Rosanas-Urgell A, Vinh Thanh P, Thang ND, Hung NM, Hung le X, D'Alessandro U, Erhart A, 2013. A modified semi-nested multiplex malaria PCR (SnM-PCR) for the identification of the five human Plasmodium species occurring in southeast Asia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 721–723.
Iseki H, Kawai S, Takahashi N, Hirai M, Tanabe K, Yokoyama N, Igarashi I, 2010. Evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method as a tool for diagnosis of infection by the zoonotic simian malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi. J Clin Microbiol 48: 2509–2514.
Lau YL, Fong MY, Mahmud R, Chang PY, Palaeya V, Cheong FW, Chin LC, Anthony CN, Al-Mekhlafi AM, Chen Y, 2011. Specific, sensitive, and rapid detection of human Plasmodium knowlesi infection by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) in blood samples. Malar J 10: 197.
Britton S, Cheng Q, Grigg MJ, Poole CB, Pasay C, William T, Fornace K, Anstey NM, Sutherland CJ, Drakeley C, McCarthy JS, 2016. Sensitive detection of Plasmodium vivax using a high-throughput, colourimetric loop mediated isothermal amplification (HtLAMP) platform: a potential novel tool for malaria elimination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004443.
Grigg MJ, William T, Menon J, Dhanaraj P, Barber BE, Wilkes CS, von Seidlein L, Rajahram GS, Pasay C, McCarthy JS, Price RN, Anstey NM, Yeo TW, 2016. Artesunate-mefloquine versus chloroquine for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in Malaysia (ACT KNOW): an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis 16: 180–188.
Padley D, Moody AH, Chiodini PL, Saldanha J, 2003. Use of a rapid, single-round, multiplex PCR to detect malarial parasites and identify the species present. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 97: 131–137.
Britton S, Cheng Q, Sutherland CJ, McCarthy JS, 2015. A simple, high-throughput, colourimetric, field applicable loop-mediated isothermal amplification (HtLAMP) assay for malaria elimination. Malar J 14: 335.
Fornace KM, Nuin NA, Betson M, Grigg MJ, William T, Anstey NM, Yeo TW, Cox J, Ying LT, Drakeley CJ, 2016. Asymptomatic and submicroscopic carriage of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in household and community members of clinical cases in Sabah, Malaysia. J Infect Dis 213: 784–787.
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The simian parasite Plasmodium knowlesi is now the commonest cause of malaria in Malaysia and can rapidly cause severe and fatal malaria. However, microscopic misdiagnosis of Plasmodium species is common, rapid antigen detection tests remain insufficiently sensitive and confirmation of P. knowlesi requires polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Thus available point-of-care diagnostic tests are inadequate. This study reports the development of a simple, sensitive, colorimetric, high-throughput loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay (HtLAMP) diagnostic test using novel primers for the detection of P. knowlesi. This assay is able to detect 0.2 parasites/μL, and compared with PCR has a sensitivity of 96% for the detection of P. knowlesi, making it a potentially field-applicable point-of-care diagnostic tool.
Financial support: Malaysian Ministry of Health (Grant no. BP00500420), AusAlD Asia-Pacific Malaria Elimination Network (Grant no. 108-07), Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (Program grant no. 1037304, Project Grant no. 1045156, Practitioner fellowship to NMA no. 1042072 and JSM no. 1041802, scholarship to SB no. 1055410 and MJG no. 1074795) and Queensland Health Research Fellowship to JSM.
Authors' addresses: Sumudu Britton and James S. McCarthy, Clinical Tropical Medicine, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia, and School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, E-mails: sumudu.britton@qimrberghofer.edu.au and j.mccarthy@uq.edu.au. Qin Cheng, Department of Drug Resistance and Diagnostics, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Brisbane, Australia, E-mail: qin.cheng@defence.org.au. Matthew J. Grigg and Nick M. Anstey, Global Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia, E-mails: matthew.grigg@menzies.edu.au and nicholas.anstey@menzies.edu.au. Timothy William, Clinical Research Center, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, and Infectious Diseases, Jesselton Medical Centre, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, E-mail: tim7008@gmail.com.
Singh B, Daneshvar C, 2013. Human infections and detection of Plasmodium knowlesi. Clin Microbiol Rev 26: 165–184.
William T, Jelip J, Menon J, Anderios F, Mohammad R, Awang Mohammad TA, Grigg MJ, Yeo TW, Anstey NM, Barber BE, 2014. Changing epidemiology of malaria in Sabah, Malaysia: increasing incidence of Plasmodium knowlesi. Malar J 13: 390.
Barber BE, William T, Grigg MJ, Yeo TW, Anstey NM, 2013. Limitations of microscopy to differentiate Plasmodium species in a region co-endemic for Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium knowlesi. Malar J 12: 8.
Barber BE, William T, Grigg MJ, Piera K, Yeo TW, Anstey NM, 2013. Evaluation of the sensitivity of a pLDH-based and an aldolase-based rapid diagnostic test for diagnosis of uncomplicated and severe malaria caused by PCR-confirmed Plasmodium knowlesi, Plasmodium falciparum, and Plasmodium vivax. J Clin Microbiol 51: 1118–1123.
William T, Menon J, Rajahram G, Chan L, Ma G, Donaldson S, Khoo S, Frederick C, Jelip J, Anstey NM, Yeo TW, 2011. Severe Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in a tertiary care hospital, Sabah, Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 1248–1255.
Barber BE, William T, Grigg MJ, Menon J, Auburn S, Marfurt J, Anstey NM, Yeo TW, 2013. A prospective comparative study of knowlesi, falciparum, and vivax malaria in Sabah, Malaysia: high proportion with severe disease from Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium vivax but no mortality with early referral and artesunate therapy. Clin Infect Dis 56: 383–397.
Grigg MJ, William T, Barber BE, Parameswaran U, Bird E, Piera K, Aziz A, Dhanaraj P, Yeo TW, Anstey NM, 2014. Combining parasite lactate dehydrogenase-based and histidine-rich protein 2-based rapid tests to improve specificity for diagnosis of malaria due to Plasmodium knowlesi and other Plasmodium species in Sabah, Malaysia. J Clin Microbiol 52: 2053–2060.
Imwong M, Tanomsing N, Pukrittayakamee S, Day NP, White NJ, Snounou G, 2009. Spurious amplification of a Plasmodium vivax small-subunit RNA gene by use of primers currently used to detect Plasmodium knowlesi. J Clin Microbiol 47: 4173–4175.
Putaporntip C, Buppan P, Jongwutiwes S, 2011. Improved performance with saliva and urine as alternative DNA sources for malaria diagnosis by mitochondrial DNA-based PCR assays. Clin Microbiol Infect 17: 1484–1491.
Lucchi NW, Poorak M, Oberstaller J, DeBarry J, Srinivasamoorthy G, Goldman I, Xayavong M, da Silva AJ, Peterson DS, Barnwell JW, Kissinger J, Udhayakumar V, 2012. A new single-step PCR assay for the detection of the zoonotic malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi. PLoS One 7: e31848.
Divis PC, Shokoples SE, Singh B, Yanow SK, 2010. A TaqMan real-time PCR assay for the detection and quantitation of Plasmodium knowlesi. Malar J 9: 344.
Reller ME, Chen WH, Dalton J, Lichay MA, Dumler JS, 2013. Multiplex 5′ nuclease quantitative real-time PCR for clinical diagnosis of malaria and species-level identification and epidemiologic evaluation of malaria-causing parasites, including Plasmodium knowlesi. J Clin Microbiol 51: 2931–2938.
Van Hong N, van den Eede P, Van Overmeir C, Vythilingham I, Rosanas-Urgell A, Vinh Thanh P, Thang ND, Hung NM, Hung le X, D'Alessandro U, Erhart A, 2013. A modified semi-nested multiplex malaria PCR (SnM-PCR) for the identification of the five human Plasmodium species occurring in southeast Asia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 721–723.
Iseki H, Kawai S, Takahashi N, Hirai M, Tanabe K, Yokoyama N, Igarashi I, 2010. Evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method as a tool for diagnosis of infection by the zoonotic simian malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi. J Clin Microbiol 48: 2509–2514.
Lau YL, Fong MY, Mahmud R, Chang PY, Palaeya V, Cheong FW, Chin LC, Anthony CN, Al-Mekhlafi AM, Chen Y, 2011. Specific, sensitive, and rapid detection of human Plasmodium knowlesi infection by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) in blood samples. Malar J 10: 197.
Britton S, Cheng Q, Grigg MJ, Poole CB, Pasay C, William T, Fornace K, Anstey NM, Sutherland CJ, Drakeley C, McCarthy JS, 2016. Sensitive detection of Plasmodium vivax using a high-throughput, colourimetric loop mediated isothermal amplification (HtLAMP) platform: a potential novel tool for malaria elimination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004443.
Grigg MJ, William T, Menon J, Dhanaraj P, Barber BE, Wilkes CS, von Seidlein L, Rajahram GS, Pasay C, McCarthy JS, Price RN, Anstey NM, Yeo TW, 2016. Artesunate-mefloquine versus chloroquine for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in Malaysia (ACT KNOW): an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis 16: 180–188.
Padley D, Moody AH, Chiodini PL, Saldanha J, 2003. Use of a rapid, single-round, multiplex PCR to detect malarial parasites and identify the species present. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 97: 131–137.
Britton S, Cheng Q, Sutherland CJ, McCarthy JS, 2015. A simple, high-throughput, colourimetric, field applicable loop-mediated isothermal amplification (HtLAMP) assay for malaria elimination. Malar J 14: 335.
Fornace KM, Nuin NA, Betson M, Grigg MJ, William T, Anstey NM, Yeo TW, Cox J, Ying LT, Drakeley CJ, 2016. Asymptomatic and submicroscopic carriage of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in household and community members of clinical cases in Sabah, Malaysia. J Infect Dis 213: 784–787.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 44 | 44 | 10 |
Full Text Views | 320 | 85 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 97 | 20 | 0 |