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EndNote
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Strunz EC, Addiss DG, Stocks ME, Ogden S, Utzinger J, Freeman MC, 2014. Water, sanitation, hygiene, and soil-transmitted helminth infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 11: e1001620.
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Stocks ME, Ogden S, Haddad D, Addiss DG, McGuire C, Freeman MC, 2014. Effect of water, sanitation, and hygiene on the prevention of trachoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 11: e1001605.
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Walker CF, Black R, 2010. Diarrhoea morbidity and mortality in older children, adolescents, and adults. Epidemiol Infect 138: 1215–1226.
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Hutton G, Haller L, 2004. Evaluation of the Costs and Benefits of Water and Sanitation Improvements at the Global Level: Water, Sanitation, and Health, Protection of the Human Environment. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
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Lamdin DJ, 1996. Evidence of student attendance as an independent variable in education production functions. J Educ Res 89: 155–162.
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Morrissey TW, Hutchison L, Winsler A, 2014. Family income, school attendance, and academic achievement in elementary school. Dev Psychol 50: 741.
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Gakidou E, Cowling K, Lozano R, Murray CJ, 2010. Increased educational attainment and its effect on child mortality in 175 countries between 1970 and 2009: a systematic analysis. Lancet 376: 959–974.
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Freeman MC, Clasen T, Dreibelbis R, Saboori S, Greene LE, Brumback B, Muga R, Rheingans R, 2013a. The impact of a school-based water supply and treatment, hygiene, and sanitation programme on pupil diarrhoea: a cluster-randomized trial. Epidemiol Infect 142: 340–351.
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Bowen A, Ma H, Ou J, Billhimer W, Long T, Mintz E, Hoekstra M, Luby SP, 2007. A cluster-randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of a handwashing-promotion program in Chinese primary schools. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 1166–1173.
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Freeman MC, Clasen T, Brooker SJ, Akoko DO, Rheingans R, 2013. The impact of a school-based hygiene, water quality and sanitation intervention on soil-transmitted helminth reinfection: a cluster-randomized trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 875–883.
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Talaat M, Afifi S, Dueger E, El-Ashry N, Marfin A, Kandeel A, Mohareb E, El-Sayed N, 2011. Effects of hand hygiene campaigns on incidence of laboratory-confirmed influenza and absenteeism in schoolchildren, Cairo, Egypt. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 619–625.
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13.
Hunter PR, Risebro H, Yen M, Lefebvre H, Lo C, Hartemann P, Longuet C, Jaquenoud F, 2014. Impact of the provision of safe drinking water on school absence rates in Cambodia: a quasi-experimental study. PLoS One 9: e91847.
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14.
Rosen L, Manor O, Engelhard D, Brody D, Rosen B, Peleg H, Meir M, Zucker D, 2006. Can a handwashing intervention make a difference? Results from a randomized controlled trial in Jerusalem preschools. Prev Med 42: 27–32.
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Freeman MC, Greene LE, Dreibelbis R, Saboori S, Muga R, Brumback B, Rheingans R, 2012. Assessing the impact of a school-based water treatment, hygiene, and sanitation program on pupil absence in Nyanza Province, Kenya: a cluster-randomized trial. Trop Med Int Health 17: 380–391.
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Caruso BA, Freeman MC, Garn JV, Dreibelbis R, Saboori S, Muga R, Rheingans R, 2014. Assessing the impact of a school-based latrine cleaning and handwashing program on pupil absence in Nyanza Province, Kenya: a cluster-randomized trial. Trop Med Int Health 19: 1185–1197.
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Arnold BF, Galiani S, Ram PK, Hubbard AE, Briceño B, Gertler PJ, Colford JM, 2013. Optimal recall period for caregiver-reported illness in risk factor and intervention studies: a multicountry study. Am J Epidemiol 177: 361–370.
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O'Reilly C, Freeman M, Ravani M, Migele J, Mwaki A, Ayalo M, Ombeki S, Hoekstra MR, Quick R, 2008. The impact of a school-based safe water and hygiene programme on knowledge and practices of students and their parents: Nyanza Province, western Kenya, 2006. Epidemiol Infect 136: 80–91.
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Pickering AJ, Davis J, Blum AG, Scalmanini J, Oyier B, Okoth G, Breiman RF, Ram PK, 2013. Access to waterless hand sanitizer improves student hand hygiene behavior in primary schools in Nairobi, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 411–418.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 1121 | 846 | 310 |
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The Impact of a School-Based Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Program on Absenteeism, Diarrhea, and Respiratory Infection: A Matched–Control Trial in Mali
Victoria Trinies
Victoria Trinies
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Joshua V. Garn
Joshua V. Garn
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Howard H. Chang
Howard H. Chang
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Matthew C. Freeman
Matthew C. Freeman
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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We conducted a matched–control trial in Mali to assess the effectiveness of a comprehensive school-based water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) intervention on pupil absence, diarrhea, and respiratory infections. After completion of the intervention, data were collected from 100 beneficiary schools and 100 matched comparison schools in 5–6 sessions over a 14-month period. Data collection included roll calls to assess absenteeism and interviews with a subset of pupils to assess recent absence and disease symptoms. The odds of pupils being absent at roll call were 23% higher in beneficiary schools than in comparison schools (odds ratio [OR]: 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06, 1.42). The odds of pupils reporting being absent due to diarrhea (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.56, 0.94) or having had diarrhea (OR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.60, 0.85) or respiratory infection symptoms (OR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.65, 0.86) in the past week were lower in beneficiary schools compared with comparison schools. We found that a school-based WASH intervention can have a positive effect on reducing rates of illness, as well as absence due to diarrhea. However, we did not find evidence that these health impacts led to a reduction in overall absence. Higher absence rates are less likely attributable to the intervention than the result of an imbalance in unobserved confounders between study groups.
Author Notes
Financial support: Funding for this impact evaluation was provided by Dubai Cares Foundation.
Authors' addresses: Victoria Trinies, Joshua V. Garn, and Matthew C. Freeman, Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: vtrinies@gmail.com, jgarn@emory.edu, and matthew.freeman@emory.edu. Howard H. Chang, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: howard.chang@emory.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Montresor A, Crompton D, Gyorkos T, Savioli L, 2002. Helminth Control in School-age Children. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 19–20.
-
2.
Strunz EC, Addiss DG, Stocks ME, Ogden S, Utzinger J, Freeman MC, 2014. Water, sanitation, hygiene, and soil-transmitted helminth infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 11: e1001620.
-
3.
Stocks ME, Ogden S, Haddad D, Addiss DG, McGuire C, Freeman MC, 2014. Effect of water, sanitation, and hygiene on the prevention of trachoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 11: e1001605.
-
4.
Walker CF, Black R, 2010. Diarrhoea morbidity and mortality in older children, adolescents, and adults. Epidemiol Infect 138: 1215–1226.
-
5.
Hutton G, Haller L, 2004. Evaluation of the Costs and Benefits of Water and Sanitation Improvements at the Global Level: Water, Sanitation, and Health, Protection of the Human Environment. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
6.
Lamdin DJ, 1996. Evidence of student attendance as an independent variable in education production functions. J Educ Res 89: 155–162.
-
7.
Morrissey TW, Hutchison L, Winsler A, 2014. Family income, school attendance, and academic achievement in elementary school. Dev Psychol 50: 741.
-
8.
Gakidou E, Cowling K, Lozano R, Murray CJ, 2010. Increased educational attainment and its effect on child mortality in 175 countries between 1970 and 2009: a systematic analysis. Lancet 376: 959–974.
-
9.
Freeman MC, Clasen T, Dreibelbis R, Saboori S, Greene LE, Brumback B, Muga R, Rheingans R, 2013a. The impact of a school-based water supply and treatment, hygiene, and sanitation programme on pupil diarrhoea: a cluster-randomized trial. Epidemiol Infect 142: 340–351.
-
10.
Bowen A, Ma H, Ou J, Billhimer W, Long T, Mintz E, Hoekstra M, Luby SP, 2007. A cluster-randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of a handwashing-promotion program in Chinese primary schools. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 1166–1173.
-
11.
Freeman MC, Clasen T, Brooker SJ, Akoko DO, Rheingans R, 2013. The impact of a school-based hygiene, water quality and sanitation intervention on soil-transmitted helminth reinfection: a cluster-randomized trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 875–883.
-
12.
Talaat M, Afifi S, Dueger E, El-Ashry N, Marfin A, Kandeel A, Mohareb E, El-Sayed N, 2011. Effects of hand hygiene campaigns on incidence of laboratory-confirmed influenza and absenteeism in schoolchildren, Cairo, Egypt. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 619–625.
-
13.
Hunter PR, Risebro H, Yen M, Lefebvre H, Lo C, Hartemann P, Longuet C, Jaquenoud F, 2014. Impact of the provision of safe drinking water on school absence rates in Cambodia: a quasi-experimental study. PLoS One 9: e91847.
-
14.
Rosen L, Manor O, Engelhard D, Brody D, Rosen B, Peleg H, Meir M, Zucker D, 2006. Can a handwashing intervention make a difference? Results from a randomized controlled trial in Jerusalem preschools. Prev Med 42: 27–32.
-
15.
Freeman MC, Greene LE, Dreibelbis R, Saboori S, Muga R, Brumback B, Rheingans R, 2012. Assessing the impact of a school-based water treatment, hygiene, and sanitation program on pupil absence in Nyanza Province, Kenya: a cluster-randomized trial. Trop Med Int Health 17: 380–391.
-
16.
Caruso BA, Freeman MC, Garn JV, Dreibelbis R, Saboori S, Muga R, Rheingans R, 2014. Assessing the impact of a school-based latrine cleaning and handwashing program on pupil absence in Nyanza Province, Kenya: a cluster-randomized trial. Trop Med Int Health 19: 1185–1197.
-
17.
UN News Center, 2012. More People Displaced by Turmoil in Mali than Previously Estimated—UN Refugee Agency. Available at: http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=43404&#.VbJhlBNVikp. Accessed July 24, 2015.
-
18.
Arnold BF, Hogan DR, Colford JM, Hubbard AE, 2011. Simulation methods to estimate design power: an overview for applied research. BMC Med Res Methodol 11: 94.
-
19.
Hartung C, Lerer A, Anokwa Y, Tseng C, Brunette W, Borriello G, 2010. Open data kit: tools to build information services for developing regions. Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development. ACM, 18.
-
20.
Arnold BF, Galiani S, Ram PK, Hubbard AE, Briceño B, Gertler PJ, Colford JM, 2013. Optimal recall period for caregiver-reported illness in risk factor and intervention studies: a multicountry study. Am J Epidemiol 177: 361–370.
-
21.
Baqui AH, Black RE, Yunus M, Hoque AR, Chowdhury HR, Sack RB, 1991. Methodological issues in diarrhoeal diseases epidemiology: definition of diarrhoeal episodes. Int J Epidemiol 20: 1057–1063.
-
22.
O'Reilly C, Freeman M, Ravani M, Migele J, Mwaki A, Ayalo M, Ombeki S, Hoekstra MR, Quick R, 2008. The impact of a school-based safe water and hygiene programme on knowledge and practices of students and their parents: Nyanza Province, western Kenya, 2006. Epidemiol Infect 136: 80–91.
-
23.
Greene LE, Freeman MC, Akoko D, Saboori S, Moe C, Rheingans R, 2012. Impact of a school-based hygiene promotion and sanitation intervention on pupil hand contamination in western Kenya: a cluster randomized trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 385–393.
-
24.
Dreibelbis R, Kroeger A, Hossain K, Venkatesh M, Ram PK, 2016. Behavior change without behavior change communication: nudging handwashing among primary school students in Bangladesh. Int J Environ Res Public Health 13: pii:E129.
-
25.
Pickering AJ, Davis J, Blum AG, Scalmanini J, Oyier B, Okoth G, Breiman RF, Ram PK, 2013. Access to waterless hand sanitizer improves student hand hygiene behavior in primary schools in Nairobi, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 411–418.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1121 | 846 | 310 |
| Full Text Views | 1219 | 13 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 577 | 10 | 0 |