- Introduction
- Methods
- Study area.
- Mosquito collection and handling.
- DNA preparation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
- Circumsporozoite protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CSP-ELISA) for P. falciparum detection.
- Spatial and temporal mapping of malarial vectors.
- Human biting rate (HBR) and entomological inoculation rate (EIR).
- Statistical analysis.
- Results
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Kelly-Hope LA, Hemingway J, McKenzie FE, 2009. Environmental factors associated with the malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus in Kenya. Malar J 8: 268.
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Hargreaves K, Koekemoer LL, Brooke BD, Hunt RH, Mthembu J, Coetzee M, 2000. Anopheles funestus resistant to pyrethroid insecticides in South Africa. Med Vet Entomol 14: 181–189.
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Sinka ME, Bangs MJ, Manguin S, Coetzee M, Mbogo CM, Hemingway J, Patil AP, Temperley WH, Gething PW, Kabaria CW, Okara RM, Van Boeckel T, Godfray HC, Harbach RE, Hay SI, 2010. The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in Africa, Europe and the Middle East: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic precis. Parasit Vectors 3: 117.
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-
9.
Githeko AK, Ayisi JM, Odada PK, Atieli FK, Ndenga BA, Githure JI, Yan G, 2006. Topography and malaria transmission heterogeneity in western Kenya highlands: prospects for focal vector control. Malar J 5: 107.
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-
12.
Gimnig JE, Vulule JM, Lo TQ, Kamau L, Kolczak MS, Phillips-Howard PA, Mathenge EM, ter Kuile FO, Nahlen BL, Hightower AW, Hawley WA, 2003. Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on entomologic indices in an area of intense year-round malaria transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 16–22.
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Shililu J, Ghebremeskel T, Mengistu S, Fekadu H, Zerom M, Mbogo C, Githure J, Novak R, Brantly E, Beier JC, 2003. High seasonal variation in entomologic inoculation rates in Eritrea, a semi-arid region of unstable malaria in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 607–613.
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Habitat Partitioning of Malaria Vectors in Nchelenge District, Zambia
Smita Das
Smita Das
W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Tropical Disease Research Centre, Ndola Central Hospital, Ndola, Zambia; Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia
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Mbanga Muleba
Mbanga Muleba
W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Tropical Disease Research Centre, Ndola Central Hospital, Ndola, Zambia; Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia
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Jennifer C. Stevenson
Jennifer C. Stevenson
W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Tropical Disease Research Centre, Ndola Central Hospital, Ndola, Zambia; Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia
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Douglas E. Norris
Douglas E. Norris
W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Tropical Disease Research Centre, Ndola Central Hospital, Ndola, Zambia; Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia
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Nchelenge District in Luapula Province, northern Zambia, experiences holoendemic malaria despite implementation of vector control programs. The major Anopheles vectors that contribute to Plasmodium falciparum transmission in this area had not previously been well defined. Three collections performed during the 2012 wet and dry seasons and the 2013 wet season revealed Anopheles funestus sensu stricto and Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto as the main vectors, where 80–85% of each collection was composed of An. funestus. Both vectors were found to be highly anthropophilic, and An. funestus has higher sporozoite infection rates (SIRs) and entomological inoculation rates (EIRs) year-round compared with An. gambiae: SIRs of 1.8–3.0% and 0–2.5%, respectively, and EIRs of 3.7–41.5 infectious bites per 6-month period (ib/p/6mo) and 0–5.9 ib/p/6mo, respectively. Spatial and temporal changes in each vector's dynamics and bionomics were also observed. Anopheles funestus was the predominant vector in the villages near Kenani Stream in both wet and dry seasons, whereas An. gambiae was found to be the main vector in areas near Lake Mweru during the wet season. The vector data illustrate the need for broader temporal and spatial sampling in Nchelenge and present unique opportunities to further our understanding of malarial transmission and implications for malarial control in high-risk areas.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported in part, through funding from the Southern Africa International Centers of Excellence for Malaria Research (U19AI089680-01) to Douglas E. Norris. Smita Das was supported by a National Institutes of Health T32 Grant (2T32AI007417-16) and the Martin Frobisher Fellowship Fund from the W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, a Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute Fellowship from the Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, and a Johns Hopkins Global Health Established Field Placement Award from the Johns Hopkins Center for Global Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health.
Authors' addresses: Smita Das and Douglas E. Norris, W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, E-mails: smita.das988@gmail.com and douglas.norris@jhu.edu. Mbanga Muleba, Tropical Disease Research Centre, Ndola Central Hospital, Ndola, Zambia, E-mail: MulebaM@tdrc.org.zm. Jennifer C. Stevenson, W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, and Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia, E-mail: jennyc.stevenson@macharesearch.org.
- Introduction
- Methods
- Study area.
- Mosquito collection and handling.
- DNA preparation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
- Circumsporozoite protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CSP-ELISA) for P. falciparum detection.
- Spatial and temporal mapping of malarial vectors.
- Human biting rate (HBR) and entomological inoculation rate (EIR).
- Statistical analysis.
- Results
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Kelly-Hope LA, Hemingway J, McKenzie FE, 2009. Environmental factors associated with the malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus in Kenya. Malar J 8: 268.
-
2.
Coetzee M, Fontenille D, 2004. Advances in the study of Anopheles funestus, a major vector of malaria in Africa. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 34: 599–605.
-
3.
Gillies M, DeMeillon B, 1968. The Anophelinae South of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoological Region). Johannesburg, South Africa: South African Institute for Medical Research.
-
4.
Hargreaves K, Koekemoer LL, Brooke BD, Hunt RH, Mthembu J, Coetzee M, 2000. Anopheles funestus resistant to pyrethroid insecticides in South Africa. Med Vet Entomol 14: 181–189.
-
5.
Sinka ME, Bangs MJ, Manguin S, Coetzee M, Mbogo CM, Hemingway J, Patil AP, Temperley WH, Gething PW, Kabaria CW, Okara RM, Van Boeckel T, Godfray HC, Harbach RE, Hay SI, 2010. The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in Africa, Europe and the Middle East: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic precis. Parasit Vectors 3: 117.
-
6.
Githeko AK, Adungo NI, Karanja DM, Hawley WA, Vulule JM, Seroney IK, Ofulla AV, Atieli FK, Ondijo SO, Genga IO, Odada PK, Situbi PA, Oloo JA, 1996. Some observations on the biting behavior of Anopheles gambiae s.s., Anopheles arabiensis, and Anopheles funestus and their implications for malaria control. Exp Parasitol 82: 306–315.
-
7.
Curtis CF, 1996. An overview of mosquito biology, behaviour and importance. Ciba Found Symp 200: 3–7.
-
8.
Ndenga B, Githeko A, Omukunda E, Munyekenye G, Atieli H, Wamai P, Mbogo C, Minakawa N, Zhou G, Yan G, 2006. Population dynamics of malaria vectors in western Kenya highlands. J Med Entomol 43: 200–206.
-
9.
Githeko AK, Ayisi JM, Odada PK, Atieli FK, Ndenga BA, Githure JI, Yan G, 2006. Topography and malaria transmission heterogeneity in western Kenya highlands: prospects for focal vector control. Malar J 5: 107.
-
10.
Fontaine RE, Pull JH, Payne D, Pradhan GD, Joshi GP, Pearson JA, Thymakis MK, Camacho ME, 1978. Evaluation of fenitrothion for the control of malaria. Bull World Health Organ 56: 445–452.
-
11.
Gimnig JE, Kolczak MS, Hightower AW, Vulule JM, Schoute E, Kamau L, Phillips-Howard PA, ter Kuile FO, Nahlen BL, Hawley WA, 2003. Effect of permethrin-treated bed nets on the spatial distribution of malaria vectors in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 115–120.
-
12.
Gimnig JE, Vulule JM, Lo TQ, Kamau L, Kolczak MS, Phillips-Howard PA, Mathenge EM, ter Kuile FO, Nahlen BL, Hightower AW, Hawley WA, 2003. Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on entomologic indices in an area of intense year-round malaria transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 16–22.
-
13.
Killeen GF, Fillinger U, Knols BG, 2002. Advantages of larval control for African malaria vectors: low mobility and behavioural responsiveness of immature mosquito stages allow high effective coverage. Malar J 1: 8.
-
14.
Killeen GF, McKenzie FE, Foy BD, Schieffelin C, Billingsley PF, Beier JC, 2000. The potential impact of integrated malaria transmission control on entomologic inoculation rate in highly endemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62: 545–551.
-
15.
Shililu J, Ghebremeskel T, Mengistu S, Fekadu H, Zerom M, Mbogo C, Githure J, Novak R, Brantly E, Beier JC, 2003. High seasonal variation in entomologic inoculation rates in Eritrea, a semi-arid region of unstable malaria in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 607–613.
-
16.
Utzinger J, Tanner M, Kammen DM, Killeen GF, Singer BH, 2002. Integrated programme is key to malaria control. Nature 419: 431.
-
17.
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