ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Boelaert M, Bhattacharya S, Chappuis F, El Safi SH, Hailu A, Mondal D, Rijal S, Sundar S, Wasunna M, Peeling RW, 2007. Evaluation of rapid diagnostic tests: visceral leishmaniasis. Nat Rev Microbiol 5: S30–S39.
-
2.
Chappuis F, Sundar S, Hailu A, Ghalib H, Rijal S, Peeling RW, Alvar G, Boelaert M, 2007. Visceral leishmaniasis: what are the needs for diagnosis, treatment and control? Nat Rev Microbiol 5: 873–882.
-
3.
el Harith A, Kolk AHJ, Leeuwenburg J, Muigai R, Huigen E, Jelsma T, Kager PA, 1988. Improvement of a direct agglutination test for field studies of visceral leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 26: 1321–1325.
-
4.
el Harith A, el Mutasim M, Mansour D, Mustafa F, Arvidson H, 2003. Use of glycerol as alternative to freeze-drying for long-term preservation of antigen for the direct agglutination test. Trop Med Int Health 8: 1025–1029.
-
5.
el Mutasim M, Mansour D, Abass EM, Hassan WM, el Harith A, 2006. Evaluation of a glycerol-preserved antigen in the direct agglutination test for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis at rural level in eastern Sudan. J Med Microbiol 55: 1343–1347.
-
6.
el Harith A, Chowdhury S, Al-Masum A, Semiao-Santos S, Karim E, el-Safi S, Haque I, 1995. Evaluation of cleaving agents other than trypsin in direct agglutination test for further improving diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 33: 1984–1988.
-
7.
Sadigursky M, Brodskyn CI, 1986. A new liquid medium without blood and serum for culture of hemoflagellates. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35: 942–944.
-
8.
Jacquet D, Boelaert M, Seaman J, Rijal S, Sundar S, Menten J, Magnus E, 2006. Comparative evaluation of freeze-dried and liquid antigens in the direct agglutination test for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (ITMA-DAT/VL). Trop Med Int Health 11: 1777–1784.
-
9.
Abass E, Bollig N, Reinhard K, Camara B, Mansour D, Visektuna A, Lohoff M, Steinhoff U, 2013. rKLO8, a novel Leishmania donovani-derived recombinant immunodominant protein for sensitive detection of visceral leishmaniasis in Sudan. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2322.
-
10.
Meredith SE, Kroon NC, Sondorp E, Seaman J, Goris MG, van Ingen CW, Oosting H, Schoone G, Terpstra WJ, Oskam L, 1995. Leish-KIT, a stable direct agglutination test based on freeze-dried antigen for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 33: 1742–1745.
-
11.
Mbati PA, Githure JI, Kagai JM, Kirigi G, Kibati F, Wasunna K, Koech DK, 1999. Evaluation of a standardized direct agglutination test (DAT) for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Kenya. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 93: 703–710.
-
12.
Oliveira AE, Pedras MJ, De Assis IE, Rabello A, 2009. Improvement of direct agglutination test (DAT) for laboratory diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103: 1279–1281.
-
13.
Islam MZ, Itoh M, Mirza R, Ahmed I, Ekram AR, Sarder AH, Shamsuzzaman SM, Hashiguchi Y, Kimura E, 2004. Direct agglutination test with urine samples for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 78–82.
-
14.
Mohebali M, Edrissian GH, Nadim A, Hajjaran H, Akhoundi B, Hooshamand B, Zarei Z, Mirsamadi N, Manoucherhri Naeini K, Mamishi, Sanati AA, Moshfe AA, Charehdar S, Fakhar M, 2006. Application of direct agglutination test (DAT) for the diagnosis and sero-epidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniasis in Iran. Iran J Parasitol 1: 15–25.
-
15.
Boelaert M, El-Safi S, Hailu A, Mukhtar M, Rijal S, Sundar S, Wasunna M, Aseffa A, Mbui J, Menten J, Desjeux P, Peeling RW, 2008. Diagnostic tests for kala-azar: a multi-centre study of the freeze-dried DAT, rK39 strip test and KAtex in east Africa and the Indian subcontinent. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102: 32–40.
-
16.
Kuhls K, Keilonat L, Ochsenreither S, Schaar M, Schweynoch C, Presber W, Schönian G, 2007. Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) reveals genetically isolated populations between and within the main endemic regions of visceral leishmaniasis. Microbes Infect 9: 334–343.
-
17.
Alam MZ, Kuhls K, Schweynoch C, Sundar S, Rijal S, Shamsuzzaman AK, Raju BV, Salotra P, Dujardin JC, Schönian G, 2009. Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) reveals genetic homogeneity of Leishmania donovani strains in the Indian subcontinent. Infect Genet Evol 9: 24–31.
-
18.
Bhattacharyya T, Duncan EB, El-Safi S, Sundar S, Falconar AK, Singh OP, Kumar R, Ahmed O, Boelaert M, Miles MA, 2014. Significantly lower anti-Leishmania IgG responses in Sudanese versus Indian visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2675.
-
19.
Pattabhi S, Whittle J, Mohamath R, El-Safi S, Moulton GG, Guderian JA, Colombara D, Abdoon AO, Mukhtar MM, Mondal D, Esfandiari J, Kumar S, Chun P, Reed SG, Bhatia A, 2010. Design, development and evaluation of rK28-based point-of-care tests for improving rapid diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e822.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 320 | 231 | 7 |
| Full Text Views | 346 | 12 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 83 | 13 | 0 |
Local Production of a Liquid Direct Agglutination Test as a Sustainable Measure for Control of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Sudan
Hussam Ali Osman
Hussam Ali Osman
Biomedical Research Laboratory, Ahfad University for Women, Omdurman, Sudan; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sudan International University, Khartoum, Sudan; Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Tiradentes, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Department of Medicine and Nursing, University of Tiradentes, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
Search for other papers by Hussam Ali Osman in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Hussam Ali Osman in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Abdelhafeiz Mahamoud
Abdelhafeiz Mahamoud
Biomedical Research Laboratory, Ahfad University for Women, Omdurman, Sudan; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sudan International University, Khartoum, Sudan; Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Tiradentes, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Department of Medicine and Nursing, University of Tiradentes, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
Search for other papers by Abdelhafeiz Mahamoud in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Abdelhafeiz Mahamoud in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Elfadil Mustafa Abass
Elfadil Mustafa Abass
Biomedical Research Laboratory, Ahfad University for Women, Omdurman, Sudan; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sudan International University, Khartoum, Sudan; Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Tiradentes, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Department of Medicine and Nursing, University of Tiradentes, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
Search for other papers by Elfadil Mustafa Abass in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Elfadil Mustafa Abass in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Rubens Riscala Madi
Rubens Riscala Madi
Biomedical Research Laboratory, Ahfad University for Women, Omdurman, Sudan; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sudan International University, Khartoum, Sudan; Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Tiradentes, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Department of Medicine and Nursing, University of Tiradentes, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
Search for other papers by Rubens Riscala Madi in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Rubens Riscala Madi in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Saul J. Semiao-Santos
Saul J. Semiao-Santos
Biomedical Research Laboratory, Ahfad University for Women, Omdurman, Sudan; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sudan International University, Khartoum, Sudan; Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Tiradentes, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Department of Medicine and Nursing, University of Tiradentes, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
Search for other papers by Saul J. Semiao-Santos in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Saul J. Semiao-Santos in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Abdallah el Harith
Abdallah el Harith
Biomedical Research Laboratory, Ahfad University for Women, Omdurman, Sudan; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sudan International University, Khartoum, Sudan; Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Tiradentes, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Department of Medicine and Nursing, University of Tiradentes, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
Search for other papers by Abdallah el Harith in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Abdallah el Harith in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
A prerequisite for the control of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the accessibility to reference diagnostics. The high price of the freeze-dried direct agglutination test (FD-DAT) and the short shelf-life time of the rK39 strip test (rK39) have limited the application of these tests in Sudan. An original liquid DAT (LQ-DAT) with high reproducibility compared with the FD-DAT and rK39 has been routinely produced in our laboratory since 1999. In this study, a 3.4-year-old batch (of more than 90 test batches produced to date) was chosen to validate the diagnostic performance of this test against microscopy, FD-DAT, and rK39 in 96 VL and 42 non-VL serum samples. Relatively higher sensitivity (95/96, 99.0%) was recorded for the LQ-DAT than for the FD-DAT (92/96, 95.8%) and rK39 (76/96, 79.2%), probably because of the use of the endemic autochthonous Leishmania donovani isolate as the antigen. Experience with the LQ-DAT, its low cost of production, ease of providing this test, and diagnostic reliability compared with the FD-DAT suggest that widescale implementation of the LQ-DAT can contribute to sustainable VL control in Sudan.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Hussam Ali Osman, Abdelhafeiz Mahamoud, and Abdallah el Harith, Biomedical Research Laboratory, Ahfad University for Women, Omdurman, Sudan, E-mails: hussomco@gmail.com, mabdelhafeiz@gmail.com, and abdallah.elharith@gmail.com. Elfadil Mustafa Abass, Biomedical Research Laboratory, Ahfad University for Women, Omdurman, Sudan, and Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sudan International University, Khartoum, Sudan, E-mail: elfadil_abass@yahoo.com. Rubens Riscala Madi, Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Tiradentes, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil, E-mail: rrmadi@gmail.com. Saul J. Semiao-Santos, Department of Medicine and Nursing, University of Tiradentes, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil, E-mail: saulix@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Boelaert M, Bhattacharya S, Chappuis F, El Safi SH, Hailu A, Mondal D, Rijal S, Sundar S, Wasunna M, Peeling RW, 2007. Evaluation of rapid diagnostic tests: visceral leishmaniasis. Nat Rev Microbiol 5: S30–S39.
-
2.
Chappuis F, Sundar S, Hailu A, Ghalib H, Rijal S, Peeling RW, Alvar G, Boelaert M, 2007. Visceral leishmaniasis: what are the needs for diagnosis, treatment and control? Nat Rev Microbiol 5: 873–882.
-
3.
el Harith A, Kolk AHJ, Leeuwenburg J, Muigai R, Huigen E, Jelsma T, Kager PA, 1988. Improvement of a direct agglutination test for field studies of visceral leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 26: 1321–1325.
-
4.
el Harith A, el Mutasim M, Mansour D, Mustafa F, Arvidson H, 2003. Use of glycerol as alternative to freeze-drying for long-term preservation of antigen for the direct agglutination test. Trop Med Int Health 8: 1025–1029.
-
5.
el Mutasim M, Mansour D, Abass EM, Hassan WM, el Harith A, 2006. Evaluation of a glycerol-preserved antigen in the direct agglutination test for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis at rural level in eastern Sudan. J Med Microbiol 55: 1343–1347.
-
6.
el Harith A, Chowdhury S, Al-Masum A, Semiao-Santos S, Karim E, el-Safi S, Haque I, 1995. Evaluation of cleaving agents other than trypsin in direct agglutination test for further improving diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 33: 1984–1988.
-
7.
Sadigursky M, Brodskyn CI, 1986. A new liquid medium without blood and serum for culture of hemoflagellates. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35: 942–944.
-
8.
Jacquet D, Boelaert M, Seaman J, Rijal S, Sundar S, Menten J, Magnus E, 2006. Comparative evaluation of freeze-dried and liquid antigens in the direct agglutination test for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (ITMA-DAT/VL). Trop Med Int Health 11: 1777–1784.
-
9.
Abass E, Bollig N, Reinhard K, Camara B, Mansour D, Visektuna A, Lohoff M, Steinhoff U, 2013. rKLO8, a novel Leishmania donovani-derived recombinant immunodominant protein for sensitive detection of visceral leishmaniasis in Sudan. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2322.
-
10.
Meredith SE, Kroon NC, Sondorp E, Seaman J, Goris MG, van Ingen CW, Oosting H, Schoone G, Terpstra WJ, Oskam L, 1995. Leish-KIT, a stable direct agglutination test based on freeze-dried antigen for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 33: 1742–1745.
-
11.
Mbati PA, Githure JI, Kagai JM, Kirigi G, Kibati F, Wasunna K, Koech DK, 1999. Evaluation of a standardized direct agglutination test (DAT) for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Kenya. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 93: 703–710.
-
12.
Oliveira AE, Pedras MJ, De Assis IE, Rabello A, 2009. Improvement of direct agglutination test (DAT) for laboratory diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103: 1279–1281.
-
13.
Islam MZ, Itoh M, Mirza R, Ahmed I, Ekram AR, Sarder AH, Shamsuzzaman SM, Hashiguchi Y, Kimura E, 2004. Direct agglutination test with urine samples for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 78–82.
-
14.
Mohebali M, Edrissian GH, Nadim A, Hajjaran H, Akhoundi B, Hooshamand B, Zarei Z, Mirsamadi N, Manoucherhri Naeini K, Mamishi, Sanati AA, Moshfe AA, Charehdar S, Fakhar M, 2006. Application of direct agglutination test (DAT) for the diagnosis and sero-epidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniasis in Iran. Iran J Parasitol 1: 15–25.
-
15.
Boelaert M, El-Safi S, Hailu A, Mukhtar M, Rijal S, Sundar S, Wasunna M, Aseffa A, Mbui J, Menten J, Desjeux P, Peeling RW, 2008. Diagnostic tests for kala-azar: a multi-centre study of the freeze-dried DAT, rK39 strip test and KAtex in east Africa and the Indian subcontinent. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102: 32–40.
-
16.
Kuhls K, Keilonat L, Ochsenreither S, Schaar M, Schweynoch C, Presber W, Schönian G, 2007. Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) reveals genetically isolated populations between and within the main endemic regions of visceral leishmaniasis. Microbes Infect 9: 334–343.
-
17.
Alam MZ, Kuhls K, Schweynoch C, Sundar S, Rijal S, Shamsuzzaman AK, Raju BV, Salotra P, Dujardin JC, Schönian G, 2009. Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) reveals genetic homogeneity of Leishmania donovani strains in the Indian subcontinent. Infect Genet Evol 9: 24–31.
-
18.
Bhattacharyya T, Duncan EB, El-Safi S, Sundar S, Falconar AK, Singh OP, Kumar R, Ahmed O, Boelaert M, Miles MA, 2014. Significantly lower anti-Leishmania IgG responses in Sudanese versus Indian visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2675.
-
19.
Pattabhi S, Whittle J, Mohamath R, El-Safi S, Moulton GG, Guderian JA, Colombara D, Abdoon AO, Mukhtar MM, Mondal D, Esfandiari J, Kumar S, Chun P, Reed SG, Bhatia A, 2010. Design, development and evaluation of rK28-based point-of-care tests for improving rapid diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e822.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 320 | 231 | 7 |
| Full Text Views | 346 | 12 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 83 | 13 | 0 |