Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Park BJ, Wannemuechler KA, Marston BJ, Govender N, Pappas PG, Chiller TM, 2009. Estimation of the current global burden of cryptococcal meningitis among persons living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS 23: 525–530.
-
2.
Mora DJ, da Cunha Colombo ER, Ferreira-Paim K, Andrade-Silva LE, Nascentes GA, Silva-Vergara ML, 2012. Clinical, epidemiological and outcome features of patients with cryptococcosis in Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Mycopathologia 173: 321–327.
-
3.
Liaw SJ, Wu HC, Hsueh PR, 2010. Microbiological characteristics of clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans in Taiwan: serotypes, mating types, molecular types, virulence factors, and antifungal susceptibility. Clin Microbiol Infect 16: 696–703.
-
4.
Trilles L, Meyer W, Wanke B, Guarro J, Lazéra M, 2012. Correlation of antifungal susceptibility and molecular type within the Cryptococcus neoformans/C. gattii species complex. Med Mycol 50: 328–332.
-
5.
Antinori S, Galimberti L, Magni C, Casella A, Vago L, Mainini F, Piazza M, Nebuloni M, Fasan M, Bonaccorso C, Vigevani GM, Cargnel A, Moroni M, Ridolfo A, 2001. Cryptococcus neoformans infection in a cohort of Italian AIDS patients: natural history, early prognostic parameters, and autopsy findings. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 20: 711–717.
-
6.
Diamond RD, Bennett JE, 1974. Prognostic factors in cryptococcal meningitis. A study in 111 cases. Ann Intern Med 80: 176–181.
-
7.
Anekthannon T, Manosuthi W, Chetchotisakd P, Kiertiburanakul S, Supparatpinyo K, Ratanasuwan W, Pappas PG, Filler SG, Kopetskie HA, Nolen TL, Kendrick AS, Larsen RA, BAMSG 3-01 Study Team, 2011. Predictors of poor clinical outcome of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-infected patients. Int J STD AIDS 22: 665–670.
-
8.
Brizendine KD, Baddley JW, Pappas PG, 2013. Predictors of mortality and differences in clinical features among patients with Cryptococcosis according to immune status. PLoS One 8: e60431.
-
9.
Sorrell TC, 2011. Cryptococcus neoformans variety gattii. Med Mycol 39: 155–168.
-
10.
Buchaman KL, Murphy JW, 1998. What makes Cryptococcus neoformans a pathogen? Emerg Infect Dis 4: 71–83.
-
11.
Zaragoza O, Fries BC, Casadevall A, 2003. Induction of capsule growth in Cryptococcus neoformans by mammalian serum and CO2. Infect Immun 71: 6155–6164.
-
12.
Ngamskulrungroj P, Meyer W, 2009. Melanin production at 37°C is linked to the high virulent Cryptococcus gattii Vancouver Island outbreak genotype VGIIa. Australas Mycologist 28: 9–15.
-
13.
Souza LK, Souza Junior AH, Costa CR, Faganello J, Vainstein MH, Chagas AL, Souza AC, Silva MR, 2010. Molecular typing and antifungal susceptibility of clinical and environmental Cryptococcus neoformans species complex isolates in Goiania, Brazil. Mycoses 53: 62–67.
-
14.
Lin X, Heitman J, 2006. The biology of the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex. Annu Rev Microbiol 60: 69–105.
-
15.
Okabayashi K, Kano R, Watanabe T, Hasegawa A, 2006. Serotypes and mating types of clinical isolates from feline cryptococcosis in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 68: 91–94.
-
16.
D'Souza CA, Hagen F, Boekhout T, Cox GM, Heitman J, 2004. Investigation of the basis of virulence in serotype A strains of Cryptococcus neoformans from apparently immunocompetent individuals. Curr Genet 46: 92–102.
-
17.
Chatuverdi S, Rodeghier B, Fan J, McClelland CM, Wickes BL, Chatuverdi V, 2000. Direct PCR of Cryptococcus neoformans MATalpha and MATa pheromones to determine mating type, ploidy, and variety: a tool for epidemiological and molecular pathogenesis studies. J Clin Microbiol 38: 2007–2009.
-
18.
Escadón P, Quintero E, Granados D, Huérfano S, Ruiz A, Castañeda E, 2005. Aislamiento de Cryptococcus gattii serotipo B a partir de detritus de Eucalyptus spp. en Colombia. Biomédica 25: 390–397.
-
19.
Meyer W, Castañeda A, Jackson S, Huynh M, Castañeda E, IberoAmerican Cryptococcal Study Group, 2003. Molecular typing of IberoAmerican Cryptococcus neoformans isolates. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 189–195.
-
20.
White TJ, Bruns TD, Lee S, Taylor JW, 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sininsky JJ, White TJ, eds. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Method and Applications. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 315–322.
-
21.
Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ, 1990. Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215: 403–410.
-
22.
de Oliveira RB, Atobe JH, Souza SA, de Castro Lima Santos DW, 2014. Epidemiology of invasive fungal infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome at a reference hospital for infectious diseases in Brazil. Mycopathologia 178: 71–78.
-
23.
Lortholary O, Poizat G, Zeller V, Neuville S, Boibieux A, Alvarez M, Dellamonica P, Botterel F, Dromer F, Chêne G, 2006. Long-term outcome of AIDS-associated cryptococcosis in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 20: 2183–2191.
-
24.
Vidal JE, Gerhardt J, Peixoto de Miranda EJ, Dauar RF, Oliveira Filho GS, Penalva de Oliveira AC, Boulware DR, 2012. Role of quantitative CSF microscopy to predict culture status and outcome in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis in Brazilian cohort. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 73: 68–73.
-
25.
Dammert P, Bustamante B, Ticona E, Llanos-Cuentas A, Huaroto L, Chávez VM, Campos PE, 2008. Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in Peruvian AIDS patients using amphotericin B and fluconazole. J Infect 57: 260–265.
-
26.
Dromer F, Mathoulin-Péllissier S, Launay O, Lortholary O, French Cryptococcosis Study Group, 2007. Determinants of disease presentation and outcome during cryptococcosis: the CryptoA/D study. PLoS Med 4: e21.
-
27.
Lindenberg A de S, Chang MR, Paniago AM, Lazéra M dos S, Moncada PM, Bonfim GF, Nogueira SA, Wanke B, 2008. Clinical and epidemiological features of 123 cases of cryptococcosis in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 50: 75–78.
-
28.
Bicanic T, Muzoora C, Brouwer AE, Meintjes G, Longley N, Taseera K, Rebe K, Loyse A, Jarvis J, Bekker LG, Wood R, Limmathurotsakul D, Chierakul W, Stepniewska K, White NJ, Jaffar S, Harrison TS, 2009. Independent association between rate of clearance of infection and clinical outcome of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: analysis of a combined cohort of 262 patients. Clin Infect Dis 49: 702–709.
-
29.
Bratton EW, El Husseini N, Chastain CA, Lee MS, Poole C, Stürmer T, Weber DJ, Juliano JJ, Perfect JR, 2013. Approaches to antifungal therapies and their effectiveness among patients with cryptococcosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57: 2485–2495.
-
30.
Graybill JR, Sobel J, Saag M, van Der Horst C, Powderly W, Cloud G, Riser L, Hamill R, Dismukes W, 2000. Diagnosis and management of increased intracranial pressure in patients with AIDS and cryptococcal meningitis. The NIAID Mycoses Study Group and AIDS Cooperative Treatment Groups. Clin Infect Dis 30: 47–54.
-
31.
Tseng HK, Lin CP, Ho MW, Lu PL, Lo HJ, Lin YH, Cho WL, Chen YC, Taiwan Infectious Diseases Study Network for Cryptococcosis, 2013. Microbiological, epidemiological, and clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with cryptococcosis in Taiwan, 1997–2010. PLoS One 8: e61921.
-
32.
Igreja RP, Lazéra M dos S, Wanke B, Galhardo MC, Kidd SE, Meyer W, 2004. Molecular epidemiology of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from AIDS patients of the Brazilian city, Rio de Janeiro. Med Mycol 42: 229–238.
-
33.
Alanio A, Desnos-Ollivier M, Dromer F, 2011. Dynamics of Cryptococcus neoformans–macrophage interactions reveal that fungal background influences outcome during cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in humans. MBio 2: pii: e00158-11.
-
34.
Wiesner DL, Moskalenko O, Corcoran JM, McDonald T, Rolfes MA, Meya DB, Kajumbula H, Kambugu A, Bohjanen PR, Knight JF, Boulware DR, Nielsen K, 2012. Cryptococcal genotype influences immunologic response and human clinical outcome after meningitis. MBio 3: pii: e00196-12.
-
35.
Clancy CJ, Nguyen MH, Allandoerffer R, Cheng S, Iczkowski K, Richardson M, Graybill JR, 2006. Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii isolates recovered from persons with AIDS demonstrate a wide range of virulence during murine meningoencephalitis that correlates with the expression of certain virulence factors. Microbiology 152: 2247–2255.
-
36.
Robertson EJ, Najjuca G, Rolfes MA, Akampurira A, Jain N, Anantharanjit J, von Hohenberg M, Tassieri M, Carlson A, Meya DB, Harrison TS, Fries BC, Boulware DR, Bicanic T, 2014. Cryptococcus neoformans ex vivo capsule size is associated with intracranial pressure and host immune response in the HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. J Infect Dis 209: 74–82.
-
37.
Ormerod KL, Morrow CA, Chow EW, Lee IR, Arras SD, Schirra HJ, Cox GM, Fries BC, Fraser JA, 2013. Comparative genomics of serial isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans reveal gene associated with carbon utilization and virulence. G3 (Bethesda) 3: 675–686.
-
38.
Illnait-Zaragozi MT, Martínez-Machin GF, Fernández-Andreu CM, Hagen F, Boekhout T, Klaassen CH, Meis JF, 2010. Microsatellite typing and susceptibilities of serial Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from Cuban patients with recurrent meningitis. BMC Infect Dis 10: 289.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 35 | 35 | 5 |
| Full Text Views | 319 | 70 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 121 | 18 | 0 |
Refractory and/or Relapsing Cryptococcosis Associated with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome: Clinical Features, Genotype, and Virulence Factors of Cryptococcus spp. Isolates
Erika Nascimento
Erika Nascimento
Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lucia H. Vitali
Lucia H. Vitali
Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ludmilla Tonani
Ludmilla Tonani
Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Marcia R. Von Zeska Kress
Marcia R. Von Zeska Kress
Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Osvaldo M. Takayanagui
Osvaldo M. Takayanagui
Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Roberto Martinez
Roberto Martinez
Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Refractory and relapsing crytocococcosis in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients have a poor prognosis. The risk factors for this complicated infection course were evaluated by comparing refractory and/or relapsing cryptococcosis in human immunodeficiency virus–coinfected patients (cohort 1) with another group of AIDS patients who adequately responded to antifungals (cohort 2). Except for one isolate of Cryptococcus gattii from a cohort 2 case, all other isolates were identified as Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii, sex type α, genotype VNI, including Cryptococcus reisolated from the relapse or in the refractory state. No differences were observed with respect to Cryptococcus capsule size and in the melanin and phospholipase production. The cohort 1 patients presented higher prevalence of cryptococcemia, cerebral dissemination, chronic liver disease, and leucopenia, and have increased death rate. Apparently, the refractory and/or relapsing cryptococcosis in the AIDS patients were more related to the host and the extent of the infection than to the fungal characteristics.
Author Notes
Financial support: Erika Nascimento was the recipient of a fellowship from Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) for the execution of this study (Protocol FAPESP 2010/51932-2).
Authors' addresses: Erika Nascimento and Lucia H. Vitali, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, E-mails: erika.nascimento@gmail.com and lucvitali@hotmail.com. Ludmilla Tonani and Marcia R. Von Zeska Kress, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, E-mails: ludtonani@hotmail.com and kress@fcfrp.usp.br. Osvaldo M. Takayanagui, Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo Brazil, E-mail: omtakay@fmrp.usp.br. Roberto Martinez, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, E-mail: rmartine@fmrp.usp.br.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Park BJ, Wannemuechler KA, Marston BJ, Govender N, Pappas PG, Chiller TM, 2009. Estimation of the current global burden of cryptococcal meningitis among persons living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS 23: 525–530.
-
2.
Mora DJ, da Cunha Colombo ER, Ferreira-Paim K, Andrade-Silva LE, Nascentes GA, Silva-Vergara ML, 2012. Clinical, epidemiological and outcome features of patients with cryptococcosis in Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Mycopathologia 173: 321–327.
-
3.
Liaw SJ, Wu HC, Hsueh PR, 2010. Microbiological characteristics of clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans in Taiwan: serotypes, mating types, molecular types, virulence factors, and antifungal susceptibility. Clin Microbiol Infect 16: 696–703.
-
4.
Trilles L, Meyer W, Wanke B, Guarro J, Lazéra M, 2012. Correlation of antifungal susceptibility and molecular type within the Cryptococcus neoformans/C. gattii species complex. Med Mycol 50: 328–332.
-
5.
Antinori S, Galimberti L, Magni C, Casella A, Vago L, Mainini F, Piazza M, Nebuloni M, Fasan M, Bonaccorso C, Vigevani GM, Cargnel A, Moroni M, Ridolfo A, 2001. Cryptococcus neoformans infection in a cohort of Italian AIDS patients: natural history, early prognostic parameters, and autopsy findings. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 20: 711–717.
-
6.
Diamond RD, Bennett JE, 1974. Prognostic factors in cryptococcal meningitis. A study in 111 cases. Ann Intern Med 80: 176–181.
-
7.
Anekthannon T, Manosuthi W, Chetchotisakd P, Kiertiburanakul S, Supparatpinyo K, Ratanasuwan W, Pappas PG, Filler SG, Kopetskie HA, Nolen TL, Kendrick AS, Larsen RA, BAMSG 3-01 Study Team, 2011. Predictors of poor clinical outcome of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-infected patients. Int J STD AIDS 22: 665–670.
-
8.
Brizendine KD, Baddley JW, Pappas PG, 2013. Predictors of mortality and differences in clinical features among patients with Cryptococcosis according to immune status. PLoS One 8: e60431.
-
9.
Sorrell TC, 2011. Cryptococcus neoformans variety gattii. Med Mycol 39: 155–168.
-
10.
Buchaman KL, Murphy JW, 1998. What makes Cryptococcus neoformans a pathogen? Emerg Infect Dis 4: 71–83.
-
11.
Zaragoza O, Fries BC, Casadevall A, 2003. Induction of capsule growth in Cryptococcus neoformans by mammalian serum and CO2. Infect Immun 71: 6155–6164.
-
12.
Ngamskulrungroj P, Meyer W, 2009. Melanin production at 37°C is linked to the high virulent Cryptococcus gattii Vancouver Island outbreak genotype VGIIa. Australas Mycologist 28: 9–15.
-
13.
Souza LK, Souza Junior AH, Costa CR, Faganello J, Vainstein MH, Chagas AL, Souza AC, Silva MR, 2010. Molecular typing and antifungal susceptibility of clinical and environmental Cryptococcus neoformans species complex isolates in Goiania, Brazil. Mycoses 53: 62–67.
-
14.
Lin X, Heitman J, 2006. The biology of the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex. Annu Rev Microbiol 60: 69–105.
-
15.
Okabayashi K, Kano R, Watanabe T, Hasegawa A, 2006. Serotypes and mating types of clinical isolates from feline cryptococcosis in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 68: 91–94.
-
16.
D'Souza CA, Hagen F, Boekhout T, Cox GM, Heitman J, 2004. Investigation of the basis of virulence in serotype A strains of Cryptococcus neoformans from apparently immunocompetent individuals. Curr Genet 46: 92–102.
-
17.
Chatuverdi S, Rodeghier B, Fan J, McClelland CM, Wickes BL, Chatuverdi V, 2000. Direct PCR of Cryptococcus neoformans MATalpha and MATa pheromones to determine mating type, ploidy, and variety: a tool for epidemiological and molecular pathogenesis studies. J Clin Microbiol 38: 2007–2009.
-
18.
Escadón P, Quintero E, Granados D, Huérfano S, Ruiz A, Castañeda E, 2005. Aislamiento de Cryptococcus gattii serotipo B a partir de detritus de Eucalyptus spp. en Colombia. Biomédica 25: 390–397.
-
19.
Meyer W, Castañeda A, Jackson S, Huynh M, Castañeda E, IberoAmerican Cryptococcal Study Group, 2003. Molecular typing of IberoAmerican Cryptococcus neoformans isolates. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 189–195.
-
20.
White TJ, Bruns TD, Lee S, Taylor JW, 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sininsky JJ, White TJ, eds. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Method and Applications. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 315–322.
-
21.
Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ, 1990. Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215: 403–410.
-
22.
de Oliveira RB, Atobe JH, Souza SA, de Castro Lima Santos DW, 2014. Epidemiology of invasive fungal infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome at a reference hospital for infectious diseases in Brazil. Mycopathologia 178: 71–78.
-
23.
Lortholary O, Poizat G, Zeller V, Neuville S, Boibieux A, Alvarez M, Dellamonica P, Botterel F, Dromer F, Chêne G, 2006. Long-term outcome of AIDS-associated cryptococcosis in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 20: 2183–2191.
-
24.
Vidal JE, Gerhardt J, Peixoto de Miranda EJ, Dauar RF, Oliveira Filho GS, Penalva de Oliveira AC, Boulware DR, 2012. Role of quantitative CSF microscopy to predict culture status and outcome in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis in Brazilian cohort. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 73: 68–73.
-
25.
Dammert P, Bustamante B, Ticona E, Llanos-Cuentas A, Huaroto L, Chávez VM, Campos PE, 2008. Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in Peruvian AIDS patients using amphotericin B and fluconazole. J Infect 57: 260–265.
-
26.
Dromer F, Mathoulin-Péllissier S, Launay O, Lortholary O, French Cryptococcosis Study Group, 2007. Determinants of disease presentation and outcome during cryptococcosis: the CryptoA/D study. PLoS Med 4: e21.
-
27.
Lindenberg A de S, Chang MR, Paniago AM, Lazéra M dos S, Moncada PM, Bonfim GF, Nogueira SA, Wanke B, 2008. Clinical and epidemiological features of 123 cases of cryptococcosis in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 50: 75–78.
-
28.
Bicanic T, Muzoora C, Brouwer AE, Meintjes G, Longley N, Taseera K, Rebe K, Loyse A, Jarvis J, Bekker LG, Wood R, Limmathurotsakul D, Chierakul W, Stepniewska K, White NJ, Jaffar S, Harrison TS, 2009. Independent association between rate of clearance of infection and clinical outcome of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: analysis of a combined cohort of 262 patients. Clin Infect Dis 49: 702–709.
-
29.
Bratton EW, El Husseini N, Chastain CA, Lee MS, Poole C, Stürmer T, Weber DJ, Juliano JJ, Perfect JR, 2013. Approaches to antifungal therapies and their effectiveness among patients with cryptococcosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57: 2485–2495.
-
30.
Graybill JR, Sobel J, Saag M, van Der Horst C, Powderly W, Cloud G, Riser L, Hamill R, Dismukes W, 2000. Diagnosis and management of increased intracranial pressure in patients with AIDS and cryptococcal meningitis. The NIAID Mycoses Study Group and AIDS Cooperative Treatment Groups. Clin Infect Dis 30: 47–54.
-
31.
Tseng HK, Lin CP, Ho MW, Lu PL, Lo HJ, Lin YH, Cho WL, Chen YC, Taiwan Infectious Diseases Study Network for Cryptococcosis, 2013. Microbiological, epidemiological, and clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with cryptococcosis in Taiwan, 1997–2010. PLoS One 8: e61921.
-
32.
Igreja RP, Lazéra M dos S, Wanke B, Galhardo MC, Kidd SE, Meyer W, 2004. Molecular epidemiology of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from AIDS patients of the Brazilian city, Rio de Janeiro. Med Mycol 42: 229–238.
-
33.
Alanio A, Desnos-Ollivier M, Dromer F, 2011. Dynamics of Cryptococcus neoformans–macrophage interactions reveal that fungal background influences outcome during cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in humans. MBio 2: pii: e00158-11.
-
34.
Wiesner DL, Moskalenko O, Corcoran JM, McDonald T, Rolfes MA, Meya DB, Kajumbula H, Kambugu A, Bohjanen PR, Knight JF, Boulware DR, Nielsen K, 2012. Cryptococcal genotype influences immunologic response and human clinical outcome after meningitis. MBio 3: pii: e00196-12.
-
35.
Clancy CJ, Nguyen MH, Allandoerffer R, Cheng S, Iczkowski K, Richardson M, Graybill JR, 2006. Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii isolates recovered from persons with AIDS demonstrate a wide range of virulence during murine meningoencephalitis that correlates with the expression of certain virulence factors. Microbiology 152: 2247–2255.
-
36.
Robertson EJ, Najjuca G, Rolfes MA, Akampurira A, Jain N, Anantharanjit J, von Hohenberg M, Tassieri M, Carlson A, Meya DB, Harrison TS, Fries BC, Boulware DR, Bicanic T, 2014. Cryptococcus neoformans ex vivo capsule size is associated with intracranial pressure and host immune response in the HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. J Infect Dis 209: 74–82.
-
37.
Ormerod KL, Morrow CA, Chow EW, Lee IR, Arras SD, Schirra HJ, Cox GM, Fries BC, Fraser JA, 2013. Comparative genomics of serial isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans reveal gene associated with carbon utilization and virulence. G3 (Bethesda) 3: 675–686.
-
38.
Illnait-Zaragozi MT, Martínez-Machin GF, Fernández-Andreu CM, Hagen F, Boekhout T, Klaassen CH, Meis JF, 2010. Microsatellite typing and susceptibilities of serial Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from Cuban patients with recurrent meningitis. BMC Infect Dis 10: 289.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 35 | 35 | 5 |
| Full Text Views | 319 | 70 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 121 | 18 | 0 |