Author:
- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Parasites.
- Animals.
- Experimental infections.
- Parasitemia evaluation.
- Treatment of urine samples.
- Production of the trypomastigote excretory–secretory antigen of T. cruzi (TESA).
- Production of antibodies anti-TESA.
- Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for the detection of T. cruzi immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin (IgG).
- DNA extraction and PCR.
- Histology.
- Urine antigen detection by western blot.
- Results
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Teixeira AR, Nitz N, Guimaro MC, Gomes C, Santos-Buch CA, 2006. Chagas disease. Postgrad Med J 82: 788–798.
-
2.
WHO, 2002. Control of Chagas disease. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 905: i–vi, 1–109.
-
3.
Rassi A Jr, Rassi A, Marcondes de Rezende J, 2012. American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease). Infect Dis Clin North Am 26: 275–291.
-
4.
Andrade ZA, 1999. Immunopathology of Chagas disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 94 (Suppl 1): 71–80.
-
5.
Prata A, 2001. Clinical and epidemiological aspects of Chagas disease. Lancet Infect Dis 1: 92–100.
-
6.
Rosenbaum MB, 1964. Chagasic myocardiopathy. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 7: 199–225.
-
7.
Carrasco Guerra HA, Palacios-Pru E, Dagert de Scorza C, Molina C, Inglessis G, Mendoza RV, 1987. Clinical, histochemical, and ultrastructural correlation in septal endomyocardial biopsies from chronic chagasic patients: detection of early myocardial damage. Am Heart J 113: 716–724.
-
8.
Dias E, Laranja FS, Miranda A, Nobrega G, 1956. Chagas' disease; a clinical, epidemiologic, and pathologic study. Circulation 14: 1035–1060.
-
9.
Coura JR, Dias JC, 2009. Epidemiology, control and surveillance of Chagas disease: 100 years after its discovery. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 104 (Suppl 1): 31–40.
-
10.
Levy MZ, Bowman NM, Kawai V, Waller LA, Cornejo del Carpio JG, Cordova Benzaquen E, Gilman RH, Bern C, 2006. Periurban Trypanosoma cruzi-infected Triatoma infestans, Arequipa, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1345–1352.
-
11.
Andrade SG, Andrade V, Brodskyn C, Magalhaes JB, Netto MB, 1985. Immunological response of Swiss mice to infection with three different strains of Trypanosoma cruzi. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 79: 397–407.
-
12.
Melo RC, Brener Z, 1978. Tissue tropism of different Trypanosoma cruzi strains. J Parasitol 64: 475–482.
-
13.
Suzuki Y, Yeung AC, Ikeno F, 2011. The representative porcine model for human cardiovascular disease. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011: 195483.
-
14.
Pung OJ, Hulsebos LH, Kuhn RE, 1988. Experimental Chagas' disease (Trypanosoma cruzi) in the Brazilian squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus): hematology, cardiology, cellular and humoral immune responses. Int J Parasitol 18: 115–120.
-
15.
Guedes PM, Veloso VM, Talvani A, Diniz LF, Caldas IS, Do-Valle-Matta MA, Santiago-Silva J, Chiari E, Galvao LM, Silva JS, Bahia MT, 2010. Increased type 1 chemokine expression in experimental Chagas disease correlates with cardiac pathology in beagle dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 138: 106–113.
-
16.
Vodicka P, Smetana K Jr, Dvorankova B, Emerick T, Xu YZ, Ourednik J, Ourednik V, Motlik J, 2005. The miniature pig as an animal model in biomedical research. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1049: 161–171.
-
17.
Cooper JE, 1975. The use of the pig as an animal model to study problems associated with low birthweight. Lab Anim 9: 329–336.
-
18.
Hiebl B, Müller C, Hünigen H, Gemeinhardt O, Plendl J, Jung F, Hamm B, Niehues SM, 2010. Gross anatomical variants of the vasculature of the Göttingen™ minipig. Appl Cardiopulm Pathophysiol 14: 236–243.
-
19.
Zaragoza C, Gomez-Guerrero C, Martin-Ventura JL, Blanco-Colio L, Lavin B, Mallavia B, Tarin C, Mas S, Ortiz A, Egido J, 2011. Animal models of cardiovascular diseases. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011: 497841.
-
20.
Salazar-Schettino PM, Bucio MI, Cabrera M, Bautista J, 1997. First case of natural infection in pigs. Review of Trypanosoma cruzi reservoirs in Mexico. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 92: 499–502.
-
21.
Valente VC, Valente SA, Noireau F, Carrasco HJ, Miles MA, 1998. Chagas disease in the Amazon Basin: association of Panstrongylus geniculatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) with domestic pigs. J Med Entomol 35: 99–103.
-
22.
Fujita O, Sanabria L, Inchaustti A, De Arias AR, Tomizawa Y, Oku Y, 1994. Animal reservoirs for Trypanosoma cruzi infection in an endemic area in Paraguay. J Vet Med Sci 56: 305–308.
-
23.
Goncalves TC, Rocha DS, Cunha RA, 2000. Feeding patterns of Triatoma vitticeps in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev Saude Publica 34: 348–352.
-
24.
Cecere MC, Vazquez-Prokopec GM, Gurtler RE, Kitron U, 2004. Spatio-temporal analysis of reinfestation by Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) following insecticide spraying in a rural community in northwestern Argentina. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 803–810.
-
25.
Pizarro JC, Stevens L, 2008. A new method for forensic DNA analysis of the blood meal in chagas disease vectors demonstrated using Triatoma infestans from Chuquisaca, Bolivia. PLoS One 3: e3585.
-
26.
Farfan AE, Gutierrez R, Angulo VM, 2007. Using ELISA for identifying Triatominae feeding behaviour in Colombia. Rev Salud Publica (Bogota) 9: 602–608.
-
27.
Marsden PD, Blackie EJ, Rosenberg ME, Ridley DS, Hagstrom JW, 1970. Experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infections in domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 64: 156–158.
-
28.
Diamond LS, Rubin R, 1958. Experimental infection of certain farm mammals with a North American strain of Trypanosoma cruzi from the raccoon. Exp Parasitol 7: 383–390.
-
29.
MINSA, 2001. Enfermedad de Chagas. Salud M, Epidemiologia OG, Salud INd, eds. Lima, Peru: Centro de Documentación del INS/OGE, 43.
-
30.
Jazin EE, Luquetti AO, Rassi A, Frasch AC, 1991. Shift of excretory-secretory immunogens of Trypanosoma cruzi during human Chagas' disease. Infect Immun 59: 2189–2191.
-
31.
Umezawa ES, Nascimento MS, Kesper N Jr, Coura JR, Borges-Pereira J, Junqueira AC, Camargo ME, 1996. Immunoblot assay using excreted-secreted antigens of Trypanosoma cruzi in serodiagnosis of congenital, acute, and chronic Chagas' disease. J Clin Microbiol 34: 2143–2147.
-
32.
Castro-Sesquen YE, Gilman RH, Yauri V, Angulo N, Verastegui M, Velasquez DE, Sterling CR, Martin D, Bern C, 2011. Cavia porcellus as a model for experimental infection by Trypanosoma cruzi. Am J Pathol 179: 281–288.
-
33.
Fitzwater S, Calderon M, Lafuente C, Galdos-Cardenas G, Ferrufino L, Verastegui M, Gilman RH, Bern C, 2008. Polymerase chain reaction for chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection yields higher sensitivity in blood clot than buffy coat or whole blood specimens. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 768–770.
-
34.
Wincker P, Bosseno MF, Britto C, Yaksic N, Cardoso MA, Morel CM, Breniere SF, 1994. High correlation between Chagas' disease serology and PCR-based detection of Trypanosoma cruzi kinetoplast DNA in Bolivian children living in an endemic area. FEMS Microbiol Lett 124: 419–423.
-
35.
Virreira M, Torrico F, Truyens C, Alonso-Vega C, Solano M, Carlier Y, Svoboda M, 2003. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction methods for reliable and easy detection of congenital Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 574–582.
-
36.
Umezawa ES, Shikanai-Yasuda MA, da Silveira JF, Cotrim PC, Paranhos G, Katzin AM, 1993. Trypanosoma cruzi: detection of a circulating antigen in urine of chagasic patients sharing common epitopes with an immunodominant repetitive antigen. Exp Parasitol 76: 352–357.
-
37.
Castro-Sesquen YE, Gilman RH, Yauri V, Cok J, Angulo N, Escalante H, Bern C, 2013. Detection of soluble antigen and DNA of Trypanosoma cruzi in urine is independent of renal injury in the guinea pig model. PLoS One 8: e58480.
-
38.
Nargis M, Chisty MM, Ihama Y, Sato H, Inaba T, Kamiya H, 2001. Kinetics of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in guinea-pigs, with special reference to the involvement of epidermal Langerhans' cells in the induction of immunity. Parasitology 123: 373–380.
-
39.
Roffê E, Souza AL, Machado PP, Barcelos LS, Romanha AJ, Mariano FS, Silva JS, Machado CR, Tanowitz HB, Teixeira MM, 2007. Endothelin-1 receptors play a minor role in the protection against acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice. Braz J Med Biol Res 40: 391–399.
-
40.
Machado EM, Fernandes AJ, Murta SM, Vitor RW, Camilo DJ Jr, Pinheiro SW, Lopes ER, Adad SJ, Romanha AJ, Pinto Dias JC, 2001. A study of experimental reinfection by Trypanosoma cruzi in dogs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65: 958–965.
-
41.
Andrade LO, Andrews NW, 2005. The Trypanosoma cruzi-host-cell interplay: location, invasion, retention. Nat Rev Microbiol 3: 819–823.
-
42.
Schuster JP, Schaub GA, 2000. Trypanosoma cruzi: skin-penetration kinetics of vector-derived metacyclic trypomastigotes. Int J Parasitol 30: 1475–1479.
-
43.
Veloso VM, Guedes PM, Andrade IM, Caldas IS, Martins HR, Carneiro CM, Machado-Coelho GL, de Lana M, Galvao LM, Bahia MT, Chiari E, 2008. Trypanosoma cruzi: blood parasitism kinetics and their correlation with heart parasitism intensity during long-term infection of Beagle dogs. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 103: 528–534.
-
44.
Coura JR, Borges-Pereira J, 2012. Chagas disease. What is known and what should be improved: a systemic review. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 45: 286–296.
-
45.
Andrade LO, Machado CR, Chiari E, Pena SD, Macedo AM, 2002. Trypanosoma cruzi: role of host genetic background in the differential tissue distribution of parasite clonal populations. Exp Parasitol 100: 269–275.
-
46.
Freitas JM, Andrade LO, Pires SF, Lima R, Chiari E, Santos RR, Soares M, Machado CR, Franco GR, Pena SD, Macedo AM, 2009. The MHC gene region of murine hosts influences the differential tissue tropism of infecting Trypanosoma cruzi strains. PLoS One 4: e5113.
-
47.
Lima ES, Andrade ZA, Andrade SG, 2001. TNF-alpha is expressed at sites of parasite and tissue destruction in the spleen of mice acutely infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Int J Exp Pathol 82: 327–336.
-
48.
Guedes PM, Veloso VM, Afonso LC, Caliari MV, Carneiro CM, Diniz LF, Marques-da-Silva EA, Caldas IS, Do Valle Matta MA, Souza SM, Lana M, Chiari E, Galvao LM, Bahia MT, 2009. Development of chronic cardiomyopathy in canine Chagas disease correlates with high IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and low IL-10 production during the acute infection phase. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 130: 43–52.
-
49.
Zaidenberg M, Segovia A, 1993. Congenital Chagas disease in the city of Salta, Argentina. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 35: 35–43.
-
50.
Katzin A, Alves MJ, Abuin G, Colli W, 1989. Antigenuria in chronic chagasic patients detected by a monoclonal antibody raised against Trypanosoma cruzi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 83: 341–343.
-
51.
Corral RS, Altcheh J, Alexandre SR, Grinstein S, Freilij H, Katzin AM, 1996. Detection and characterization of antigens in urine of patients with acute, congenital, and chronic Chagas' disease. J Clin Microbiol 34: 1957–1962.
-
52.
Umansky SR, Tomei LD, 2006. Transrenal DNA testing: progress and perspectives. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 6: 153–163.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 40 | 40 | 10 |
| Full Text Views | 375 | 128 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 124 | 28 | 0 |
Domestic Pig (Sus scrofa) as an Animal Model for Experimental Trypanosoma cruzi Infection
Verónica Yauri
Verónica Yauri
Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
Search for other papers by Verónica Yauri in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Verónica Yauri in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Yagahira E. Castro-Sesquen
Yagahira E. Castro-Sesquen
Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
Search for other papers by Yagahira E. Castro-Sesquen in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Yagahira E. Castro-Sesquen in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Manuela Verastegui
Manuela Verastegui
Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
Search for other papers by Manuela Verastegui in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Manuela Verastegui in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Noelia Angulo
Noelia Angulo
Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
Search for other papers by Noelia Angulo in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Noelia Angulo in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Fernando Recuenco
Fernando Recuenco
Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
Search for other papers by Fernando Recuenco in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Fernando Recuenco in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Ines Cabello
Ines Cabello
Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
Search for other papers by Ines Cabello in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Ines Cabello in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Edith Malaga
Edith Malaga
Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
Search for other papers by Edith Malaga in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Edith Malaga in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Caryn Bern
Caryn Bern
Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
Search for other papers by Caryn Bern in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Caryn Bern in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Cesar M. Gavidia
Cesar M. Gavidia
Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
Search for other papers by Cesar M. Gavidia in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Cesar M. Gavidia in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Robert H. Gilman
Robert H. Gilman
Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
Search for other papers by Robert H. Gilman in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Robert H. Gilman in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Pigs were infected with a Bolivian strain of Trypanosoma cruzi (genotype I) and evaluated up to 150 days postinoculation (dpi) to determine the use of pigs as an animal model of Chagas disease. Parasitemia was observed in the infected pigs during the acute phase (15–40 dpi). Anti-T. cruzi immunoglobulin M was detected during 15–75 dpi; high levels of anti-T. cruzi immunoglobulin G were detected in all infected pigs from 75 to 150 dpi. Parasitic DNA was observed by western blot (58%, 28/48) and polymerase chain reaction (27%, 13/48) in urine samples, and in the brain (75%, 3/4), spleen (50%, 2/4), and duodenum (25%, 1/4), but no parasitic DNA was found in the heart, colon, and kidney. Parasites were not observed microscopically in tissues samples, but mild inflammation, vasculitis, and congestion was observed in heart, brain, kidney, and spleen. This pig model was useful for the standardization of the urine test because of the higher volume that can be obtained as compared with other small animal models. However, further experiments are required to observe pathological changes characteristic of Chagas disease in humans.
Author Notes
Financial support: This project was funded by Fogarty International Center (5 R24 TW007988, D43 TW006581) and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01 AI087776) at the National Institutes of Health. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Disclosure: The protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Animal Welfare of the Veterinary School, San Marcos University, Lima, Peru.
Authors' addresses: VerónicaYauri, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru, E-mail: vyauri@gmail.com. Yagahira E. Castro-Sesquen, Manuela Verastegui, and Noelia Angulo, Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru, E-mails: yagahiraelizabeth@hotmail.com, manuela.verastegui@upch.pe, and shaki2700@yahoo.es. Fernando Recuenco and Ines Cabello, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru, E-mails: fer_recuenco@hotmail.com and itacab18@hotmail.com. Edith Málaga, Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru, E-mail: edith.malaga@gmail.com. Caryn Bern, Global Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; E-mail: Caryn.Bern2@ucsf.edu. Cesar M. Gavidia, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru, E-mail: cmgavidia@yahoo.com. Robert H. Gilman, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, E-mail: gilmanbob@gmail.com.
- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Parasites.
- Animals.
- Experimental infections.
- Parasitemia evaluation.
- Treatment of urine samples.
- Production of the trypomastigote excretory–secretory antigen of T. cruzi (TESA).
- Production of antibodies anti-TESA.
- Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for the detection of T. cruzi immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin (IgG).
- DNA extraction and PCR.
- Histology.
- Urine antigen detection by western blot.
- Results
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Teixeira AR, Nitz N, Guimaro MC, Gomes C, Santos-Buch CA, 2006. Chagas disease. Postgrad Med J 82: 788–798.
-
2.
WHO, 2002. Control of Chagas disease. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 905: i–vi, 1–109.
-
3.
Rassi A Jr, Rassi A, Marcondes de Rezende J, 2012. American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease). Infect Dis Clin North Am 26: 275–291.
-
4.
Andrade ZA, 1999. Immunopathology of Chagas disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 94 (Suppl 1): 71–80.
-
5.
Prata A, 2001. Clinical and epidemiological aspects of Chagas disease. Lancet Infect Dis 1: 92–100.
-
6.
Rosenbaum MB, 1964. Chagasic myocardiopathy. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 7: 199–225.
-
7.
Carrasco Guerra HA, Palacios-Pru E, Dagert de Scorza C, Molina C, Inglessis G, Mendoza RV, 1987. Clinical, histochemical, and ultrastructural correlation in septal endomyocardial biopsies from chronic chagasic patients: detection of early myocardial damage. Am Heart J 113: 716–724.
-
8.
Dias E, Laranja FS, Miranda A, Nobrega G, 1956. Chagas' disease; a clinical, epidemiologic, and pathologic study. Circulation 14: 1035–1060.
-
9.
Coura JR, Dias JC, 2009. Epidemiology, control and surveillance of Chagas disease: 100 years after its discovery. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 104 (Suppl 1): 31–40.
-
10.
Levy MZ, Bowman NM, Kawai V, Waller LA, Cornejo del Carpio JG, Cordova Benzaquen E, Gilman RH, Bern C, 2006. Periurban Trypanosoma cruzi-infected Triatoma infestans, Arequipa, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1345–1352.
-
11.
Andrade SG, Andrade V, Brodskyn C, Magalhaes JB, Netto MB, 1985. Immunological response of Swiss mice to infection with three different strains of Trypanosoma cruzi. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 79: 397–407.
-
12.
Melo RC, Brener Z, 1978. Tissue tropism of different Trypanosoma cruzi strains. J Parasitol 64: 475–482.
-
13.
Suzuki Y, Yeung AC, Ikeno F, 2011. The representative porcine model for human cardiovascular disease. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011: 195483.
-
14.
Pung OJ, Hulsebos LH, Kuhn RE, 1988. Experimental Chagas' disease (Trypanosoma cruzi) in the Brazilian squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus): hematology, cardiology, cellular and humoral immune responses. Int J Parasitol 18: 115–120.
-
15.
Guedes PM, Veloso VM, Talvani A, Diniz LF, Caldas IS, Do-Valle-Matta MA, Santiago-Silva J, Chiari E, Galvao LM, Silva JS, Bahia MT, 2010. Increased type 1 chemokine expression in experimental Chagas disease correlates with cardiac pathology in beagle dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 138: 106–113.
-
16.
Vodicka P, Smetana K Jr, Dvorankova B, Emerick T, Xu YZ, Ourednik J, Ourednik V, Motlik J, 2005. The miniature pig as an animal model in biomedical research. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1049: 161–171.
-
17.
Cooper JE, 1975. The use of the pig as an animal model to study problems associated with low birthweight. Lab Anim 9: 329–336.
-
18.
Hiebl B, Müller C, Hünigen H, Gemeinhardt O, Plendl J, Jung F, Hamm B, Niehues SM, 2010. Gross anatomical variants of the vasculature of the Göttingen™ minipig. Appl Cardiopulm Pathophysiol 14: 236–243.
-
19.
Zaragoza C, Gomez-Guerrero C, Martin-Ventura JL, Blanco-Colio L, Lavin B, Mallavia B, Tarin C, Mas S, Ortiz A, Egido J, 2011. Animal models of cardiovascular diseases. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011: 497841.
-
20.
Salazar-Schettino PM, Bucio MI, Cabrera M, Bautista J, 1997. First case of natural infection in pigs. Review of Trypanosoma cruzi reservoirs in Mexico. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 92: 499–502.
-
21.
Valente VC, Valente SA, Noireau F, Carrasco HJ, Miles MA, 1998. Chagas disease in the Amazon Basin: association of Panstrongylus geniculatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) with domestic pigs. J Med Entomol 35: 99–103.
-
22.
Fujita O, Sanabria L, Inchaustti A, De Arias AR, Tomizawa Y, Oku Y, 1994. Animal reservoirs for Trypanosoma cruzi infection in an endemic area in Paraguay. J Vet Med Sci 56: 305–308.
-
23.
Goncalves TC, Rocha DS, Cunha RA, 2000. Feeding patterns of Triatoma vitticeps in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev Saude Publica 34: 348–352.
-
24.
Cecere MC, Vazquez-Prokopec GM, Gurtler RE, Kitron U, 2004. Spatio-temporal analysis of reinfestation by Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) following insecticide spraying in a rural community in northwestern Argentina. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 803–810.
-
25.
Pizarro JC, Stevens L, 2008. A new method for forensic DNA analysis of the blood meal in chagas disease vectors demonstrated using Triatoma infestans from Chuquisaca, Bolivia. PLoS One 3: e3585.
-
26.
Farfan AE, Gutierrez R, Angulo VM, 2007. Using ELISA for identifying Triatominae feeding behaviour in Colombia. Rev Salud Publica (Bogota) 9: 602–608.
-
27.
Marsden PD, Blackie EJ, Rosenberg ME, Ridley DS, Hagstrom JW, 1970. Experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infections in domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 64: 156–158.
-
28.
Diamond LS, Rubin R, 1958. Experimental infection of certain farm mammals with a North American strain of Trypanosoma cruzi from the raccoon. Exp Parasitol 7: 383–390.
-
29.
MINSA, 2001. Enfermedad de Chagas. Salud M, Epidemiologia OG, Salud INd, eds. Lima, Peru: Centro de Documentación del INS/OGE, 43.
-
30.
Jazin EE, Luquetti AO, Rassi A, Frasch AC, 1991. Shift of excretory-secretory immunogens of Trypanosoma cruzi during human Chagas' disease. Infect Immun 59: 2189–2191.
-
31.
Umezawa ES, Nascimento MS, Kesper N Jr, Coura JR, Borges-Pereira J, Junqueira AC, Camargo ME, 1996. Immunoblot assay using excreted-secreted antigens of Trypanosoma cruzi in serodiagnosis of congenital, acute, and chronic Chagas' disease. J Clin Microbiol 34: 2143–2147.
-
32.
Castro-Sesquen YE, Gilman RH, Yauri V, Angulo N, Verastegui M, Velasquez DE, Sterling CR, Martin D, Bern C, 2011. Cavia porcellus as a model for experimental infection by Trypanosoma cruzi. Am J Pathol 179: 281–288.
-
33.
Fitzwater S, Calderon M, Lafuente C, Galdos-Cardenas G, Ferrufino L, Verastegui M, Gilman RH, Bern C, 2008. Polymerase chain reaction for chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection yields higher sensitivity in blood clot than buffy coat or whole blood specimens. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 768–770.
-
34.
Wincker P, Bosseno MF, Britto C, Yaksic N, Cardoso MA, Morel CM, Breniere SF, 1994. High correlation between Chagas' disease serology and PCR-based detection of Trypanosoma cruzi kinetoplast DNA in Bolivian children living in an endemic area. FEMS Microbiol Lett 124: 419–423.
-
35.
Virreira M, Torrico F, Truyens C, Alonso-Vega C, Solano M, Carlier Y, Svoboda M, 2003. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction methods for reliable and easy detection of congenital Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 574–582.
-
36.
Umezawa ES, Shikanai-Yasuda MA, da Silveira JF, Cotrim PC, Paranhos G, Katzin AM, 1993. Trypanosoma cruzi: detection of a circulating antigen in urine of chagasic patients sharing common epitopes with an immunodominant repetitive antigen. Exp Parasitol 76: 352–357.
-
37.
Castro-Sesquen YE, Gilman RH, Yauri V, Cok J, Angulo N, Escalante H, Bern C, 2013. Detection of soluble antigen and DNA of Trypanosoma cruzi in urine is independent of renal injury in the guinea pig model. PLoS One 8: e58480.
-
38.
Nargis M, Chisty MM, Ihama Y, Sato H, Inaba T, Kamiya H, 2001. Kinetics of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in guinea-pigs, with special reference to the involvement of epidermal Langerhans' cells in the induction of immunity. Parasitology 123: 373–380.
-
39.
Roffê E, Souza AL, Machado PP, Barcelos LS, Romanha AJ, Mariano FS, Silva JS, Machado CR, Tanowitz HB, Teixeira MM, 2007. Endothelin-1 receptors play a minor role in the protection against acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice. Braz J Med Biol Res 40: 391–399.
-
40.
Machado EM, Fernandes AJ, Murta SM, Vitor RW, Camilo DJ Jr, Pinheiro SW, Lopes ER, Adad SJ, Romanha AJ, Pinto Dias JC, 2001. A study of experimental reinfection by Trypanosoma cruzi in dogs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65: 958–965.
-
41.
Andrade LO, Andrews NW, 2005. The Trypanosoma cruzi-host-cell interplay: location, invasion, retention. Nat Rev Microbiol 3: 819–823.
-
42.
Schuster JP, Schaub GA, 2000. Trypanosoma cruzi: skin-penetration kinetics of vector-derived metacyclic trypomastigotes. Int J Parasitol 30: 1475–1479.
-
43.
Veloso VM, Guedes PM, Andrade IM, Caldas IS, Martins HR, Carneiro CM, Machado-Coelho GL, de Lana M, Galvao LM, Bahia MT, Chiari E, 2008. Trypanosoma cruzi: blood parasitism kinetics and their correlation with heart parasitism intensity during long-term infection of Beagle dogs. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 103: 528–534.
-
44.
Coura JR, Borges-Pereira J, 2012. Chagas disease. What is known and what should be improved: a systemic review. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 45: 286–296.
-
45.
Andrade LO, Machado CR, Chiari E, Pena SD, Macedo AM, 2002. Trypanosoma cruzi: role of host genetic background in the differential tissue distribution of parasite clonal populations. Exp Parasitol 100: 269–275.
-
46.
Freitas JM, Andrade LO, Pires SF, Lima R, Chiari E, Santos RR, Soares M, Machado CR, Franco GR, Pena SD, Macedo AM, 2009. The MHC gene region of murine hosts influences the differential tissue tropism of infecting Trypanosoma cruzi strains. PLoS One 4: e5113.
-
47.
Lima ES, Andrade ZA, Andrade SG, 2001. TNF-alpha is expressed at sites of parasite and tissue destruction in the spleen of mice acutely infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Int J Exp Pathol 82: 327–336.
-
48.
Guedes PM, Veloso VM, Afonso LC, Caliari MV, Carneiro CM, Diniz LF, Marques-da-Silva EA, Caldas IS, Do Valle Matta MA, Souza SM, Lana M, Chiari E, Galvao LM, Bahia MT, 2009. Development of chronic cardiomyopathy in canine Chagas disease correlates with high IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and low IL-10 production during the acute infection phase. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 130: 43–52.
-
49.
Zaidenberg M, Segovia A, 1993. Congenital Chagas disease in the city of Salta, Argentina. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 35: 35–43.
-
50.
Katzin A, Alves MJ, Abuin G, Colli W, 1989. Antigenuria in chronic chagasic patients detected by a monoclonal antibody raised against Trypanosoma cruzi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 83: 341–343.
-
51.
Corral RS, Altcheh J, Alexandre SR, Grinstein S, Freilij H, Katzin AM, 1996. Detection and characterization of antigens in urine of patients with acute, congenital, and chronic Chagas' disease. J Clin Microbiol 34: 1957–1962.
-
52.
Umansky SR, Tomei LD, 2006. Transrenal DNA testing: progress and perspectives. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 6: 153–163.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 40 | 40 | 10 |
| Full Text Views | 375 | 128 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 124 | 28 | 0 |