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In Vivo Efficacy and Parasite Clearance of Artesunate + Sulfadoxine–Pyrimethamine Versus Artemether–Lumefantrine in Mali
Karamoko Niaré
Karamoko Niaré
Département d'Epidémiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali; World Health Organization Office, Bamako, Mali; Drug Resistance and Containment, Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Antoine Dara
Antoine Dara
Département d'Epidémiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali; World Health Organization Office, Bamako, Mali; Drug Resistance and Containment, Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Issaka Sagara
Issaka Sagara
Département d'Epidémiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali; World Health Organization Office, Bamako, Mali; Drug Resistance and Containment, Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Mahamadou S. Sissoko
Mahamadou S. Sissoko
Département d'Epidémiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali; World Health Organization Office, Bamako, Mali; Drug Resistance and Containment, Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Cheick Oumar Guindo
Cheick Oumar Guindo
Département d'Epidémiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali; World Health Organization Office, Bamako, Mali; Drug Resistance and Containment, Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Nana H. Cissé
Nana H. Cissé
Département d'Epidémiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali; World Health Organization Office, Bamako, Mali; Drug Resistance and Containment, Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Cheick Oumar Coulibaly
Cheick Oumar Coulibaly
Département d'Epidémiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali; World Health Organization Office, Bamako, Mali; Drug Resistance and Containment, Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Pascal Ringwald
Pascal Ringwald
Département d'Epidémiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali; World Health Organization Office, Bamako, Mali; Drug Resistance and Containment, Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Françoise Benoit-Vical
Françoise Benoit-Vical
Département d'Epidémiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali; World Health Organization Office, Bamako, Mali; Drug Resistance and Containment, Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Antoine Berry
Antoine Berry
Département d'Epidémiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali; World Health Organization Office, Bamako, Mali; Drug Resistance and Containment, Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Abdoulaye A. Djimdé
Abdoulaye A. Djimdé
Département d'Epidémiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali; World Health Organization Office, Bamako, Mali; Drug Resistance and Containment, Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Ogobara K. Doumbo
Ogobara K. Doumbo
Département d'Epidémiologie des Affections Parasitaires (DEAP), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali; World Health Organization Office, Bamako, Mali; Drug Resistance and Containment, Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Although artemisinin resistance has yet to be reported in Africa, surveillance of the efficacy of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) is warranted. Here, the efficacy of artesunate + sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (AS + SP) and artemether–lumefantrine (AL) was evaluated in Mali. Randomized open-label comparative in vivo assay of AS + SP versus AL were carried out using the 28-day follow-up World Health Organization protocol. Patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria and at least 6 months of age were recruited between October 2010 and January 2014. A subset of these patients was selected to measure Plasmodium falciparum clearance time. Polymerase chain reaction-corrected adequate clinical and parasitological responses were 100% for AS + SP and 98.2% for AL with no significant difference (P = 0.06). The reinfection rates were comparable (P = 0.63) with 8.0% for AS + SP and 12.6% for AL. Individuals under 8 years were more susceptible to treatment failure (relative risk = 1.9; 95% confidence interval = 1.2, 3.3). Median parasite clearance half-life was 1.7 hours (interquartile range [IQR] = 1.3–2.2) for AS + SP and 1.9 hours (IQR = 1.5–2.5) for AL with no statistically significant difference (P = 0.24). Efficacy of AS + SP and AL was high. This study provides baseline information on parasite clearance half-lives after ACT treatment, particularly AS + SP, in Mali.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was primarily funded by Bill & Melinda Foundation through WHO to MRTC for in vivo assessment of two ACT efficacies in 2010 in Mali. French Mérieux Foundation provided additional fund through the grant 01/2007 Christophe Mérieux Award.
Authors' addresses: Karamoko Niaré, Issaka Sagara, Mahamadou S. Sissoko, Cheick Oumar Guindo, Nana H. Cissé, Abdoulaye A. Djimdé, and Ogobara K. Doumbo, Département d'Epidémiologie des Affections Parasitaire(DEAP), Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali, E-mails: karaniare@icermali.org, isagara@icermali.org, mssissoko@icermali.org, guindo.cheickoumar@yahoo.fr, nanahouma@yahoo.fr, adjimde@icermali.org, and okd@icermali.org. Antoine Dara, Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, E-mail: adara@medicine.umaryland.edu. Cheick Oumar Coulibaly, World Health Organization Office, Bamako, Mali, E-mail: coulibalyc@who.int. Pascal Ringwald, Drug Resistance and Containment, Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, E-mail: ringwaldp@who.int. Françoise Benoit-Vical, Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Toulouse, France, E-mail: francoise.vical@inserm.fr. Antoine Berry, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Toulouse, Toulouse, France, and Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France, E-mail: antoine.berry@yahoo.fr.
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-
1.
WHO, 2015. World Malaria Report 2014. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
2.
Murray CJL, Rosenfeld LC, Lim SS, Andrews KG, Foreman KJ, Haring D, Fullman N, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Lopez AD, 2012. Global malaria mortality between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet 379: 413–431.
-
3.
Cumming JN, Ploypradith P, Posner GH, 1997. Antimalarial activity of artemisinin (Qinghaosu) and related trioxanes: mechanism(s) of action. Adv Pharmacol 37: 253–297.
-
4.
White NJ, 1997. Assessment of the pharmacodynamic properties of antimalarial drugs in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41: 1413–1422.
-
5.
Meshnick SR, 1998. Artemisinin antimalarials: mechanisms of action and resistance. Med Trop 58: 13–17.
-
6.
Noedl H, Se Y, Schaecher K, Smith BL, Socheat D, Fukuda MM, Artemisinin Resistance in Cambodia 1 (ARC1) Study Consortium, 2008. Evidence of artemisinin-resistant malaria in western Cambodia. N Engl J Med 359: 2619–2620.
-
7.
Dondorp AM, Nosten F, Yi P, Das D, Phyo AP, Tarning J, Lwin KM, Ariey F, Hanpithakpong W, Lee SJ, Ringwald P, Silamut K, Imwong M, Chotivanich K, Lim P, Herdman T, An SS, Yeung S, Singhasivanon P, Day NP, Lindegardh N, Socheat D, White NJ, 2009. Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med 361: 455–467.
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