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A Cluster Randomized Controlled Evaluation of the Health Impact of a Novel Antimicrobial Hand Towel on the Health of Children Under 2 Years Old in Rural Communities in Nyanza Province, Kenya
To assess the health impact of reusable, antimicrobial hand towels, we conducted a cluster randomized, yearlong field trial. At baseline, we surveyed mothers, and gave four towels plus hygiene education to intervention households and education alone to controls. At biweekly home visits, we asked about infections in children < 2 years old and tested post-handwashing hand rinse samples of 20% of mothers for Escherichia coli. At study's conclusion, we tested 50% of towels for E. coli. Baseline characteristics between 188 intervention and 181 control households were similar. Intervention and control children had similar rates of diarrhea (1.47 versus 1.48, P = 0.99), respiratory infections (1.38 versus 1.48, P = 0.92), skin infections (1.76 versus 1.79, P = 0.81), and subjective fever (2.62 versus 3.40, P = 0.04) per 100 person-visits. Post-handwashing hand contamination was similar; 67% of towels exhibited E. coli contamination. Antimicrobial hand towels became contaminated over time, did not improve hand hygiene, or prevent diarrhea, respiratory infections, or skin infections.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by the CDC Foundation that received a donation from the towel manufacturer, Vestergaard-Frandsen.
Authors' addresses: Rachel B. Slayton, Allison C. Brown, and Robert E. Quick, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: via3@cdc.gov, iyk6@cdc.gov, and rquick@cdc.gov. Jennifer L. Murphy, Jamae Morris, Tracy Ayers, and Shawna J. Feinman, Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: iod7@cdc.gov, wif6@cdc.gov, eyk6@cdc.gov, and sfeinman@alum.emory.edu. Sitnah Hamidah Faith, Jared Oremo, and Aloyce Odhiambo, Nyando Integrated Child Health Project, Safe Water and AIDS Project, Kisumu, Kenya, E-mails: sitnahfaith@yahoo.com, jerryoresh@yahoo.com, and racksalomex@yahoo.com.