WHO, 2000. Buruli Ulcer: Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection. Global Buruli Ulcer Initiative. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 118.
Garchitorena A, Roche B, Kamgang R, Ossomba J, Babonneau J, Landier J, Fontanet A, Eyangoh S, Guéguan JF, Marsollier L, 2014. Mycobacterium ulcerans ecological dynamics and its association with freshwater ecosystems and aquatic communities: results from a 12-month environmental survey in Cameroon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2879.
Williamson HR, Benbow ME, Campell LP, Johnson CR, Sopoh G, Baroqui Y, Merrit RW, Small PL, 2012. Detection of Mycobacterium ulcerans in the environment predicts prevalence of Buruli ulcer in Benin. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1506.
Williamson HR, Benbow ME, Nguyen KD, Beachboard DC, Kimbirauskas RK, McIntosh MD, Quaye C, Ampadu EO, Boakye D, Merritt RW, Small PL, 2008. Distribution of Mycobacterium ulcerans in Buruli ulcer in endemic and non-endemic aquatic sites in Ghana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e205.
Marion E, Eyangoh S, Yeramian E, Doannio J, Landier J, Aubry J, Fontanet A, Rogier C, Cassia V, Cottin J, Marot A, Eveillard M, Kamdem Y, Legras P, Deshayes C, Saint Andre JP, Marsollier L, 2010. Seasonal and regional dynamics of M. ulcerans transmission in environmental context: deciphering the role of water bugs as hosts and vectors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e731.
Marsollier L, Severin T, Aubry J, Merrit RW, Saint Andre JP, Legras P, Manceau AL, Chauty A, Carbonnelle B, 2004. Aquatic snails, passive hosts of Mycobacterium ulcerans. Appl Environ Microbiol 70: 6296–6298.
Portaels F, Meyers WM, Ablordey A, Castro AG, Chemlal K, de Rijk P, Elsen P, Fissette K, Fraga AG, Lee R, Mahrous E, Small PL, Stragier P, Torrado E, Van Aerde A, Silva MT, Pedrosa J, 2008. First cultivation and characterization of Mycobacterium ulcerans from the environment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e178.
Raghunathan PL, Whitney EA, Asamoa K, Stienstra Y, Taylor TH Jr, Amofah GK, Ofori-Adjei D, Dobos K, Guarner J, Martin S, Pathak S, Klutse E, Etuaful S, van der Graaf WT, van der Werf TS, King CH, Tappero JW, Ashford DA, 2005. Risk factors for Buruli ulcer disease (Mycobacterium ulcerans infection): results from a case-control study in Ghana. Clin Infect Dis 40: 1445–1453.
Pouillot R, Matias G, Wondje CM, Portaels F, Valin N, Ngos F, Njikap A, Marsollier L, Fontanet A, Eyangoh S, 2007. Risk factors for Buruli ulcer: a case control study in Cameroon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 1: e101.
Asplund ME, Rehnstam-Holm AS, Atnur V, Raghunath P, Saravanan V, Härnström K, Collin B, Karunasagar I, Godhe A, 2011. Water column dynamics of Vibrio in relation to phytoplankton community composition and environmental conditions in a tropical costal area. Environ Microbiol 13: 2738–2751.
Ghodbane R, Mba Medie F, Lepidi H, Nappez C, Drancourt M, 2014. Long-term survival tuberculosis complex mycobacteria in soil. Microbiology 160: 496–501.
Mougin B, Tian RBD, Drancourt M, 2015. Tropical plant extracts modulating the growth of Mycobacterium ulcerans. PLoS One 10: e0124626.
Stinear T, Davies JK, Jenkin GA, Hayman JA, Oppedisamo F, Johnson PD, 2000. Identification of Mycobacterium ulcerans in the environment from regions in the southeast Australia in which it is endemic with sequence capture-PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 66: 3206–3213.
Stinear TP, Mve-Obiang A, Small PL, Frigui W, Pryor MJ, Brosch R, Jenkin GA, Johnson PD, Davies JK, Lee RE, Adusumilli S, Garnier T, Haydock SF, Leadlay PF, Cole ST, 2004. Giant plasmid-encoded polyketide synthases produce the macrolide toxin of Mycobacterium ulcerans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 1345–1349.
Fyfe JAM, Lavender CJ, Johnson PDR, Globan M, Sievers A, Azuolas J, Stinear TP, 2007. Development and application of two multiplex real-time PCR assays for the detection of Mycobacterium ulcerans in clinical and environmental samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 73: 4733–4740.
Dega H, Bentoucha A, Robert J, Jarlier V, Grosset J, 2002. Bactericidal activity of rifampin-amikacin against Mycobacterium ulcerans in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46: 3193–3196.
Fyfe JAM, Lavender CJ, Handasyde KA, Legione AR, O'Brien CR, Stinear TP, Pidot SJ, Seemann T, Benbow ME, Wallace JR, McCowan C, Johnson PD, 2010. A major role for mammals in the ecology of Mycobacterium ulcerans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e791.
Brown Elliott BA, Brown JM, Conville PS, Wallace RJ Jr, 2006. Clinical and laboratory features of the Nocardia spp. based on current molecular taxonomy. Clin Microbiol Rev 19: 259–282.
Hakimi M, Hashemi F, Mirzaie AZ, Pour AH, Kosari H, 2008. Tuberculous osteomyelitis of the long bones and joints. Indian J Pediatr 75: 505–508.
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The reservoir of Mycobacterium ulcerans causing Buruli ulcer (BU) remains unknown. Here, sterilized watery soil was mixed with 2 × 106 colony-forming units (CFU)/g of M. ulcerans Agy99 or M. ulcerans ATCC 33728 and incubated in a microaerophilic atmosphere in the presence of negative controls. Both M. ulcerans strains survived in soil for 4 months with a final inoculum of 300–440 CFU/g. Further, three groups of five mice with and without footpad scarification were exposed to control soil or M. ulcerans-inoculated soil. Although no specific clinical and histopathological lesions were observed in control animals, red spots observed on 8/20 scarified feet in 8/10 challenged mice yielded inflammatory infiltrates and positive real-time polymerase chain reaction detection of M. ulcerans DNA in five mice. BU can be acquired as an inoculation infection with watery soil as a transient source of infection. These experimental observations warrant additional field observations.
Authors' addresses: Roger D. B. Tian, Hubert Lepidi, Claude Nappez, and Michel Drancourt, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Émergentes (UMR/CNRS 7278/IRD 198/INSERM 1095), Faculté de Médecine, Méditerrannée Infection, Marseille, France, E-mails: tianroger@yahoo.fr, hubert.lepidi@univ-amu.fr, claude.nappez@univ-amu.fr, and michel.drancourt@univ-amu.fr.
WHO, 2000. Buruli Ulcer: Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection. Global Buruli Ulcer Initiative. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 118.
Garchitorena A, Roche B, Kamgang R, Ossomba J, Babonneau J, Landier J, Fontanet A, Eyangoh S, Guéguan JF, Marsollier L, 2014. Mycobacterium ulcerans ecological dynamics and its association with freshwater ecosystems and aquatic communities: results from a 12-month environmental survey in Cameroon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2879.
Williamson HR, Benbow ME, Campell LP, Johnson CR, Sopoh G, Baroqui Y, Merrit RW, Small PL, 2012. Detection of Mycobacterium ulcerans in the environment predicts prevalence of Buruli ulcer in Benin. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1506.
Williamson HR, Benbow ME, Nguyen KD, Beachboard DC, Kimbirauskas RK, McIntosh MD, Quaye C, Ampadu EO, Boakye D, Merritt RW, Small PL, 2008. Distribution of Mycobacterium ulcerans in Buruli ulcer in endemic and non-endemic aquatic sites in Ghana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e205.
Marion E, Eyangoh S, Yeramian E, Doannio J, Landier J, Aubry J, Fontanet A, Rogier C, Cassia V, Cottin J, Marot A, Eveillard M, Kamdem Y, Legras P, Deshayes C, Saint Andre JP, Marsollier L, 2010. Seasonal and regional dynamics of M. ulcerans transmission in environmental context: deciphering the role of water bugs as hosts and vectors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e731.
Marsollier L, Severin T, Aubry J, Merrit RW, Saint Andre JP, Legras P, Manceau AL, Chauty A, Carbonnelle B, 2004. Aquatic snails, passive hosts of Mycobacterium ulcerans. Appl Environ Microbiol 70: 6296–6298.
Portaels F, Meyers WM, Ablordey A, Castro AG, Chemlal K, de Rijk P, Elsen P, Fissette K, Fraga AG, Lee R, Mahrous E, Small PL, Stragier P, Torrado E, Van Aerde A, Silva MT, Pedrosa J, 2008. First cultivation and characterization of Mycobacterium ulcerans from the environment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e178.
Raghunathan PL, Whitney EA, Asamoa K, Stienstra Y, Taylor TH Jr, Amofah GK, Ofori-Adjei D, Dobos K, Guarner J, Martin S, Pathak S, Klutse E, Etuaful S, van der Graaf WT, van der Werf TS, King CH, Tappero JW, Ashford DA, 2005. Risk factors for Buruli ulcer disease (Mycobacterium ulcerans infection): results from a case-control study in Ghana. Clin Infect Dis 40: 1445–1453.
Pouillot R, Matias G, Wondje CM, Portaels F, Valin N, Ngos F, Njikap A, Marsollier L, Fontanet A, Eyangoh S, 2007. Risk factors for Buruli ulcer: a case control study in Cameroon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 1: e101.
Asplund ME, Rehnstam-Holm AS, Atnur V, Raghunath P, Saravanan V, Härnström K, Collin B, Karunasagar I, Godhe A, 2011. Water column dynamics of Vibrio in relation to phytoplankton community composition and environmental conditions in a tropical costal area. Environ Microbiol 13: 2738–2751.
Ghodbane R, Mba Medie F, Lepidi H, Nappez C, Drancourt M, 2014. Long-term survival tuberculosis complex mycobacteria in soil. Microbiology 160: 496–501.
Mougin B, Tian RBD, Drancourt M, 2015. Tropical plant extracts modulating the growth of Mycobacterium ulcerans. PLoS One 10: e0124626.
Stinear T, Davies JK, Jenkin GA, Hayman JA, Oppedisamo F, Johnson PD, 2000. Identification of Mycobacterium ulcerans in the environment from regions in the southeast Australia in which it is endemic with sequence capture-PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 66: 3206–3213.
Stinear TP, Mve-Obiang A, Small PL, Frigui W, Pryor MJ, Brosch R, Jenkin GA, Johnson PD, Davies JK, Lee RE, Adusumilli S, Garnier T, Haydock SF, Leadlay PF, Cole ST, 2004. Giant plasmid-encoded polyketide synthases produce the macrolide toxin of Mycobacterium ulcerans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 1345–1349.
Fyfe JAM, Lavender CJ, Johnson PDR, Globan M, Sievers A, Azuolas J, Stinear TP, 2007. Development and application of two multiplex real-time PCR assays for the detection of Mycobacterium ulcerans in clinical and environmental samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 73: 4733–4740.
Dega H, Bentoucha A, Robert J, Jarlier V, Grosset J, 2002. Bactericidal activity of rifampin-amikacin against Mycobacterium ulcerans in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46: 3193–3196.
Fyfe JAM, Lavender CJ, Handasyde KA, Legione AR, O'Brien CR, Stinear TP, Pidot SJ, Seemann T, Benbow ME, Wallace JR, McCowan C, Johnson PD, 2010. A major role for mammals in the ecology of Mycobacterium ulcerans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e791.
Brown Elliott BA, Brown JM, Conville PS, Wallace RJ Jr, 2006. Clinical and laboratory features of the Nocardia spp. based on current molecular taxonomy. Clin Microbiol Rev 19: 259–282.
Hakimi M, Hashemi F, Mirzaie AZ, Pour AH, Kosari H, 2008. Tuberculous osteomyelitis of the long bones and joints. Indian J Pediatr 75: 505–508.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 859 | 755 | 22 |
Full Text Views | 287 | 10 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 89 | 13 | 0 |