Cheng AC, Currie BJ, 2005. Melioidosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev 18: 383–416.
Wiersinga WJ, Currie BJ, Peacock SJ, 2012. Melioidosis. N Engl J Med 367: 1035–1044.
Dance DAB, 2015. Melioidosis in Puerto Rico: the iceberg slowly emerges. Clin Infect Dis 60: 251–253.
Limmathurotsakul D, Wuthiekanun V, Chantratita N, Wongsuvan G, Amornchai P, Day NPJ, Peacock SJ, 2010. Burkholderia pseudomallei is spatially distributed in soil in northeast Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e694.
Vesaratchavest M, Tumapa S, Day NPJ, Wuthiekanun V, Chierakul W, Holden MTG, White NJ, Currie BJ, Spratt BG, Feil EJ, Peacock SJ, 2006. Nonrandom distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei clones in relation to geographical location and virulence. J Clin Microbiol 44: 2553–2557.
Pearson T, Giffard P, Beckstrom-Sternberg S, Auerbach R, Hornstra H, Tuanyok A, Price EP, Glass MB, Leadem B, Beckstrom-Sternberg JS, Allan GJ, Foster JT, Wagner DM, Okinaka RT, Sim SH, Pearson O, Wu ZN, Chang J, Kaul R, Hoffmaster AR, Brettin TS, Robison RA, Mayo M, Gee JE, Tan P, Currie BJ, Keim P, 2009. Phylogeographic reconstruction of a bacterial species with high levels of lateral gene transfer. BMC Biol 7: 78.
Dale J, Price EP, Hornstra H, Busch JD, Mayo M, Godoy D, Wuthiekanun V, Baker A, Foster JT, Wagner DM, Tuanyok A, Warner J, Spratt BG, Peacock SJ, Currie BJ, Keim P, Pearson T, 2011. Epidemiological tracking and population assignment of the non-clonal bacterium, Burkholderia pseudomallei. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1381.
De Smet B, Sarovich DS, Price EP, Mayo M, Theobald V, Kham C, Heng SH, Thong P, Holden MTG, Parkhill J, Peacock SJ, Spratt BG, Jacobs JA, Vandamme P, Currie BJ, 2015. Whole-genome sequencing confirms that Burkholderia pseudomallei multilocus sequence types common to both Cambodia and Australia are due to homoplasy. J Clin Microbiol 53: 323–326.
Cheng AC, Ward L, Godoy D, Norton R, Mayo M, Gal D, Spratt BG, Currie BJ, 2008. Genetic diversity of Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates in Australia. J Clin Microbiol 46: 249–254.
McRobb E, Kaestli M, Price EP, Sarovich DS, Mayo M, Warner J, Spratt BG, Currie BJ, 2014. Distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei in northern Australia, a land of diversity. Appl Environ Microbiol 80: 3463–3468.
Baker A, Tahani D, Gardiner C, Bristow KL, Greenhill AR, Warner J, 2011. Groundwater seeps facilitate exposure to Burkholderia pseudomallei. Appl Environ Microbiol 77: 7243–7246.
Kaestli M, Schmid M, Mayo M, Rothballer M, Harrington G, Richardson L, Hill A, Hill J, Tuanyok A, Keim P, Hartmann A, Currie BJ, 2012. Out of the ground: aerial and exotic habitats of the melioidosis bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei in grasses in Australia. Environ Microbiol 14: 2058–2070.
Hampton V, Kaestli M, Mayo M, Choy JL, Harrington G, Richardson L, Benedict S, Noske R, Garnett ST, Godoy D, Spratt BG, Currie BJ, 2011. Melioidosis in birds and Burkholderia pseudomallei dispersal, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 1310–1312.
Mollaret HH, 1988. L'affaire du jardin des plantes ou comment la mélioïdose fit son apparition en France. Med Mal Infect 18: 643–654.
Currie B, Smith-Vaughan H, Golledge C, Buller N, Sriprakash KS, Kemp DJ, 1994. Pseudomonas pseudomallei isolates collected over 25 years from a nontropical endemic focus show clonality on the basis of ribotyping. Epidemiol Infect 113: 307–312.
Sagripanti JL, Levy A, Robertson J, Merritt A, Inglis TJJ, 2009. Inactivation of virulent Burkholderia pseudomallei by sunlight. Photochem Photobiol 85: 978–986.
McRobb E, Kaestli M, Mayo M, Price EP, Sarovich DS, Godoy D, Spratt BG, Currie BJ, 2013. Melioidosis from contaminated bore water and successful UV sterilization. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 367–368.
Yip TW, Hewagama S, Mayo M, Price EP, Sarovich DS, Bastian I, Baird RW, Spratt BG, Currie BJ, 2015. Endemic melioidosis in residents of desert region after atypically intense rainfall in central Australia, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis 21: 1038–1040.
Currie BJ, Ward L, Cheng AC, 2010. The epidemiology and clinical spectrum of melioidosis: 540 cases from the 20 year Darwin Prospective Study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e900.
Parameswaran U, Baird RW, Ward LM, Currie BJ, 2012. Melioidosis at Royal Darwin Hospital in the big 2009–2010 wet season: comparison with the preceding 20 years. Med J Aust 196: 345–348.
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Melioidosis is a tropical disease of high mortality caused by the environmental bacterium, Burkholderia pseudomallei. We have collected clinical isolates from the highly endemic Northern Territory of Australia routinely since 1989, and animal and environmental B. pseudomallei isolates since 1991. Here we provide a complete record of all B. pseudomallei multilocus sequence types (STs) found in the Northern Territory to date, and distribution maps of the eight most common environmental STs. We observed surprisingly restricted geographic distributions of STs, which is contrary to previous reports suggesting widespread environmental dissemination of this bacterium. Our data suggest that B. pseudomallei from soil and water does not frequently disperse long distances following severe weather events or by migration of infected animals.
Authors' addresses: Stephanie N. J. Chapple, Erin P. Price, Derek S. Sarovich, Evan McRobb, Mark Mayo, and Mirjam Kaestli, Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia, E-mails: stephanie.chapple@menzies.edu.au, erin.price@menzies.edu.au, derek.sarovich@menzies.edu.au, evan.mcrobb@menzies.edu.au, mark.mayo@menzies.edu.au, and mirjam.kaestli@menzies.edu.au. Brian G. Spratt, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom, E-mail: b.spratt@imperial.ac.uk. Bart J. Currie, Royal Darwin Hospital and Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia 0811, E-mail: bart.currie@menzies.edu.au.
Cheng AC, Currie BJ, 2005. Melioidosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev 18: 383–416.
Wiersinga WJ, Currie BJ, Peacock SJ, 2012. Melioidosis. N Engl J Med 367: 1035–1044.
Dance DAB, 2015. Melioidosis in Puerto Rico: the iceberg slowly emerges. Clin Infect Dis 60: 251–253.
Limmathurotsakul D, Wuthiekanun V, Chantratita N, Wongsuvan G, Amornchai P, Day NPJ, Peacock SJ, 2010. Burkholderia pseudomallei is spatially distributed in soil in northeast Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e694.
Vesaratchavest M, Tumapa S, Day NPJ, Wuthiekanun V, Chierakul W, Holden MTG, White NJ, Currie BJ, Spratt BG, Feil EJ, Peacock SJ, 2006. Nonrandom distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei clones in relation to geographical location and virulence. J Clin Microbiol 44: 2553–2557.
Pearson T, Giffard P, Beckstrom-Sternberg S, Auerbach R, Hornstra H, Tuanyok A, Price EP, Glass MB, Leadem B, Beckstrom-Sternberg JS, Allan GJ, Foster JT, Wagner DM, Okinaka RT, Sim SH, Pearson O, Wu ZN, Chang J, Kaul R, Hoffmaster AR, Brettin TS, Robison RA, Mayo M, Gee JE, Tan P, Currie BJ, Keim P, 2009. Phylogeographic reconstruction of a bacterial species with high levels of lateral gene transfer. BMC Biol 7: 78.
Dale J, Price EP, Hornstra H, Busch JD, Mayo M, Godoy D, Wuthiekanun V, Baker A, Foster JT, Wagner DM, Tuanyok A, Warner J, Spratt BG, Peacock SJ, Currie BJ, Keim P, Pearson T, 2011. Epidemiological tracking and population assignment of the non-clonal bacterium, Burkholderia pseudomallei. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1381.
De Smet B, Sarovich DS, Price EP, Mayo M, Theobald V, Kham C, Heng SH, Thong P, Holden MTG, Parkhill J, Peacock SJ, Spratt BG, Jacobs JA, Vandamme P, Currie BJ, 2015. Whole-genome sequencing confirms that Burkholderia pseudomallei multilocus sequence types common to both Cambodia and Australia are due to homoplasy. J Clin Microbiol 53: 323–326.
Cheng AC, Ward L, Godoy D, Norton R, Mayo M, Gal D, Spratt BG, Currie BJ, 2008. Genetic diversity of Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates in Australia. J Clin Microbiol 46: 249–254.
McRobb E, Kaestli M, Price EP, Sarovich DS, Mayo M, Warner J, Spratt BG, Currie BJ, 2014. Distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei in northern Australia, a land of diversity. Appl Environ Microbiol 80: 3463–3468.
Baker A, Tahani D, Gardiner C, Bristow KL, Greenhill AR, Warner J, 2011. Groundwater seeps facilitate exposure to Burkholderia pseudomallei. Appl Environ Microbiol 77: 7243–7246.
Kaestli M, Schmid M, Mayo M, Rothballer M, Harrington G, Richardson L, Hill A, Hill J, Tuanyok A, Keim P, Hartmann A, Currie BJ, 2012. Out of the ground: aerial and exotic habitats of the melioidosis bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei in grasses in Australia. Environ Microbiol 14: 2058–2070.
Hampton V, Kaestli M, Mayo M, Choy JL, Harrington G, Richardson L, Benedict S, Noske R, Garnett ST, Godoy D, Spratt BG, Currie BJ, 2011. Melioidosis in birds and Burkholderia pseudomallei dispersal, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 1310–1312.
Mollaret HH, 1988. L'affaire du jardin des plantes ou comment la mélioïdose fit son apparition en France. Med Mal Infect 18: 643–654.
Currie B, Smith-Vaughan H, Golledge C, Buller N, Sriprakash KS, Kemp DJ, 1994. Pseudomonas pseudomallei isolates collected over 25 years from a nontropical endemic focus show clonality on the basis of ribotyping. Epidemiol Infect 113: 307–312.
Sagripanti JL, Levy A, Robertson J, Merritt A, Inglis TJJ, 2009. Inactivation of virulent Burkholderia pseudomallei by sunlight. Photochem Photobiol 85: 978–986.
McRobb E, Kaestli M, Mayo M, Price EP, Sarovich DS, Godoy D, Spratt BG, Currie BJ, 2013. Melioidosis from contaminated bore water and successful UV sterilization. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 367–368.
Yip TW, Hewagama S, Mayo M, Price EP, Sarovich DS, Bastian I, Baird RW, Spratt BG, Currie BJ, 2015. Endemic melioidosis in residents of desert region after atypically intense rainfall in central Australia, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis 21: 1038–1040.
Currie BJ, Ward L, Cheng AC, 2010. The epidemiology and clinical spectrum of melioidosis: 540 cases from the 20 year Darwin Prospective Study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e900.
Parameswaran U, Baird RW, Ward LM, Currie BJ, 2012. Melioidosis at Royal Darwin Hospital in the big 2009–2010 wet season: comparison with the preceding 20 years. Med J Aust 196: 345–348.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 1580 | 1446 | 43 |
Full Text Views | 554 | 16 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 172 | 14 | 0 |