ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Dawson JE, Anderson BE, Fishbein DB, Sanchez JL, Goldsmith CS, Wilson KH, Duntley CW, 1991. Isolation and characterization of an Ehrlichia sp. from a patient diagnosed with human ehrlichiosis. J Clin Microbiol 29: 2741–2745.
-
2.
Buller RS, Arens M, Hmiel SP, Paddock CD, Sumner JW, Rikhisa Y, Unver A, Gaudreault-Keener M, Manian FA, Liddell AM, Schmulewitz N, Storch GA, 1999. Ehrlichia ewingii, a newly recognized agent of human ehrlichiosis. N Engl J Med 341: 148–155.
-
3.
Anderson BE, Greene CE, Jones DC, Dawson JE, 1992. Ehrlichia ewingii sp. nov., the etiologic agent of canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Int J Syst Bacteriol 42: 299–302.
-
4.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010. Ehrlichiosis. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ehrlichiosis/. Accessed December 2, 2014.
-
5.
Beall M, Alleman AR, Breitschwerdt E, Cohn L, Couto CG, Dryden M, Guptill L, Iazbik C, Kania S, Lathan P, Little S, Roy A, Sayler K, Stillman B, Welles E, Wolfson W, Yabsley M, 2012. Seroprevalence of Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii in dogs in North America. Parasit Vectors 5: 29.
-
6.
Dumler JS, Walker DH, 2014. Ehrlichia chaffeensis (human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (human granulocytic anaplasmosis), and other Anaplasmataceae. Dumler JS, Walker DH, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2227–2233.
-
7.
Allen MB, Pritt BS, Sloan LM, Paddock CD, Musham CK, Ramos JM, Cetin N, Rosenbaum ER, 2014. First reported case of Ehrlichia ewingii involving human bone marrow. J Clin Microbiol 58: 4102–4104.
-
8.
Thomas LD, Hongo I, Bloch KC, Tang YW, Dummer S, 2007. Human ehrlichiosis in transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 7: 1641–1647.
-
9.
Chapman AS, Bakken JS, Folk SM, Paddock CD, Bloch KC, Krusell A, Sexton DJ, Buckingham SC, Marshall GS, Storch GA, Dasch GA, McQuiston JH, Swerdlow DL, Dumler SJ, Nicholson WL, Walker DH, Eremeeva ME, Ohl CA, 2006. Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, ehrlichioses, and anaplasmosis–United States: a practical guide for physicians and other health-care and public health professionals. MMWR Recomm Rep 55: 1–27.
-
10.
Paddock CD, Childs JE, 2003. Ehrlichia chaffeensis: a prototypical emerging pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev 16: 37–64.
-
11.
Fishbein DB, Dawson JE, Robinson LE, 1994. Human ehrlichiosis in the United States, 1985 to 1990. Ann Intern Med 120: 736–743.
-
12.
Harkess JR, Ewing SA, Brumit T, Mettry CR, 1991. Ehrlichiosis in children. Pediatrics 87: 199–203.
-
13.
American Academy of Pediatrics, 2015. Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, and related infections (human ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis, and related infections). Kimberlin DW, Brady MT, Jackson MA, Long SS, eds. Red Book: 2015 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics, 329–333.
-
14.
Dahlgren FS, Mandel EJ, Krebs JW, Massung RF, McQuiston JH, 2011. Increasing incidence of Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in the United States, 2000–2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 124–131.
-
15.
Paddock CD, Folk SM, Shore GM, Machado LJ, Huycke MM, Slater LN, Liddell AM, Buller RS, Storch GA, Monson TP, Rimland D, Sumner JW, Singleton J, Bloch KC, Tang YW, Standaert SM, Childs JE, 2001. Infections with Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii in persons coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 33: 1586–1594.
-
16.
Barenfanger J, Patel P, Dumler JS, Walker DH, 1996. Clinical pathology rounds: identifying human ehrlichiosis. Lab Med 27: 372–374.
-
17.
Regan J, Matthias J, Green-Murphy A, Stanek D, Bertholf M, Pritt BS, Sloan LM, Kelly AJ, Singleton J, McQuiston JH, Hocevar SN, Whittle JP, 2013. A confirmed Ehrlichia ewingii infection likely acquired through platelet transfusion. Clin Infect Dis 56: E105–E107.
-
18.
Antony SJ, Dummer JS, Hunter E, 1995. Human ehrlichiosis in a liver transplant recipient. Transplantation 60: 879–881.
-
19.
Sadikot R, Shaver MJ, Reeves WB, 1999. Ehrlichia chaffeensis in a renal transplant recipient. Am J Nephrol 19: 674–676.
-
20.
Tan HP, Dumler JS, Maley WR, Klein AS, Burdick JF, Fred Poordad F, Thuluvath PJ, Markowitz JS, 2001. Human monocytic ehrlichiosis: an emerging pathogen in transplantation. Transplantation 71: 1678–1680.
-
21.
Cotant C, Okulicz JF, Brezina B, Riley DJ, Conger NG, 2006. Human monocytic ehrlichiosis in a renal transplant patient. Scand J Infect Dis 38: 699–702.
-
22.
Lawrence KL, Morrell MR, Storch GA, Hachem RR, Trulock EP, 2009. Clinical outcomes of solid organ transplant recipients with ehrlichiosis. Transpl Infect Dis 11: 203–210.
-
23.
Safdar N, Love RB, Maki DG, 2002. Severe Ehrlichia chaffeensis infection in a lung transplant recipient: a review of ehrlichiosis in the immunocompromised patient. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 320–323.
-
24.
Todd SR, Dahlgren FS, Traeger MS, Beltrán-Aguilar ED, Marianos DW, Hamilton C, McQuiston JH, Regan JJ, 2015. No visible dental staining in children treated with doxycycline for suspected Rocky Mountain spotted fever. J Pediatr 166: 1246–1251.
-
25.
Childs JE, Paddock CD, 2003. The ascendancy of Amblyomma americanum as a vector of pathogens affecting humans in the United States. Annu Rev Entomol 48: 307–337.
-
26.
Killmaster LF, Loftis AD, Zemtsova GE, Levin ML, 2014. Detection of bacterial agents in Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) from Georgia, USA, and the use of a multiplex assay to differentiate Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii. J Med Entomol 51: 868–872.
-
27.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014. Ticks. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ticks/. Accessed January 14, 2015.
-
28.
Paddock CD, Yabsley MJ, 2007. Ecological havoc, the rise of white-tailed deer, and the emergence of Amblyomma americanum-associated zoonoses in the United States. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 315: 289–324.
-
29.
Yabsley MJ, Varela AS, Tate CM, Dugan VG, Stallknecht DE, Little SE, Davidson WR, 2002. Ehrlichia ewingii infection in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Emerg Infect Dis 8: 668–671.
-
30.
Sachdev SH, Joshi V, Cox ER, Amoroso A, Palekar S, 2014. Severe life-threatening Ehrlichia chaffeensis infections transmitted through solid organ transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 16: 119–124.
-
31.
Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, 2009. Position Statement 07-ID-03: Revision of the National Surveillance Case Definition for Ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis). Available at: http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.cste.org/resource/resmgr/PS/07-ID-03.pdf. Accessed January 13, 2015.
-
32.
U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, 2011. Intercensal Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties and States: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2010. Available at: http://www.census.gov/popest/data/intercensal/county/county2010.html. Accessed July 23, 2014.
-
33.
U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, 2014. Annual Resident Population Estimates, Estimated Components of Resident Population Change, and Rates of the Components of Resident Population Change for States and Counties: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2013. Available at: https://www.census.gov/popest/data/counties/totals/2013/CO-EST2013-alldata.html. Accessed July 23, 2014.
-
34.
Masters EJ, Storch GA, Sumner JW, 2009. Ehrlichia ewingii in an immunocompetent adult. Mo Med 106: 301–303.
-
35.
Diep KHJ, Elizabeth S, Jeffrey PD, David N, Lynne MS, William LN, Thomas RF, Christopher RS, Julie AR, Tracy KM, Michelle AF, Timothy SU, Joni JF, Amy LL, Alecia KD, Elitza ST, Bobbi SP, 2015. Human infection with Ehrlichia muris-like pathogen, United States, 2007–2013. Emerg Infect Dis 21: 1794–1799.
-
36.
Comer JA, Nicholson WL, Olson JG, Childs JE, 1999. Serologic testing for human granulocytic ehrlichiosis at a national referral center. J Clin Microbiol 37: 558–564.
-
37.
Yevich SJ, Sanchez JL, DeFraites RF, Rives CC, Dawson JE, Uhaa IJ, Johnson BJ, Fishbein DB, 1995. Seroepidemiology of infections due to spotted fever group rickettsiae and Ehrlichia species in military personnel exposed in areas of the United States where such infections are endemic. J Infect Dis 171: 1266–1273.
-
38.
Standaert SM, Dawson JE, Schaffner W, Childs JE, Biggie KL, Singleton J Jr, Gerhardt RR, Knight ML, Hutcheson RH, 1995. Ehrlichiosis in a golf-oriented retirement community. N Engl J Med 333: 420–425.
-
39.
Marshall GS, Jacobs RF, Schutze GE, Paxton H, Buckingham SC, DeVincenzo JP, Jackson MA, San Joaquin VH, Standaert SM, Woods CR, 2002. Ehrlichia chaffeensis seroprevalence among children in the southeast and south-central regions of the United States. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 156: 166–170.
-
40.
Eng TR, Harkess JR, Fishbein DB, Dawson JE, Greene CN, Redus MA, Satalowich FT, 1990. Epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory findings of human ehrlichiosis in the United States, 1988. JAMA 264: 2251–2258.
-
41.
Raoult DA, 2014. Introduction to rickettsioses, ehrlichioses, and anplasmosis. Dumler JS, Walker DH, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Diseases. Philadelphia, PA, Elsevier, 2195–2197.
-
42.
Wallman IS, Hilton HB, 1962. Teeth pigmented by tetracycline. Lancet 1: 827–829.
-
43.
Weyman J, 1965. The clinical appearances of tetracycline staining of the teeth. Br Dent J 118: 289–291.
-
44.
Volovitz B, Shkap R, Amir J, Calderon S, Varsano I, Nussinovitch M, 2007. Absence of tooth staining with doxycycline treatment in young children. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 46: 121–126.
-
45.
Lochary ME, Lockhart PB, Williams WT Jr, 1998. Doxycycline and staining of permanent teeth. Pediatr Infect Dis J 17: 429–431.
-
46.
Zientek J, Dahlgren FS, McQuiston JH, Regan J, 2014. Self-reported treatment practices by healthcare providers could lead to death from Rocky Mountain spotted fever. J Pediatr 164: 416–418.
-
47.
Mosites E, Carpenter LR, McElroy K, Lancaster MJ, Ngo TH, McQuiston J, Wiedeman C, Dunn JR, 2013. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding Rocky Mountain spotted fever among healthcare providers, Tennessee, 2009. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 162–166.
-
48.
Brett ME, Hinckley AF, Zielinski-Gutierrez EC, Mead PS, 2014. U.S. healthcare providers' experience with Lyme and other tick-borne diseases. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 5: 404–408.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2457 | 1882 | 60 |
| Full Text Views | 953 | 63 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 521 | 63 | 0 |
Increasing Incidence of Ehrlichiosis in the United States: A Summary of National Surveillance of Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii Infections in the United States, 2008–2012
Kristen Nichols Heitman
Kristen Nichols Heitman
Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee
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F. Scott Dahlgren
F. Scott Dahlgren
Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee
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Naomi A. Drexler
Naomi A. Drexler
Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee
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Robert F. Massung
Robert F. Massung
Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee
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Casey Barton Behravesh
Casey Barton Behravesh
Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee
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Human ehrlichiosis is a potentially fatal disease caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii. Cases of ehrlichiosis are reported to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention through two national surveillance systems: Nationally Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) and Case Report Forms. During 2008–2012, 4,613 cases of E. chaffeensis infections were reported through NNDSS. The incidence rate (IR) was 3.2 cases per million person-years (PYs). The hospitalization rate (HR) was 57% and the case fatality rate (CFR) was 1%. Children aged < 5 years had the highest CFR of 4%. During 2008–2012, 55 cases of E. ewingii infection were reported through NNDSS. The national IR was 0.04 cases per million PY. The HR was 77%; no deaths were reported. Immunosuppressive conditions were reported by 26% of cases. The overall rate for ehrlichiosis has increased 4-fold since 2000. Although previous literature suggests E. ewingii primarily affects those who are immunocompromised, this report shows most cases occurred among immunocompetent patients. This is the first report to show children aged < 5 years with ehrlichiosis have an increased CFR, relative to older patients. Ongoing surveillance and reporting of tick-borne diseases are critical to inform public health practice and guide disease treatment and prevention efforts.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Kristen Nichols Heitman, F. Scott Dahlgren, Naomi A. Drexler, Robert F. Massung, and Casey Barton Behravesh, Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: wwd7@cdc.gov, iot0@cdc.gov, isj3@cdc.gov, rfm2@cdc.gov, and dlx9@cdc.gov.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Dawson JE, Anderson BE, Fishbein DB, Sanchez JL, Goldsmith CS, Wilson KH, Duntley CW, 1991. Isolation and characterization of an Ehrlichia sp. from a patient diagnosed with human ehrlichiosis. J Clin Microbiol 29: 2741–2745.
-
2.
Buller RS, Arens M, Hmiel SP, Paddock CD, Sumner JW, Rikhisa Y, Unver A, Gaudreault-Keener M, Manian FA, Liddell AM, Schmulewitz N, Storch GA, 1999. Ehrlichia ewingii, a newly recognized agent of human ehrlichiosis. N Engl J Med 341: 148–155.
-
3.
Anderson BE, Greene CE, Jones DC, Dawson JE, 1992. Ehrlichia ewingii sp. nov., the etiologic agent of canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Int J Syst Bacteriol 42: 299–302.
-
4.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010. Ehrlichiosis. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ehrlichiosis/. Accessed December 2, 2014.
-
5.
Beall M, Alleman AR, Breitschwerdt E, Cohn L, Couto CG, Dryden M, Guptill L, Iazbik C, Kania S, Lathan P, Little S, Roy A, Sayler K, Stillman B, Welles E, Wolfson W, Yabsley M, 2012. Seroprevalence of Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii in dogs in North America. Parasit Vectors 5: 29.
-
6.
Dumler JS, Walker DH, 2014. Ehrlichia chaffeensis (human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (human granulocytic anaplasmosis), and other Anaplasmataceae. Dumler JS, Walker DH, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2227–2233.
-
7.
Allen MB, Pritt BS, Sloan LM, Paddock CD, Musham CK, Ramos JM, Cetin N, Rosenbaum ER, 2014. First reported case of Ehrlichia ewingii involving human bone marrow. J Clin Microbiol 58: 4102–4104.
-
8.
Thomas LD, Hongo I, Bloch KC, Tang YW, Dummer S, 2007. Human ehrlichiosis in transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 7: 1641–1647.
-
9.
Chapman AS, Bakken JS, Folk SM, Paddock CD, Bloch KC, Krusell A, Sexton DJ, Buckingham SC, Marshall GS, Storch GA, Dasch GA, McQuiston JH, Swerdlow DL, Dumler SJ, Nicholson WL, Walker DH, Eremeeva ME, Ohl CA, 2006. Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, ehrlichioses, and anaplasmosis–United States: a practical guide for physicians and other health-care and public health professionals. MMWR Recomm Rep 55: 1–27.
-
10.
Paddock CD, Childs JE, 2003. Ehrlichia chaffeensis: a prototypical emerging pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev 16: 37–64.
-
11.
Fishbein DB, Dawson JE, Robinson LE, 1994. Human ehrlichiosis in the United States, 1985 to 1990. Ann Intern Med 120: 736–743.
-
12.
Harkess JR, Ewing SA, Brumit T, Mettry CR, 1991. Ehrlichiosis in children. Pediatrics 87: 199–203.
-
13.
American Academy of Pediatrics, 2015. Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, and related infections (human ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis, and related infections). Kimberlin DW, Brady MT, Jackson MA, Long SS, eds. Red Book: 2015 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics, 329–333.
-
14.
Dahlgren FS, Mandel EJ, Krebs JW, Massung RF, McQuiston JH, 2011. Increasing incidence of Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in the United States, 2000–2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 124–131.
-
15.
Paddock CD, Folk SM, Shore GM, Machado LJ, Huycke MM, Slater LN, Liddell AM, Buller RS, Storch GA, Monson TP, Rimland D, Sumner JW, Singleton J, Bloch KC, Tang YW, Standaert SM, Childs JE, 2001. Infections with Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii in persons coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 33: 1586–1594.
-
16.
Barenfanger J, Patel P, Dumler JS, Walker DH, 1996. Clinical pathology rounds: identifying human ehrlichiosis. Lab Med 27: 372–374.
-
17.
Regan J, Matthias J, Green-Murphy A, Stanek D, Bertholf M, Pritt BS, Sloan LM, Kelly AJ, Singleton J, McQuiston JH, Hocevar SN, Whittle JP, 2013. A confirmed Ehrlichia ewingii infection likely acquired through platelet transfusion. Clin Infect Dis 56: E105–E107.
-
18.
Antony SJ, Dummer JS, Hunter E, 1995. Human ehrlichiosis in a liver transplant recipient. Transplantation 60: 879–881.
-
19.
Sadikot R, Shaver MJ, Reeves WB, 1999. Ehrlichia chaffeensis in a renal transplant recipient. Am J Nephrol 19: 674–676.
-
20.
Tan HP, Dumler JS, Maley WR, Klein AS, Burdick JF, Fred Poordad F, Thuluvath PJ, Markowitz JS, 2001. Human monocytic ehrlichiosis: an emerging pathogen in transplantation. Transplantation 71: 1678–1680.
-
21.
Cotant C, Okulicz JF, Brezina B, Riley DJ, Conger NG, 2006. Human monocytic ehrlichiosis in a renal transplant patient. Scand J Infect Dis 38: 699–702.
-
22.
Lawrence KL, Morrell MR, Storch GA, Hachem RR, Trulock EP, 2009. Clinical outcomes of solid organ transplant recipients with ehrlichiosis. Transpl Infect Dis 11: 203–210.
-
23.
Safdar N, Love RB, Maki DG, 2002. Severe Ehrlichia chaffeensis infection in a lung transplant recipient: a review of ehrlichiosis in the immunocompromised patient. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 320–323.
-
24.
Todd SR, Dahlgren FS, Traeger MS, Beltrán-Aguilar ED, Marianos DW, Hamilton C, McQuiston JH, Regan JJ, 2015. No visible dental staining in children treated with doxycycline for suspected Rocky Mountain spotted fever. J Pediatr 166: 1246–1251.
-
25.
Childs JE, Paddock CD, 2003. The ascendancy of Amblyomma americanum as a vector of pathogens affecting humans in the United States. Annu Rev Entomol 48: 307–337.
-
26.
Killmaster LF, Loftis AD, Zemtsova GE, Levin ML, 2014. Detection of bacterial agents in Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) from Georgia, USA, and the use of a multiplex assay to differentiate Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii. J Med Entomol 51: 868–872.
-
27.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014. Ticks. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ticks/. Accessed January 14, 2015.
-
28.
Paddock CD, Yabsley MJ, 2007. Ecological havoc, the rise of white-tailed deer, and the emergence of Amblyomma americanum-associated zoonoses in the United States. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 315: 289–324.
-
29.
Yabsley MJ, Varela AS, Tate CM, Dugan VG, Stallknecht DE, Little SE, Davidson WR, 2002. Ehrlichia ewingii infection in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Emerg Infect Dis 8: 668–671.
-
30.
Sachdev SH, Joshi V, Cox ER, Amoroso A, Palekar S, 2014. Severe life-threatening Ehrlichia chaffeensis infections transmitted through solid organ transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 16: 119–124.
-
31.
Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, 2009. Position Statement 07-ID-03: Revision of the National Surveillance Case Definition for Ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis). Available at: http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.cste.org/resource/resmgr/PS/07-ID-03.pdf. Accessed January 13, 2015.
-
32.
U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, 2011. Intercensal Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties and States: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2010. Available at: http://www.census.gov/popest/data/intercensal/county/county2010.html. Accessed July 23, 2014.
-
33.
U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, 2014. Annual Resident Population Estimates, Estimated Components of Resident Population Change, and Rates of the Components of Resident Population Change for States and Counties: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2013. Available at: https://www.census.gov/popest/data/counties/totals/2013/CO-EST2013-alldata.html. Accessed July 23, 2014.
-
34.
Masters EJ, Storch GA, Sumner JW, 2009. Ehrlichia ewingii in an immunocompetent adult. Mo Med 106: 301–303.
-
35.
Diep KHJ, Elizabeth S, Jeffrey PD, David N, Lynne MS, William LN, Thomas RF, Christopher RS, Julie AR, Tracy KM, Michelle AF, Timothy SU, Joni JF, Amy LL, Alecia KD, Elitza ST, Bobbi SP, 2015. Human infection with Ehrlichia muris-like pathogen, United States, 2007–2013. Emerg Infect Dis 21: 1794–1799.
-
36.
Comer JA, Nicholson WL, Olson JG, Childs JE, 1999. Serologic testing for human granulocytic ehrlichiosis at a national referral center. J Clin Microbiol 37: 558–564.
-
37.
Yevich SJ, Sanchez JL, DeFraites RF, Rives CC, Dawson JE, Uhaa IJ, Johnson BJ, Fishbein DB, 1995. Seroepidemiology of infections due to spotted fever group rickettsiae and Ehrlichia species in military personnel exposed in areas of the United States where such infections are endemic. J Infect Dis 171: 1266–1273.
-
38.
Standaert SM, Dawson JE, Schaffner W, Childs JE, Biggie KL, Singleton J Jr, Gerhardt RR, Knight ML, Hutcheson RH, 1995. Ehrlichiosis in a golf-oriented retirement community. N Engl J Med 333: 420–425.
-
39.
Marshall GS, Jacobs RF, Schutze GE, Paxton H, Buckingham SC, DeVincenzo JP, Jackson MA, San Joaquin VH, Standaert SM, Woods CR, 2002. Ehrlichia chaffeensis seroprevalence among children in the southeast and south-central regions of the United States. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 156: 166–170.
-
40.
Eng TR, Harkess JR, Fishbein DB, Dawson JE, Greene CN, Redus MA, Satalowich FT, 1990. Epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory findings of human ehrlichiosis in the United States, 1988. JAMA 264: 2251–2258.
-
41.
Raoult DA, 2014. Introduction to rickettsioses, ehrlichioses, and anplasmosis. Dumler JS, Walker DH, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Diseases. Philadelphia, PA, Elsevier, 2195–2197.
-
42.
Wallman IS, Hilton HB, 1962. Teeth pigmented by tetracycline. Lancet 1: 827–829.
-
43.
Weyman J, 1965. The clinical appearances of tetracycline staining of the teeth. Br Dent J 118: 289–291.
-
44.
Volovitz B, Shkap R, Amir J, Calderon S, Varsano I, Nussinovitch M, 2007. Absence of tooth staining with doxycycline treatment in young children. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 46: 121–126.
-
45.
Lochary ME, Lockhart PB, Williams WT Jr, 1998. Doxycycline and staining of permanent teeth. Pediatr Infect Dis J 17: 429–431.
-
46.
Zientek J, Dahlgren FS, McQuiston JH, Regan J, 2014. Self-reported treatment practices by healthcare providers could lead to death from Rocky Mountain spotted fever. J Pediatr 164: 416–418.
-
47.
Mosites E, Carpenter LR, McElroy K, Lancaster MJ, Ngo TH, McQuiston J, Wiedeman C, Dunn JR, 2013. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding Rocky Mountain spotted fever among healthcare providers, Tennessee, 2009. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 162–166.
-
48.
Brett ME, Hinckley AF, Zielinski-Gutierrez EC, Mead PS, 2014. U.S. healthcare providers' experience with Lyme and other tick-borne diseases. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 5: 404–408.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2457 | 1882 | 60 |
| Full Text Views | 953 | 63 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 521 | 63 | 0 |