ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Parola P, Paddock CD, Raoult D, 2005. Tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: emerging diseases challenging old concepts. Clin Microbiol Rev 18: 719–756.
-
2.
Openshaw JJ, Swerdlow DL, Krebs JW, Holman RC, Mandel E, Harvey A, Haberling D, Massung RF, McQuiston JH, 2010. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the United States, 2000–2007: interpreting contemporary increases in incidence. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 174–182.
-
3.
Smadel JE, 1959. Status of the rickettsioses in the United States. Ann Intern Med 51: 421–435.
-
4.
Childs JE, Paddock CD, 2002. Passive surveillance as an instrument to identify risk factors for fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever: is there more to learn? Am J Trop Med Hyg 66: 450–457.
-
5.
Holman RC, Paddock CD, Curns AT, Krebs JW, McQuiston JH, Childs JE, 2001. Analysis of risk factors for fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever: evidence for superiority of tetracyclines for therapy. J Infect Dis 184: 1437–1444.
-
6.
Eremeeva ME, Bosserman EA, Demma LJ, Zambrano ML, Blau DM, Dasch GA, 2006. Isolation and identification of Rickettsia massiliae from Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks collected in Arizona. Appl Environ Microbiol 72: 5569–5577.
-
7.
Beeler E, Abramowicz KF, Zambrano ML, Sturgeon MM, Khalaf N, Hu R, Dasch GA, Eremeeva ME, 2011. A focus of dogs and Rickettsia massiliae-infected Rhipicephalus sanguineus in California. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 244–249.
-
8.
Apperson CS, Engber B, Nicholson WL, Mead DG, Engel J, Yabsley MJ, Dail K, Johnson J, Watson DW, 2008. Tick-borne diseases in North Carolina: is “Rickettsia amblyommii” a possible cause of rickettsiosis reported as Rocky Mountain spotted fever? Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 8: 597–606.
-
9.
McQuiston JH, Zemtsova G, Perniciaro J, Hutson M, Singleton J, Nicholson WL, Levin ML, 2012. Afebrile spotted fever group Rickettsia infection after a bite from a Dermacentor variabilis tick infected with Rickettsia montanensis. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 12: 1059–1061.
-
10.
Raoult D, Parola P, 2008. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the USA: a benign disease or a common diagnostic error? Lancet Infect Dis 8: 587–589.
-
11.
Shapiro MR, Fritz CL, Tait K, Paddock CD, Nicholson WL, Abramowicz KF, Karpathy SE, Dasch GA, Sumner JW, Adem PV, Scott JJ, Padgett KA, Zaki SR, Eremeeva ME, 2010. Rickettsia 364D: a newly recognized cause of eschar-associated illness in California. Clin Infect Dis 50: 541–548.
-
12.
Paddock CD, Sumner JW, Comer JA, Zaki SR, Goldsmith CS, Goddard J, McLellan SLF, Tamminga CL, Ohl CA, 2004. Rickettsia parkeri: a newly recognized cause of spotted fever rickettsiosis in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 38: 805–811.
-
13.
La Scola B, Raoult D, 1997. Laboratory diagnosis of rickettsioses: current approaches to diagnosis of old and new rickettsial diseases. J Clin Microbiol 35: 2715.
-
14.
Gillespie JJ, Beier MS, Rahman MS, Ammerman NC, Shallom JM, Purkayastha A, Sobral BS, Azad AF, 2007. Plasmids and rickettsial evolution: insight from Rickettsia felis. PLoS One 2: e266.
-
15.
Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, 2009. Public Health Reporting and National Notification for Spotted Fever Rickettsioses (Including Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever) Position Statement. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists Annual Conference, Buffalo, NY, June 7–11.
-
16.
U.S. Census Bureau, 2011. Intercensal Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties and States: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2010. U.S. Census Bureau.
-
17.
U.S. Census Bureau, 2014. Annual Resident Population Estimates, Estimated Components of Resident Population Change, and Rates of the Components of Resident Population Change for States and Counties: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2013. U.S. Census Bureau.
-
18.
National Center for Health Statistics, 2014. Vintage 2013 Postcensal Estimates of the Resident Population of the United States (April 1, 2010, July 1, 2010–July 1, 2013), by Year, County, Single-Year of Age (0, 1, 2, 85 Years and Over), Bridged Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex. National Center for Health Statistics under cooperative agreement with U.S. Census Bureau, ed. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/NCHS/nvss/bridged_race.htm.
-
19.
National Center for Health Statistics. Bridged-Race Intercensal Estimates of the Resident Population of the United States for July 1, 2000–July 1, 2009, by Year, County, Single-Year of Age (0, 1, 2, 85 Years and Over), Bridged Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex. National Center for Health Statistics under cooperative agreement with U.S. Census Bureau, ed. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/NCHS/nvss/bridged_race.htm.
-
20.
U.S. Census Bureau, 2010. Census Regions and Divisions of the United States. Available at: http://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf. Accessed February 12, 2015.
-
21.
SAS Institute Inc., 2011. SAS/STAT Statistical Software. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
-
22.
Chapman AS, Murphy SM, Demma LJ, Holman RC, Curns AT, McQuiston JH, Krebs JW, Swerdlow DL, 2006. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the United States, 1997–2002. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 6: 170–178.
-
23.
Bakken JS, Folk SM, Paddock CD, Bloch KC, Krusell A, Sexton DJ, Buckingham SC, Marshall GS, Storch GA, Dasch GA, McQuiston JH, Swerdlow DL, Dumler JS, Nicholson WL, Walker DH, Eremeeva ME, Ohl CA, Tickborne Rickettsial Diseases Working Group, CDC, 2006. Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, ehrlichioses, and anaplasmosis—United States. MMWR Recomm Rep 55: 1.
-
24.
Burg JG, 2001. Seasonal activity and spatial distribution of host-seeking adults of the tick Dermacentor variabilis. Med Vet Entomol 15: 413–421.
-
25.
Traeger MS, Regan JJ, Humpherys D, Mahoney D, Martinez M, Emerson GL, Tack D, Geissler A, Yasmin S, Lawson R, Williams V, Hamilton C, Levy C, Komatsu K, McQuiston JH, Yost D, 2015. Rocky Mountain spotted fever characterization and comparison to similar illnesses in a highly endemic area—Arizona, 2002–2011. Clin Infect Dis 60: 1650–1658.
-
26.
Lane R, 1990. Seasonal activity of two human-biting ticks. Calif Agric 44: 23–25.
-
27.
Paddock CD, Zaki SR, Koss T, Singleton J, Sumner JW, Comer JA, Eremeeva ME, Dasch GA, Cherry B, Childs JE, 2003. Rickettsialpox in New York City: a persistent urban zoonosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 990: 36–44.
-
28.
Finn LE, 2014. Identification of Rickettsialpox and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Philadelphia, 2011–2013. 2014 CSTE Annual Conference, June 22–26, 2014, Nashville, Tennessee.
-
29.
Shwachman H, Fekete E, Kulczycki LL, Foley GE, 1958. The effect of long-term antibiotic therapy in patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas. Antibiot Annu 6: 692–699.
-
30.
Wallman IS, Hilton HB, 1962. Teeth pigmented by tetracycline. Lancet 279: 827–829.
-
31.
Lochary ME, Lockhart PB, Williams WT Jr, 1998. Doxycycline and staining of permanent teeth. Pediatr Infect Dis J 17: 429–431.
-
32.
Volovitz B, Shkap R, Amir J, Calderon S, Varsano I, Nussinovitch M, 2007. Absence of tooth staining with doxycycline treatment in young children. Clin Pediatr 46: 121–126.
-
33.
Todd SR, Dahlgren FS, Traeger MS, Beltran-Aguilar ED, Marianos DW, Hamilton C, McQuiston JH, Regan JJ, 2015. No visible dental staining in children treated with doxycycline for suspected Rocky Mountain spotted fever. J Pediatr 166: 1246–1251.
-
34.
AAP Committee on Infectious Diseases, 2012. Rickettsial diseases. Pickering L, Baker C, Kimberlin D, Long S, eds. Red Book: 2012 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics Committee of Infectious Diseases, 620–625.
-
35.
Demma LJ, Traeger MS, Nicholson WL, Paddock CD, Blau DM, Eremeeva ME, Dasch GA, Levin ML, Singleton J, Zaki SR, Cheek JE, Swerdlow DL, McQuiston JH, 2005. Rocky Mountain spotted fever from an unexpected tick vector in Arizona. N Engl J Med 353: 587–594.
-
36.
Regan JJ, Traeger MS, Humpherys D, Mahoney D, Martinez M, Emerson GL, Tack D, Geissler A, Yasmin S, Lawson R, Williams V, Hamilton C, Levy C, Komatsu K, Yost D, McQuiston JH, 2015. Risk factors for fatal outcome from Rocky Mountain spotted fever in a highly endemic area: Arizona, 2002–2011. Clin Infect Dis 60: 7.
-
37.
Drexler NA, Miller M, Gerding J, Todd SR, Adams L, Dahlgren FS, Bryant N, Weis E, Herrick K, Francies J, Komatsu K, Piontkowski S, Velascosoltero J, Shelhamer T, Hamilton B, Eribes C, Brock A, Sneezy P, Goseyun C, Bendle H, Hovet R, Williams V, Massung RF, McQuiston JH, 2014. Community-based control of the brown dog tick in a region with high rates of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 2012–2013. PLoS One 9: e112368.
-
38.
Weinberg EH, Stakebake JR, Gerone PJ, 1969. Plaque assay for Rickettsia rickettsii. J Bacteriol 98: 398–402.
-
39.
Kordova N, 1966. Plaque assay of rickettsiae. Acta Virol 10: 278.
-
40.
Cox HR, 1938. Use of yolk sac of developing chick embryo as medium for growing Rickettsiae of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus groups. Publ Health Rep (1896–1970) 53: 2241–2247.
-
41.
Johnston SH, Glaser CA, Padgett K, Wadford DA, Espinosa A, Espinosa N, Eremeeva ME, Tait K, Hobson B, Shtivelman S, 2013. Rickettsia spp. 364D causing a cluster of eschar-associated illness, California. Pediatr Infect Dis J 32: 1036–1039.
-
42.
Bechah Y, Socolovschi C, Raoult D, 2011. Identification of rickettsial infections by using cutaneous swab specimens and PCR. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 83–86.
-
43.
Myers T, Lalani T, Dent M, Jiang J, Daly PL, Maguire JD, Richards AL, 2013. Detecting Rickettsia parkeri infection from eschar swab specimens. Emerg Infect Dis 19: 778.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1597 | 1373 | 67 |
| Full Text Views | 814 | 27 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 319 | 20 | 0 |
National Surveillance of Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses in the United States, 2008–2012
Naomi A. Drexler
Naomi A. Drexler
Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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F. Scott Dahlgren
F. Scott Dahlgren
Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Kristen Nichols Heitman
Kristen Nichols Heitman
Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Robert F. Massung
Robert F. Massung
Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Christopher D. Paddock
Christopher D. Paddock
Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Casey Barton Behravesh
Casey Barton Behravesh
Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsioses are notifiable conditions in the United States caused by the highly pathogenic Rickettsia rickettsii and less pathogenic rickettsial species such as Rickettsia parkeri and Rickettsia sp. 364D. Surveillance data from 2008 to 2012 for SFG rickettsioses are summarized. Incidence increased from 1.7 cases per million person-years (PY) in 2000 to 14.3 cases per million PY in 2012. During 2008–2012, cases of SFG rickettsiosis were more frequently reported among males, persons of white race, and non-Hispanic ethnicity. Overall, case fatality rate (CFR) was low (0.4%), however, risk of death was significantly higher for American Indian/Alaska Natives (relative risk [RR] = 5.4) and Asian/Pacific Islanders (RR = 5.7) compared with persons of white race. Children aged < 10 years continue to experience the highest CFR (1.6%). Higher incidence of SFG rickettsioses and decreased CFR likely result from increased reporting of tick-borne disease including those caused by less pathogenic species. Recently, fewer cases have been confirmed using species-specific laboratory methods (such as cell culture and DNA detection using polymerase chain reaction [PCR] assays), causing a clouded epidemiological picture. Use of PCR and improved documentation of clinical signs, such as eschars, will better differentiate risk factors, incidence, and clinical outcomes of specific rickettsioses in the future.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and in part supported by an appointment to the Research Participation Program at the CDC administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy and CDC.
Authors' addresses: Naomi A. Drexler, F. Scott Dahlgren, Kristen Nichols Heitman, Robert F. Massung, Christopher D. Paddock, and Casey Barton Behravesh, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: isj3@cdc.gov, iot0@cdc.gov, wwd7@cdc.gov, rfm2@cdc.gov, cdp9@cdc.gov, and dlx9@cdc.gov.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Parola P, Paddock CD, Raoult D, 2005. Tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: emerging diseases challenging old concepts. Clin Microbiol Rev 18: 719–756.
-
2.
Openshaw JJ, Swerdlow DL, Krebs JW, Holman RC, Mandel E, Harvey A, Haberling D, Massung RF, McQuiston JH, 2010. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the United States, 2000–2007: interpreting contemporary increases in incidence. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 174–182.
-
3.
Smadel JE, 1959. Status of the rickettsioses in the United States. Ann Intern Med 51: 421–435.
-
4.
Childs JE, Paddock CD, 2002. Passive surveillance as an instrument to identify risk factors for fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever: is there more to learn? Am J Trop Med Hyg 66: 450–457.
-
5.
Holman RC, Paddock CD, Curns AT, Krebs JW, McQuiston JH, Childs JE, 2001. Analysis of risk factors for fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever: evidence for superiority of tetracyclines for therapy. J Infect Dis 184: 1437–1444.
-
6.
Eremeeva ME, Bosserman EA, Demma LJ, Zambrano ML, Blau DM, Dasch GA, 2006. Isolation and identification of Rickettsia massiliae from Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks collected in Arizona. Appl Environ Microbiol 72: 5569–5577.
-
7.
Beeler E, Abramowicz KF, Zambrano ML, Sturgeon MM, Khalaf N, Hu R, Dasch GA, Eremeeva ME, 2011. A focus of dogs and Rickettsia massiliae-infected Rhipicephalus sanguineus in California. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 244–249.
-
8.
Apperson CS, Engber B, Nicholson WL, Mead DG, Engel J, Yabsley MJ, Dail K, Johnson J, Watson DW, 2008. Tick-borne diseases in North Carolina: is “Rickettsia amblyommii” a possible cause of rickettsiosis reported as Rocky Mountain spotted fever? Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 8: 597–606.
-
9.
McQuiston JH, Zemtsova G, Perniciaro J, Hutson M, Singleton J, Nicholson WL, Levin ML, 2012. Afebrile spotted fever group Rickettsia infection after a bite from a Dermacentor variabilis tick infected with Rickettsia montanensis. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 12: 1059–1061.
-
10.
Raoult D, Parola P, 2008. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the USA: a benign disease or a common diagnostic error? Lancet Infect Dis 8: 587–589.
-
11.
Shapiro MR, Fritz CL, Tait K, Paddock CD, Nicholson WL, Abramowicz KF, Karpathy SE, Dasch GA, Sumner JW, Adem PV, Scott JJ, Padgett KA, Zaki SR, Eremeeva ME, 2010. Rickettsia 364D: a newly recognized cause of eschar-associated illness in California. Clin Infect Dis 50: 541–548.
-
12.
Paddock CD, Sumner JW, Comer JA, Zaki SR, Goldsmith CS, Goddard J, McLellan SLF, Tamminga CL, Ohl CA, 2004. Rickettsia parkeri: a newly recognized cause of spotted fever rickettsiosis in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 38: 805–811.
-
13.
La Scola B, Raoult D, 1997. Laboratory diagnosis of rickettsioses: current approaches to diagnosis of old and new rickettsial diseases. J Clin Microbiol 35: 2715.
-
14.
Gillespie JJ, Beier MS, Rahman MS, Ammerman NC, Shallom JM, Purkayastha A, Sobral BS, Azad AF, 2007. Plasmids and rickettsial evolution: insight from Rickettsia felis. PLoS One 2: e266.
-
15.
Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, 2009. Public Health Reporting and National Notification for Spotted Fever Rickettsioses (Including Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever) Position Statement. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists Annual Conference, Buffalo, NY, June 7–11.
-
16.
U.S. Census Bureau, 2011. Intercensal Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties and States: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2010. U.S. Census Bureau.
-
17.
U.S. Census Bureau, 2014. Annual Resident Population Estimates, Estimated Components of Resident Population Change, and Rates of the Components of Resident Population Change for States and Counties: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2013. U.S. Census Bureau.
-
18.
National Center for Health Statistics, 2014. Vintage 2013 Postcensal Estimates of the Resident Population of the United States (April 1, 2010, July 1, 2010–July 1, 2013), by Year, County, Single-Year of Age (0, 1, 2, 85 Years and Over), Bridged Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex. National Center for Health Statistics under cooperative agreement with U.S. Census Bureau, ed. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/NCHS/nvss/bridged_race.htm.
-
19.
National Center for Health Statistics. Bridged-Race Intercensal Estimates of the Resident Population of the United States for July 1, 2000–July 1, 2009, by Year, County, Single-Year of Age (0, 1, 2, 85 Years and Over), Bridged Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex. National Center for Health Statistics under cooperative agreement with U.S. Census Bureau, ed. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/NCHS/nvss/bridged_race.htm.
-
20.
U.S. Census Bureau, 2010. Census Regions and Divisions of the United States. Available at: http://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf. Accessed February 12, 2015.
-
21.
SAS Institute Inc., 2011. SAS/STAT Statistical Software. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
-
22.
Chapman AS, Murphy SM, Demma LJ, Holman RC, Curns AT, McQuiston JH, Krebs JW, Swerdlow DL, 2006. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the United States, 1997–2002. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 6: 170–178.
-
23.
Bakken JS, Folk SM, Paddock CD, Bloch KC, Krusell A, Sexton DJ, Buckingham SC, Marshall GS, Storch GA, Dasch GA, McQuiston JH, Swerdlow DL, Dumler JS, Nicholson WL, Walker DH, Eremeeva ME, Ohl CA, Tickborne Rickettsial Diseases Working Group, CDC, 2006. Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, ehrlichioses, and anaplasmosis—United States. MMWR Recomm Rep 55: 1.
-
24.
Burg JG, 2001. Seasonal activity and spatial distribution of host-seeking adults of the tick Dermacentor variabilis. Med Vet Entomol 15: 413–421.
-
25.
Traeger MS, Regan JJ, Humpherys D, Mahoney D, Martinez M, Emerson GL, Tack D, Geissler A, Yasmin S, Lawson R, Williams V, Hamilton C, Levy C, Komatsu K, McQuiston JH, Yost D, 2015. Rocky Mountain spotted fever characterization and comparison to similar illnesses in a highly endemic area—Arizona, 2002–2011. Clin Infect Dis 60: 1650–1658.
-
26.
Lane R, 1990. Seasonal activity of two human-biting ticks. Calif Agric 44: 23–25.
-
27.
Paddock CD, Zaki SR, Koss T, Singleton J, Sumner JW, Comer JA, Eremeeva ME, Dasch GA, Cherry B, Childs JE, 2003. Rickettsialpox in New York City: a persistent urban zoonosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 990: 36–44.
-
28.
Finn LE, 2014. Identification of Rickettsialpox and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Philadelphia, 2011–2013. 2014 CSTE Annual Conference, June 22–26, 2014, Nashville, Tennessee.
-
29.
Shwachman H, Fekete E, Kulczycki LL, Foley GE, 1958. The effect of long-term antibiotic therapy in patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas. Antibiot Annu 6: 692–699.
-
30.
Wallman IS, Hilton HB, 1962. Teeth pigmented by tetracycline. Lancet 279: 827–829.
-
31.
Lochary ME, Lockhart PB, Williams WT Jr, 1998. Doxycycline and staining of permanent teeth. Pediatr Infect Dis J 17: 429–431.
-
32.
Volovitz B, Shkap R, Amir J, Calderon S, Varsano I, Nussinovitch M, 2007. Absence of tooth staining with doxycycline treatment in young children. Clin Pediatr 46: 121–126.
-
33.
Todd SR, Dahlgren FS, Traeger MS, Beltran-Aguilar ED, Marianos DW, Hamilton C, McQuiston JH, Regan JJ, 2015. No visible dental staining in children treated with doxycycline for suspected Rocky Mountain spotted fever. J Pediatr 166: 1246–1251.
-
34.
AAP Committee on Infectious Diseases, 2012. Rickettsial diseases. Pickering L, Baker C, Kimberlin D, Long S, eds. Red Book: 2012 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics Committee of Infectious Diseases, 620–625.
-
35.
Demma LJ, Traeger MS, Nicholson WL, Paddock CD, Blau DM, Eremeeva ME, Dasch GA, Levin ML, Singleton J, Zaki SR, Cheek JE, Swerdlow DL, McQuiston JH, 2005. Rocky Mountain spotted fever from an unexpected tick vector in Arizona. N Engl J Med 353: 587–594.
-
36.
Regan JJ, Traeger MS, Humpherys D, Mahoney D, Martinez M, Emerson GL, Tack D, Geissler A, Yasmin S, Lawson R, Williams V, Hamilton C, Levy C, Komatsu K, Yost D, McQuiston JH, 2015. Risk factors for fatal outcome from Rocky Mountain spotted fever in a highly endemic area: Arizona, 2002–2011. Clin Infect Dis 60: 7.
-
37.
Drexler NA, Miller M, Gerding J, Todd SR, Adams L, Dahlgren FS, Bryant N, Weis E, Herrick K, Francies J, Komatsu K, Piontkowski S, Velascosoltero J, Shelhamer T, Hamilton B, Eribes C, Brock A, Sneezy P, Goseyun C, Bendle H, Hovet R, Williams V, Massung RF, McQuiston JH, 2014. Community-based control of the brown dog tick in a region with high rates of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 2012–2013. PLoS One 9: e112368.
-
38.
Weinberg EH, Stakebake JR, Gerone PJ, 1969. Plaque assay for Rickettsia rickettsii. J Bacteriol 98: 398–402.
-
39.
Kordova N, 1966. Plaque assay of rickettsiae. Acta Virol 10: 278.
-
40.
Cox HR, 1938. Use of yolk sac of developing chick embryo as medium for growing Rickettsiae of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus groups. Publ Health Rep (1896–1970) 53: 2241–2247.
-
41.
Johnston SH, Glaser CA, Padgett K, Wadford DA, Espinosa A, Espinosa N, Eremeeva ME, Tait K, Hobson B, Shtivelman S, 2013. Rickettsia spp. 364D causing a cluster of eschar-associated illness, California. Pediatr Infect Dis J 32: 1036–1039.
-
42.
Bechah Y, Socolovschi C, Raoult D, 2011. Identification of rickettsial infections by using cutaneous swab specimens and PCR. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 83–86.
-
43.
Myers T, Lalani T, Dent M, Jiang J, Daly PL, Maguire JD, Richards AL, 2013. Detecting Rickettsia parkeri infection from eschar swab specimens. Emerg Infect Dis 19: 778.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1597 | 1373 | 67 |
| Full Text Views | 814 | 27 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 319 | 20 | 0 |