Lo Re V 3rd, Gluckman SJ, 2003. Fever in the returned traveler. Am Fam Physician 68: 1343–1350.
Gamkrelidze A, Atun R, Gotsadze G, MacLehose L, 2002. Healthcare Systems in Transition: Georgia, Vol. 4. Copenhagen, Denmark: European Observatory on Health Care Systems, 1–72.
Sakvarelidze LA, Nersesov VA, Maskharashvili PA, 1985. Complex method for epizootiological and epidemiological surveillance. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 10: 51–54.
Ivanidze EA, Sakvarelidze LA, Tkachenko EA, Rezapkin GV, Dzagurova TK, 1987. Detection of natural foci of the hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in the Georgian SSR. Vopr Virusol 32: 607–610.
Chitadze N, Kuchuloria T, Clark D, Tsertsvadze E, Chokheli M, Tsertsvadze N, Trapaidze N, Lane A, Bakanidze L, Tsanava S, 2009. Water-borne outbreak of oropharyngeal and glandular tularemia in Georgia: investigation and follow-up. Infection 37: 514–521.
Bakashvili LZ, Makhviladze MA, Pagava EK, Pagava KI, 2006. Fever of unknown origin in children and adolescents in Georgia: a review of 52 patients. Georgian Med News 135: 66–69.
World Health Organization, 2010. Global Tuberculosis Control. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44425/1/9789241564069_eng.pdf?ua=1. Accessed May 22, 2015.
Havas KA, Ramishvili M, Navdarashvili A, Hill AE, Tsanava S, Imnadze P, Salman MD, 2013. Risk factors associated with human brucellosis in the country of Georgia: a case-control study. Epidemiol Infect 141: 45–53.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 2007. Financing Strategy for the Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in Georgia. Available at: http://www.oecd.org/countries/georgia/36472918.pdf. Accessed May 22, 2015.
National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, 2014. Epidemiology Bulletin. Available at: http://www.ncdc.ge/AttachedFiles/GEO972.pdf. Accessed May 22, 2015.
World Health Organization, 2003. Human Leptospirosis: Guidance for Diagnosis, Surveillance and Control. Available at: http://www.who.int/csr/don/en/WHO_CDS_CSR_EPH_2002.23.pdf. Accessed May 22, 2015.
Afifi S, Earhart K, Azab MA, Youssef FG, Sakka HE, Wasfy M, Mansour H, Oun SE, Rakha M, Mahoney F, 2005. Hospital-based surveillance for acute febrile illness in Egypt: a focus on community-acquired bloodstream infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 392–399.
Chkhartishvili N, Sharvadze L, Chokoshvili O, Bolokadze N, Rukhadze N, Kempker RR, Makrelidze A, DeHovitz J, Del Rio C, Tsertsvadze T, 2014. Mortality and causes of death among HIV-infected individuals in the country of Georgia: 1989–2012. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 30: 560–566.
Fadeel MA, Wasfy MO, Pimentel G, Klena JD, Mahoney FJ, Hajjeh RA, 2006. Rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of human brucellosis in surveillance and clinical settings in Egypt. Saudi Med J 27: 975–981.
Fadeel MA, House B, Wasfy M, Klena K, Emil E, Said MM, Maksoud MA, Raham B, Pimentel G, 2011. Evaluating of a newly developed ELISA against Widal, Typhi dot and TUBEX-TF for typhoid fever surveillance in an endemic area. J Infect Dev Ctries 5: 169–175.
Kuchuloria T, Clark DV, Hepburn MJ, Tsertsvadze T, Pimentel G, Imnadze P, 2009. Hantavirus infection in the Republic of Georgia. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 1489–1491.
Kuchuloria T, Imnadze P, Chokheli M, Tsertsvadze T, Endeladze M, Mshvidobadze K, Clark DV, Bautista CT, Fadeel MA, Pimentel G, House B, Hepburn MJ, Wölfel S, Wölfel R, Rivard RG, 2014. Viral hemorrhagic fever cases in the country of Georgia: acute febrile illness surveillance study results. Am J Trop Med Hyg 91: 246–248.
National Statistics Office of Georgia, 2008. Main Statistics: Population. Available at: http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=152&lang=eng. Accessed February 16, 2015.
Bernabè S, 2002. Informal Employment in Countries in Transition: A Conceptual Framework. Available at: http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/case/cp/CASEpaper56.pdf. Accessed February 16, 2015.
Economic Policy Research Center, 2011. Employment and Unemployment Trends in Georgia. Available at: http://www.osgf.ge/files/publications/2011/EPRC_Georgian_Economic_Outlook_II,_Nov_2011_ENG.pdf. Accessed February 16, 2015.
Akhvlediani T, Clark D, Chubabria G, Zenaishvili O, Hepburn M, 2010. The changing pattern of human brucellosis: clinical manifestations, epidemiology, and treatment outcomes over three decades in Georgia. BMC Infect Dis 10: 346.
Sanodze L, Bautista CT, Garuchava N, Chubinidze S, Tsertsvadze E, Broladze M, Chitadze N, Sidamonidze K, Tsanava S, Akhvlediani T, Rivard RG, Mody R, Hepburn MJ, Elzer PH, Nikolich MP, Trapaidze N, 2015. Expansion of brucellosis detection in the country of Georgia by screening household members of cases and neighboring community members. BMC Public Health 15: 459.
WHO, OIE, 2006. Brucellosis in Humans and Animals. Available at: http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/Brucellosis.pdf. Accessed May 22, 2015.
Akhvlediani T, Bautista CT, Shakarishvili R, Tsertsvadze T, Imnadze P, Tatishvili N, Davitashvili T, Samkharadze T, Chlikadze R, Dvali N, Dzigua L, Karchava M, Gatserelia L, Macharashvili N, Kvirkvelia N, Habashy EE, Farrell M, Rowlinson E, Sejvar J, Hepburn M, Pimentel G, Dueger E, House B, Rivard R, 2014. Etiologic agents of central nervous system infections among febrile hospitalized patients in the country of Georgia. PLoS One 9: e111393.
Amicizia D, Domnich A, Panatto D, Lai PL, Cristina ML, Avio U, Gasparini R, 2013. Epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Europe and its prevention by available vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 9: 1163–1171.
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2012. Epidemiological Situation of Tick-Borne Encephalitis in the European Union and European Free Trade Association Countries. Available at: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/TBE-in-EU-EFTA.pdf. Accessed May 22, 2015.
Babalova EG, 1964. On the eradication of rat rickettsiosis in some areas of the Georgia SSR [in Russian]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 41: 70–75.
Jiang J, You BJ, Liu E, Apte A, Yarina TR, Myers TE, Lee JS, Francesconi SC, O'Guinn ML, Tsertsvadze N, Vephkhvadze N, Babuadze G, Sidamonidze K, Kokhreidze M, Donduashvili M, Onashvili T, Ismayilov A, Agayev N, Aliyev M, Muttalibov N, Richards AL, 2012. Development of three quantitative real-time PCR assays for the detection of Rickettsia raoultii, Rickettsia slovaca, and Rickettsia aeschlimannii and their validation with ticks from the country of Georgia and the Republic of Azerbaijan. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 3: 327–331.
Zghenti E, Sukhiashvili R, Khmaladze E, Tsertsvadze N, Pisarcik S, Imnadze P, 2014. Rickettsia and Borrelia prevalence study among ticks in Georgia. Online J Public Health Inform 6: e63.
Peniche Lara G, Dzul-Rosado KR, Zavala Velázquez JE, Zavala-Castro J, 2012. Murine typhus: clinical and epidemiological aspects. Colomb Med 43: 175–180.
Dzul-Rosado K, González-Martínez P, Peniche-Lara G, Zavala-Velázquez J, Zavala-Castro J, 2013. Murine typhus in humans, Yucatan, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 19: 1021–1022.
Babalova EG, 1964. Q-fever in some areas of the Georgian SSR. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 41: 117–122.
Anderson A, Bijlmer H, Fournier PE, Graves S, Hartzell J, Kersh GJ, Limonard G, Marrie TJ, Massung RF, McQuiston JH, Nicholson WL, Paddock CD, Sexton DJ, 2013. Diagnosis and Management of Q Fever—United States, 2013: recommendations from CDC and the Q Fever Working Group. MMWR Recomm Rep 62: 1–30.
Mamuchishvili N, Kuchuloria T, Mchedlishvili I, Imnadze P, 2014. Leptospirosis in Georgia. Georgian Med News 228: 63–66.
Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ, 2002. Typhoid fever. N Engl J Med 347: 1770–1782.
Khan GQ, Kadri SM, Hassan G, Shahid IT, Gazanfar A, Kak M, Showkat H, 2003. Salmonella typhi endocarditis: a case report. J Clin Pathol 56: 801–802.
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Abstract Views | 1601 | 1322 | 49 |
Full Text Views | 628 | 14 | 1 |
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Information on the infectious causes of undifferentiated acute febrile illness (AFI) in Georgia is essential for effective treatment and prevention. In May 2008, a hospital-based AFI surveillance was initiated at six hospitals in Georgia. Patients aged ≥ 4 years with fever ≥ 38°C for ≥ 48 hours were eligible for surveillance. Blood culture and serologic testing were conducted for Leptospira spp., Brucella spp., West Nile virus (WNV), Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Coxiella burnetii, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), hantavirus, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), and Rickettsia typhi. Of 537 subjects enrolled, 70% were outpatients, 54% were males, and the mean age was 37 years. Patients reported having fatigue (89%), rigors (87%), sweating (83%), pain in joints (49%), and sleep disturbances (42%). Thirty-nine (7%) patients were seropositive for R. typhi, 37 (7%) for Brucella spp., 36 (7%) for TBEV, 12 (2%) for Leptospira spp., 10 (2%) for C. burnetii, and three (0.6%) for S. Typhi. None of the febrile patients tested positive for WNV antibodies. Of the patients, 73% were negative for all pathogens. Our results indicate that most of the targeted pathogens are present in Georgia, and highlight the importance of enhancing laboratory capacity for these infectious diseases.
Financial support: This study was funded by the Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Program (GEIS).
Authors' addresses: Tinatin Kuchuloria, Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia, E-mail: drkuchuloria@yahoo.com. Paata Imnadze, Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia, and National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia, E-mail: pimnadze@ncdc.ge. Nana Mamuchishvili and Maiko Chokheli, National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia, E-mails: nanamamuchishvili@yahoo.com and chokhelimaiko@yahoo.com. Tengiz Tsertsvadze, Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia, and Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia, E-mail: aids@gol.ge. Marina Endeladze, Ketevan Mshvidobadze, and Lana Gatserelia, Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia, E-mails: marinaendeladze@ymail.com, katemshvidobadze@yahoo.com, and lgatserelia@yahoo.com. Manana Makhviladze, Marine Kanashvili, and Teona Mikautadze, V. Bochorishvili Sepsis Center, Tbilisi, Georgia, E-mails: makhviladze_manana@yahoo.com, mkanashvili@mail.ru, and mikautadze.teona@mail.ru. Alexander Nanuashvili and Khatuni Kiknavelidze, Sachkhere Hospital, Sachkhere, Georgia, E-mails: tamari.davitashvili@gmail.com and xatuna-kiknavelidze@rambler.ru. Nora Kokaia and Manana Makharadze, S. Virsaladze Research Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia, E-mails: irma_kokaia@yahoo.com and mananamaxaradze@yahoo.com. Danielle V. Clark and Christian T. Bautista, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, E-mails: dvclark@gmail.com and marcos.c.bautista.ctr@mail.mil. Margaret Farrell, Moustafa Abdel Fadeel, Mohamed Abdel Maksoud, Guillermo Pimentel, and Brent House, Global Disease Detection and Response Program, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt, E-mails: marleefar@gmail.com, moustafa.abdelfadeel.eg@med.navy.mil, mohamed.abdelmaksoud.eg@med.navy.mil, gpiment@gmail.com, and brent.l.house2.mil@mail.mil. Matthew J. Hepburn and Robert G. Rivard, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, E-mails: matthewhepburn@yahoo.com and robert.g.rivard.mil@mail.mil.
Lo Re V 3rd, Gluckman SJ, 2003. Fever in the returned traveler. Am Fam Physician 68: 1343–1350.
Gamkrelidze A, Atun R, Gotsadze G, MacLehose L, 2002. Healthcare Systems in Transition: Georgia, Vol. 4. Copenhagen, Denmark: European Observatory on Health Care Systems, 1–72.
Sakvarelidze LA, Nersesov VA, Maskharashvili PA, 1985. Complex method for epizootiological and epidemiological surveillance. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 10: 51–54.
Ivanidze EA, Sakvarelidze LA, Tkachenko EA, Rezapkin GV, Dzagurova TK, 1987. Detection of natural foci of the hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in the Georgian SSR. Vopr Virusol 32: 607–610.
Chitadze N, Kuchuloria T, Clark D, Tsertsvadze E, Chokheli M, Tsertsvadze N, Trapaidze N, Lane A, Bakanidze L, Tsanava S, 2009. Water-borne outbreak of oropharyngeal and glandular tularemia in Georgia: investigation and follow-up. Infection 37: 514–521.
Bakashvili LZ, Makhviladze MA, Pagava EK, Pagava KI, 2006. Fever of unknown origin in children and adolescents in Georgia: a review of 52 patients. Georgian Med News 135: 66–69.
World Health Organization, 2010. Global Tuberculosis Control. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44425/1/9789241564069_eng.pdf?ua=1. Accessed May 22, 2015.
Havas KA, Ramishvili M, Navdarashvili A, Hill AE, Tsanava S, Imnadze P, Salman MD, 2013. Risk factors associated with human brucellosis in the country of Georgia: a case-control study. Epidemiol Infect 141: 45–53.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 2007. Financing Strategy for the Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in Georgia. Available at: http://www.oecd.org/countries/georgia/36472918.pdf. Accessed May 22, 2015.
National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, 2014. Epidemiology Bulletin. Available at: http://www.ncdc.ge/AttachedFiles/GEO972.pdf. Accessed May 22, 2015.
World Health Organization, 2003. Human Leptospirosis: Guidance for Diagnosis, Surveillance and Control. Available at: http://www.who.int/csr/don/en/WHO_CDS_CSR_EPH_2002.23.pdf. Accessed May 22, 2015.
Afifi S, Earhart K, Azab MA, Youssef FG, Sakka HE, Wasfy M, Mansour H, Oun SE, Rakha M, Mahoney F, 2005. Hospital-based surveillance for acute febrile illness in Egypt: a focus on community-acquired bloodstream infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 392–399.
Chkhartishvili N, Sharvadze L, Chokoshvili O, Bolokadze N, Rukhadze N, Kempker RR, Makrelidze A, DeHovitz J, Del Rio C, Tsertsvadze T, 2014. Mortality and causes of death among HIV-infected individuals in the country of Georgia: 1989–2012. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 30: 560–566.
Fadeel MA, Wasfy MO, Pimentel G, Klena JD, Mahoney FJ, Hajjeh RA, 2006. Rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of human brucellosis in surveillance and clinical settings in Egypt. Saudi Med J 27: 975–981.
Fadeel MA, House B, Wasfy M, Klena K, Emil E, Said MM, Maksoud MA, Raham B, Pimentel G, 2011. Evaluating of a newly developed ELISA against Widal, Typhi dot and TUBEX-TF for typhoid fever surveillance in an endemic area. J Infect Dev Ctries 5: 169–175.
Kuchuloria T, Clark DV, Hepburn MJ, Tsertsvadze T, Pimentel G, Imnadze P, 2009. Hantavirus infection in the Republic of Georgia. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 1489–1491.
Kuchuloria T, Imnadze P, Chokheli M, Tsertsvadze T, Endeladze M, Mshvidobadze K, Clark DV, Bautista CT, Fadeel MA, Pimentel G, House B, Hepburn MJ, Wölfel S, Wölfel R, Rivard RG, 2014. Viral hemorrhagic fever cases in the country of Georgia: acute febrile illness surveillance study results. Am J Trop Med Hyg 91: 246–248.
National Statistics Office of Georgia, 2008. Main Statistics: Population. Available at: http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=152&lang=eng. Accessed February 16, 2015.
Bernabè S, 2002. Informal Employment in Countries in Transition: A Conceptual Framework. Available at: http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/case/cp/CASEpaper56.pdf. Accessed February 16, 2015.
Economic Policy Research Center, 2011. Employment and Unemployment Trends in Georgia. Available at: http://www.osgf.ge/files/publications/2011/EPRC_Georgian_Economic_Outlook_II,_Nov_2011_ENG.pdf. Accessed February 16, 2015.
Akhvlediani T, Clark D, Chubabria G, Zenaishvili O, Hepburn M, 2010. The changing pattern of human brucellosis: clinical manifestations, epidemiology, and treatment outcomes over three decades in Georgia. BMC Infect Dis 10: 346.
Sanodze L, Bautista CT, Garuchava N, Chubinidze S, Tsertsvadze E, Broladze M, Chitadze N, Sidamonidze K, Tsanava S, Akhvlediani T, Rivard RG, Mody R, Hepburn MJ, Elzer PH, Nikolich MP, Trapaidze N, 2015. Expansion of brucellosis detection in the country of Georgia by screening household members of cases and neighboring community members. BMC Public Health 15: 459.
WHO, OIE, 2006. Brucellosis in Humans and Animals. Available at: http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/Brucellosis.pdf. Accessed May 22, 2015.
Akhvlediani T, Bautista CT, Shakarishvili R, Tsertsvadze T, Imnadze P, Tatishvili N, Davitashvili T, Samkharadze T, Chlikadze R, Dvali N, Dzigua L, Karchava M, Gatserelia L, Macharashvili N, Kvirkvelia N, Habashy EE, Farrell M, Rowlinson E, Sejvar J, Hepburn M, Pimentel G, Dueger E, House B, Rivard R, 2014. Etiologic agents of central nervous system infections among febrile hospitalized patients in the country of Georgia. PLoS One 9: e111393.
Amicizia D, Domnich A, Panatto D, Lai PL, Cristina ML, Avio U, Gasparini R, 2013. Epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Europe and its prevention by available vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 9: 1163–1171.
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2012. Epidemiological Situation of Tick-Borne Encephalitis in the European Union and European Free Trade Association Countries. Available at: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/TBE-in-EU-EFTA.pdf. Accessed May 22, 2015.
Babalova EG, 1964. On the eradication of rat rickettsiosis in some areas of the Georgia SSR [in Russian]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 41: 70–75.
Jiang J, You BJ, Liu E, Apte A, Yarina TR, Myers TE, Lee JS, Francesconi SC, O'Guinn ML, Tsertsvadze N, Vephkhvadze N, Babuadze G, Sidamonidze K, Kokhreidze M, Donduashvili M, Onashvili T, Ismayilov A, Agayev N, Aliyev M, Muttalibov N, Richards AL, 2012. Development of three quantitative real-time PCR assays for the detection of Rickettsia raoultii, Rickettsia slovaca, and Rickettsia aeschlimannii and their validation with ticks from the country of Georgia and the Republic of Azerbaijan. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 3: 327–331.
Zghenti E, Sukhiashvili R, Khmaladze E, Tsertsvadze N, Pisarcik S, Imnadze P, 2014. Rickettsia and Borrelia prevalence study among ticks in Georgia. Online J Public Health Inform 6: e63.
Peniche Lara G, Dzul-Rosado KR, Zavala Velázquez JE, Zavala-Castro J, 2012. Murine typhus: clinical and epidemiological aspects. Colomb Med 43: 175–180.
Dzul-Rosado K, González-Martínez P, Peniche-Lara G, Zavala-Velázquez J, Zavala-Castro J, 2013. Murine typhus in humans, Yucatan, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 19: 1021–1022.
Babalova EG, 1964. Q-fever in some areas of the Georgian SSR. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 41: 117–122.
Anderson A, Bijlmer H, Fournier PE, Graves S, Hartzell J, Kersh GJ, Limonard G, Marrie TJ, Massung RF, McQuiston JH, Nicholson WL, Paddock CD, Sexton DJ, 2013. Diagnosis and Management of Q Fever—United States, 2013: recommendations from CDC and the Q Fever Working Group. MMWR Recomm Rep 62: 1–30.
Mamuchishvili N, Kuchuloria T, Mchedlishvili I, Imnadze P, 2014. Leptospirosis in Georgia. Georgian Med News 228: 63–66.
Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ, 2002. Typhoid fever. N Engl J Med 347: 1770–1782.
Khan GQ, Kadri SM, Hassan G, Shahid IT, Gazanfar A, Kak M, Showkat H, 2003. Salmonella typhi endocarditis: a case report. J Clin Pathol 56: 801–802.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 1601 | 1322 | 49 |
Full Text Views | 628 | 14 | 1 |
PDF Downloads | 196 | 16 | 2 |