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1.
Ahmed JA, Katz MA, Auko E, Njenga MK, Weinberg M, Kapella BK, Burke H, Nyoka R, Gichangi A, Waiboci LW, Mahamud A, Qassim M, Swai B, Wagacha B, Mutonga D, Nguhi M, Breiman RF, Eidex RB, 2012. Epidemiology of respiratory viral infections in two long-term refugee camps in Kenya, 2007–2010. BMC Infect Dis 12: 7.
-
2.
UNHCR, 2012. Displacement: The New 21st Century Challenge: Global Trends 2012. Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/53a155bc6.html. Accessed July 22, 2015.
-
3.
Hershey CL, Doocy S, Anderson J, Haskew C, Spiegel P, Moss WJ, 2011. Incidence and risk factors for malaria, pneumonia and diarrhea in children under 5 in UNHCR refugee camps: a retrospective study. Confl Health 5: 24.
-
4.
Bellos A, Mulholland K, O'Brien KL, Qazi SA, Gayer M, Checchi F, 2010. The burden of acute respiratory infections in crisis-affected populations: a systematic review. Confl Health 4: 3.
-
5.
Feikin DR, Njenga MK, Bigogo G, Aura B, Aol G, Audi A, Jagero G, Muluare PO, Gikunju S, Nderitu L, Balish A, Winchell J, Schneider E, Erdman D, Oberste MS, Katz MA, Breiman RF, 2012. Etiology and incidence of viral and bacterial acute respiratory illness among older children and adults in rural western Kenya, 2007–2010. PLoS One 7: e43656.
-
6.
WHO, 2013. Pneumonia Fact Sheet no. 331. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs331/en/. Accessed February 23, 2014.
-
7.
Webb C, Ngama M, Ngatia A, Shebbe M, Morpeth S, Mwarumba S, Bett A, Nokes DJ, Seale AC, Kazungu S, 2012. Treatment failure among Kenyan children with severe pneumonia—a cohort study. Pediatr Infect Dis J 31: e152.
-
8.
UNHCR, 2010. Health Information System: Using Information to Protect Refugee Health. Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646ce0.html. Accessed February 10, 2012.
-
9.
Paul B, Spiegel PB, Burton A, Tepo A, Jacobson LM, Anderson MA, Cookson ST, Biluka OO, Blanton CJ, Ahmed JA, Colorado CN, 2011. Notes from the field: mortality among refugees fleeing Somalia–Dadaab refugee camps, Kenya, July–August 2011. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 60: 1133.
-
10.
Polonsky JA, Ronsse A, Ciglenecki I, Rull M, Porten K, 2013. High levels of mortality, malnutrition, and measles, among recently-displaced Somali refugees in Dagahaley camp, Dadaab refugee camp complex, Kenya, 2011. Confl Health 7: 1.
-
11.
WHO, 2009. Human Infection with Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus: Updated Interim WHO Guidance on Global Surveillance. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1–17.
-
12.
Cardoso Y, Oliveira E, Vasconcelos J, Cohen AL, Francisco M, 2012. Characteristics of patients with influenza-like illness, severe acute respiratory illness, and laboratory-confirmed influenza at a major children's hospital in Angola, 2009–2011. J Infect Dis 206: S136–S139.
-
13.
Puzelli S, Valdarchi C, Ciotti M, Dorrucci M, Farchi F, Babakir-Mina M, Perno CF, Donatelli I, Rezza G, 2009. Viral causes of influenza-like illness: insight from a study during the winters 2004–2007. J Med Virol 81: 2066–2071.
-
14.
Yang X, Yao Y, Chen M, Yang X, Xie Y, Liu Y, Zhao X, Gao Y, Wei L, 2012. Etiology and clinical characteristics of influenza-like illness (ILI) in outpatients in Beijing, June 2010 to May 2011. PLoS One 7: e28786.
-
15.
Hooton TM, Levy SB, 2001. Antimicrobial resistance: a plan of action for community practice. Am Fam Physician 63: 1087–1097.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 47 | 48 | 19 |
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Etiology and Incidence of Viral Acute Respiratory Infections Among Refugees Aged 5 Years and Older in Hagadera Camp, Dadaab, Kenya
Gedi A. Mohamed
Gedi A. Mohamed
Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; United Nations High Commissioner of Refugees, Nairobi, Kenya; International Rescue Committee, Nairobi, Kenya; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Jamal A. Ahmed
Jamal A. Ahmed
Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; United Nations High Commissioner of Refugees, Nairobi, Kenya; International Rescue Committee, Nairobi, Kenya; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Nina Marano
Nina Marano
Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; United Nations High Commissioner of Refugees, Nairobi, Kenya; International Rescue Committee, Nairobi, Kenya; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Abdinoor Mohamed
Abdinoor Mohamed
Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; United Nations High Commissioner of Refugees, Nairobi, Kenya; International Rescue Committee, Nairobi, Kenya; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Edna Moturi
Edna Moturi
Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; United Nations High Commissioner of Refugees, Nairobi, Kenya; International Rescue Committee, Nairobi, Kenya; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Wagacha Burton
Wagacha Burton
Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; United Nations High Commissioner of Refugees, Nairobi, Kenya; International Rescue Committee, Nairobi, Kenya; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Samora Otieno
Samora Otieno
Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; United Nations High Commissioner of Refugees, Nairobi, Kenya; International Rescue Committee, Nairobi, Kenya; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Barry Fields
Barry Fields
Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; United Nations High Commissioner of Refugees, Nairobi, Kenya; International Rescue Committee, Nairobi, Kenya; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Joel Montgomery
Joel Montgomery
Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; United Nations High Commissioner of Refugees, Nairobi, Kenya; International Rescue Committee, Nairobi, Kenya; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Willy Kabugi
Willy Kabugi
Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; United Nations High Commissioner of Refugees, Nairobi, Kenya; International Rescue Committee, Nairobi, Kenya; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Hashim Musa
Hashim Musa
Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; United Nations High Commissioner of Refugees, Nairobi, Kenya; International Rescue Committee, Nairobi, Kenya; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Susan T. Cookson
Susan T. Cookson
Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; United Nations High Commissioner of Refugees, Nairobi, Kenya; International Rescue Committee, Nairobi, Kenya; United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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We used the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–Kenya Medical Research Institute Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) Surveillance System data to estimate severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) hospitalization rates, viral etiology, and associated complaints of influenza-like illnesses (ILI) and SARI conditions among those aged 5 years and older in Hagadera, Dadaab refugee camp, Kenya, for 2010–2012. A total of 471 patients aged ≥ 5 years met the case definition for ILI or SARI. SARI hospitalization rates per 10,000 person-years were 14.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 9.1, 22.2) for those aged 5–14 years; 3.4 (95% CI = 1.6, 7.2) for those aged 15–24 year; and 3.8 (95% CI = 1.6, 7.2) for those aged ≥ 25 years. Persons between the ages of 5 and 14 years had 3.5 greater odds to have been hospitalized as a result of SARI than those aged ≥ 25 years (odds ratio [OR] = 3.5, P < 0.001). Among the 419 samples tested, 169 (40.3%) were positive for one or more virus. Of those samples having viruses, 36.9% had influenza A; 29.9% had adenovirus; 20.2% had influenza B; and 14.4% had parainfluenza 1, 2, or 3. Muscle/joint pain was associated with influenza A (P = 0.002), whereas headache was associated with influenza B (P = 0.019). ARIs were responsible for a substantial disease burden in Hagadera camp.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Gedi A. Mohamed, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: gediim@gmail.com. Jamal A. Ahmed and Nina Marano, Refugee Health Program, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mails: drjcaxmad@gmail.com and nbm8@cdc.gov. Abdinoor Mohamed and Hashim Musa, Refugee Health Program, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya, E-mails: cabeynuurdr@gmail.com and hashimgab@yahoo.com. Edna Moturi and Wagacha Burton, Public Health, United Nations High Commissioner of Refugees (UNHCR), Nairobi, Kenya, E-mails: uwx2@cdc.gov and burtonj@unhcr.org. Samora Otieno and Willy Kabugi, Health, International Rescue Committee, Kenya, Kenya, E-mails: samora.otieno@rescue.org and willy.kabugi@rescue.org. Barry Fields, Laboratory Systems Program, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mail: bsf2@cdc.gov. Joel Montgomery, Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mail: ztq9@cdc.org. Susan T. Cookson, Emergency Response and Recovery Branch (ERRB), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mail: sgc0@cdc.gov.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Ahmed JA, Katz MA, Auko E, Njenga MK, Weinberg M, Kapella BK, Burke H, Nyoka R, Gichangi A, Waiboci LW, Mahamud A, Qassim M, Swai B, Wagacha B, Mutonga D, Nguhi M, Breiman RF, Eidex RB, 2012. Epidemiology of respiratory viral infections in two long-term refugee camps in Kenya, 2007–2010. BMC Infect Dis 12: 7.
-
2.
UNHCR, 2012. Displacement: The New 21st Century Challenge: Global Trends 2012. Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/53a155bc6.html. Accessed July 22, 2015.
-
3.
Hershey CL, Doocy S, Anderson J, Haskew C, Spiegel P, Moss WJ, 2011. Incidence and risk factors for malaria, pneumonia and diarrhea in children under 5 in UNHCR refugee camps: a retrospective study. Confl Health 5: 24.
-
4.
Bellos A, Mulholland K, O'Brien KL, Qazi SA, Gayer M, Checchi F, 2010. The burden of acute respiratory infections in crisis-affected populations: a systematic review. Confl Health 4: 3.
-
5.
Feikin DR, Njenga MK, Bigogo G, Aura B, Aol G, Audi A, Jagero G, Muluare PO, Gikunju S, Nderitu L, Balish A, Winchell J, Schneider E, Erdman D, Oberste MS, Katz MA, Breiman RF, 2012. Etiology and incidence of viral and bacterial acute respiratory illness among older children and adults in rural western Kenya, 2007–2010. PLoS One 7: e43656.
-
6.
WHO, 2013. Pneumonia Fact Sheet no. 331. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs331/en/. Accessed February 23, 2014.
-
7.
Webb C, Ngama M, Ngatia A, Shebbe M, Morpeth S, Mwarumba S, Bett A, Nokes DJ, Seale AC, Kazungu S, 2012. Treatment failure among Kenyan children with severe pneumonia—a cohort study. Pediatr Infect Dis J 31: e152.
-
8.
UNHCR, 2010. Health Information System: Using Information to Protect Refugee Health. Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646ce0.html. Accessed February 10, 2012.
-
9.
Paul B, Spiegel PB, Burton A, Tepo A, Jacobson LM, Anderson MA, Cookson ST, Biluka OO, Blanton CJ, Ahmed JA, Colorado CN, 2011. Notes from the field: mortality among refugees fleeing Somalia–Dadaab refugee camps, Kenya, July–August 2011. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 60: 1133.
-
10.
Polonsky JA, Ronsse A, Ciglenecki I, Rull M, Porten K, 2013. High levels of mortality, malnutrition, and measles, among recently-displaced Somali refugees in Dagahaley camp, Dadaab refugee camp complex, Kenya, 2011. Confl Health 7: 1.
-
11.
WHO, 2009. Human Infection with Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus: Updated Interim WHO Guidance on Global Surveillance. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1–17.
-
12.
Cardoso Y, Oliveira E, Vasconcelos J, Cohen AL, Francisco M, 2012. Characteristics of patients with influenza-like illness, severe acute respiratory illness, and laboratory-confirmed influenza at a major children's hospital in Angola, 2009–2011. J Infect Dis 206: S136–S139.
-
13.
Puzelli S, Valdarchi C, Ciotti M, Dorrucci M, Farchi F, Babakir-Mina M, Perno CF, Donatelli I, Rezza G, 2009. Viral causes of influenza-like illness: insight from a study during the winters 2004–2007. J Med Virol 81: 2066–2071.
-
14.
Yang X, Yao Y, Chen M, Yang X, Xie Y, Liu Y, Zhao X, Gao Y, Wei L, 2012. Etiology and clinical characteristics of influenza-like illness (ILI) in outpatients in Beijing, June 2010 to May 2011. PLoS One 7: e28786.
-
15.
Hooton TM, Levy SB, 2001. Antimicrobial resistance: a plan of action for community practice. Am Fam Physician 63: 1087–1097.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 47 | 48 | 19 |
| Full Text Views | 284 | 94 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 117 | 31 | 1 |