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1.
Montresor A, Crompton DWT, Hall A, Bundy DAP, Savioli L, 1998. Guidelines for the Evaluation of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis and Schistosomiasis at Community Level. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
2.
Savioli L, Stansfield S, Bundy DA, Mitchell A, Bhatia R, Engels D, Montresor A, Neira M, Shein AM, 2002. Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth infections: forging control efforts. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96: 577–579.
-
3.
World Health Organization, 2002. Prevention and Control of Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_912.pdf. Accessed April 3, 2013.
-
4.
World Health Organization, 2011. Report of an Informal Consultation on Schistosomiasis Control. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at: www.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/78066/1/9789241505017_eng.pdf. Accessed April 3, 2013.
-
5.
World Health Organization, 2006. Preventive Chemotherapy in Human Helminthiasis. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241547103_eng.pdf. Accessed April 3, 2013.
-
6.
World Health Organization, 2011. Helminth Control in School-Age Children: A Guide for Managers of Control Programmes. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at: whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241548267_eng.pdf.
-
7.
Pereira AP, Favre TC, Galvão AF, Beck L, Barbosa CS, Pieri OS, 2010. The prevalence of schistosomiasis in school-aged children as an appropriate indicator of its prevalence in the community. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 105: 563–569.
-
8.
World Health Organization, 2010. Informal Consultation on Expanding Schistosomiasis Control in Africa, 7–8. Available at: http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/epidemiology/PZQ_WHO_report_meeting.pdf. Accessed April 3, 2013.
-
9.
World Health Organization, 1996. Report of the WHO Informal Consultation on the Use of Chemotherapy for the Control of Morbidity Due to Soil-Transmitted Nematodes in Humans. WHO/CTD/SIP/96.2. Geneva, Switzerland: World health Organization. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1996/WHO_CTD_SIP_96.2.pdf. Accessed April 3, 2013.
-
10.
Katz N, Chaves A, Pellegrino J, 1972. A simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in schistosomiasis mansoni. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 14: 397–400.
-
11.
Brooker S, Kabatereine NB, Smith JL, Mupfasoni D, Mwanje MT, Ndayishimiye O, Lwambo NJ, Mbotha D, Karanja P, Mwandawiro C, Muchiri E, Clements AC, Bundy DA, Snow RW, 2009. An updated atlas of human helminth infections: the example of east Africa. Int J Health Geogr 8: 42.
-
12.
Global Atlas of Helminth Infection, 2013. The Global Atlas of Helminth Infections. Available at: http://www.thiswormyworld.org. Accessed April 3, 2013.
-
13.
Countries supported by USAID's NTD program. Available at: http://www.neglecteddiseases.gov/countries/index.html.
-
14.
Evans DS, King JD, Eigege A, Umaru J, Adamani W, Alphonsus K, Sambo Y, Miri ES, Goshit D, Ogah G, Richards FO, 2013. Assessing the WHO 50% prevalence threshold in school-aged children as indication for treatment of urogenital schistosomiasis in adults in central Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 441–445.
-
15.
Odiere MR, Opisa S, Odhiambo G, Jura WG, Ayisi JM, Karanja DM, Mwinzi PN, 2011. Geographical distribution of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths among school children in informal settlements in Kisumu City, western Kenya. Parasitology 138: 1569–1577.
-
16.
Odiere MR, Rawago FO, Ombok M, Secor WE, Karanja DM, Mwinzi PN, Lammie PJ, Won K, 2013. High prevalence of schistosomiasis in Mbita and its adjacent islands of Lake Victoria, western Kenya. Parasit Vectors 5: 278.
-
17.
Handzel T, Karanja DM, Addiss DG, Hightower AW, Rosen DH, Colley DG, Andove J, Slutsker L, Secor WE, 2003. Geographic distribution of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths in western Kenya: implications for anthelminthic mass treatment. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 318–323.
-
18.
Verani JR, Abudho B, Montgomery SP, Mwinzi PN, Shane HL, Butler SE, Karanja DM, Secor WE, 2011. Schistosomiasis among young children in Usoma, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 787–791.
-
19.
Wood SN, 2006. Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
-
20.
Schwarz GE, 1978. Estimating the dimension of a model. Ann Stat 6: 461–464.
-
21.
Montresor A, Stoltzfus RJ, Albonico M, Tielsch JM, Rice AL, Chwaya HM, Savioli L, 2002. Is the exclusion of children under 24 months from anthelmintic treatment justifiable? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96: 197–199.
-
22.
Stothard JR, Sousa-Figueriredo JC, Betson M, Bustinduy A, Reinhard-Rupp J, 2013. Schistosomiasis in African infants and preschool children: let them now be treated! Trends Parasitol 29: 197–205.
-
23.
Coulibaly JT, N'Gbesso YK, N'Guessan NA, Winkler MS, Utzinger J, N'Goran EK, 2013. Epidemiology of schistosomiasis in two high-risk communities of south Côte d'Ivoire with particular emphasis on pre-school-aged children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 32–41.
-
24.
Favre TC, Pereira AP, Galvao AF, Zani LC, Barbosa CS, Pieri OS, 2009. A rationale for schistosomiasis control in elementary schools of the rainforest zone of Pernambuco, Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e395.
-
25.
Rodrigues LC, Wheeler JG, Shier R, Guerra HL, Pimenta F Jr, Lima e Costa MF, 2000. Predicting the community prevalence of schistosomiasis mansoni from the prevalence among 7- to 14-year-olds. Parasitology 121: 507–512.
-
26.
Traore M, Maude GH, Bradley DJ, 1998. Schistosomiasis haematobia in Mali: prevalence rate in school-age children as index of endemicity in the community. Trop Med Int Health 3: 214–221.
-
27.
Guyatt HL, Brooker S, Donnelly CA, 1999. Can prevalence of infection in school-aged children be used as an index for assessing community prevalence? Parasitology 118: 257–268.
-
28.
Brooker S, Donnelly CA, Guyatt HL, 2000. Estimating the number of helminthic infections in the Republic of Cameroon from data on infection prevalence in schoolchildren. Bull World Health Organ 78: 1456–1465.
-
29.
Samuels AM, Matey E, Mwinzi PN, Wiegand RE, Muchiri G, Ireri E, Hyde M, Montgomery SP, Karanja DM, Secor WE, 2012. Schistosoma mansoni morbidity among school-aged children: a SCORE project in Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 874–882.
-
30.
Schall VT, 1994. Environmental and health education for school-age children: a transdisciplinary approach. Cad Saude Publica 10: 259–263.
-
31.
Massara CL, Peixoto SV, Enk MJ, da Silva Barros H, dos Santos Carvalho O, Sakurai E, Schall V, 2006. Evaluation of an improved approach using residences of schistosomiasis-positive school children to identify carriers in an area of low endemicity. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 495–499.
-
32.
Enk MJ, Lima AC, Massara CL, Coelho PM, Schall VT, 2008. A combined strategy to improve the control of Schistosoma mansoni in areas of low prevalence in Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 140–146.
-
33.
Barbosa CS, Favre TC, Wanderley TN, Callou AC, Pieri OS, 2006. Assessment of schistosomiasis, through school surveys, in the Forest Zone of Pernambuco, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 101 (Suppl 1): 55–62.
-
34.
Favre TC, Ximenes RA, Galvao AF, Pereira AP, Wanderlei TN, Barbosa CS, Pieri OS, 2006. Reliability of current estimates of schistosomiasis prevalence in the Rainforest Zone of the state of Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 101 (Suppl 1): 73–78.
Predictive Value of School-Aged Children's Schistosomiasis Prevalence and Egg Intensity for Other Age Groups in Western Kenya
Pauline N. M. Mwinzi
Pauline N. M. Mwinzi
Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Geoffrey Muchiri
Geoffrey Muchiri
Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Ryan E. Wiegand
Ryan E. Wiegand
Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Martin Omedo
Martin Omedo
Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Bernard Abudho
Bernard Abudho
Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Diana M. S. Karanja
Diana M. S. Karanja
Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Susan P. Montgomery
Susan P. Montgomery
Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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W. Evan Secor
W. Evan Secor
Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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World Health Organization recommendations for the timing and target population for mass drug administration (MDA) for schistosomiasis are based on the prevalence of infection in school children within a given community. In a large study comparing MDA approaches for Schistosoma mansoni control, we evaluated whether prevalence of infection and egg burdens in 9- to 12-year-old students reflected infection levels in young children and adults in the same community. Cross-sectional surveys of preadolescents (9–12 years old) were compared with those of first year students (5–8 years old) in 225 villages and adults (20–55 years old) in 150 villages along the Kenyan shores of Lake Victoria. Village schistosomiasis prevalence and intensity levels in preadolescents strongly correlated (P < 0.0001) with prevalence and infection intensity for other age groups in the community. Our findings suggest that S. mansoni prevalence and intensity among 9- to 12-year-olds are valid for community sampling purposes in mapping for MDAs.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was made possible by the generous support from the University of Georgia Research Foundation, Inc., which is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation for this SCORE project.
Authors' addresses: Pauline N. M. Mwinzi, Geoffrey Muchiri, Martin Omedo, Bernard Abudho, and Diana M. S. Karanja, Neglected Tropical Diseases Branch, Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), E-mails: pmwinzi@kemricdc.org, martowino007@yahoo.com, geoffmosh@yahoo.com, babudho@kemricdc.org, and dkaranja@kemricdc.org. Ryan E. Wiegand, Susan P. Montgomery, and W. Evan Secor, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: fwk2@cdc.gov, zqu6@cdc.gov, and was4@cdc.gov.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Montresor A, Crompton DWT, Hall A, Bundy DAP, Savioli L, 1998. Guidelines for the Evaluation of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis and Schistosomiasis at Community Level. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
2.
Savioli L, Stansfield S, Bundy DA, Mitchell A, Bhatia R, Engels D, Montresor A, Neira M, Shein AM, 2002. Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth infections: forging control efforts. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96: 577–579.
-
3.
World Health Organization, 2002. Prevention and Control of Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_912.pdf. Accessed April 3, 2013.
-
4.
World Health Organization, 2011. Report of an Informal Consultation on Schistosomiasis Control. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at: www.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/78066/1/9789241505017_eng.pdf. Accessed April 3, 2013.
-
5.
World Health Organization, 2006. Preventive Chemotherapy in Human Helminthiasis. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241547103_eng.pdf. Accessed April 3, 2013.
-
6.
World Health Organization, 2011. Helminth Control in School-Age Children: A Guide for Managers of Control Programmes. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at: whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241548267_eng.pdf.
-
7.
Pereira AP, Favre TC, Galvão AF, Beck L, Barbosa CS, Pieri OS, 2010. The prevalence of schistosomiasis in school-aged children as an appropriate indicator of its prevalence in the community. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 105: 563–569.
-
8.
World Health Organization, 2010. Informal Consultation on Expanding Schistosomiasis Control in Africa, 7–8. Available at: http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/epidemiology/PZQ_WHO_report_meeting.pdf. Accessed April 3, 2013.
-
9.
World Health Organization, 1996. Report of the WHO Informal Consultation on the Use of Chemotherapy for the Control of Morbidity Due to Soil-Transmitted Nematodes in Humans. WHO/CTD/SIP/96.2. Geneva, Switzerland: World health Organization. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1996/WHO_CTD_SIP_96.2.pdf. Accessed April 3, 2013.
-
10.
Katz N, Chaves A, Pellegrino J, 1972. A simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in schistosomiasis mansoni. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 14: 397–400.
-
11.
Brooker S, Kabatereine NB, Smith JL, Mupfasoni D, Mwanje MT, Ndayishimiye O, Lwambo NJ, Mbotha D, Karanja P, Mwandawiro C, Muchiri E, Clements AC, Bundy DA, Snow RW, 2009. An updated atlas of human helminth infections: the example of east Africa. Int J Health Geogr 8: 42.
-
12.
Global Atlas of Helminth Infection, 2013. The Global Atlas of Helminth Infections. Available at: http://www.thiswormyworld.org. Accessed April 3, 2013.
-
13.
Countries supported by USAID's NTD program. Available at: http://www.neglecteddiseases.gov/countries/index.html.
-
14.
Evans DS, King JD, Eigege A, Umaru J, Adamani W, Alphonsus K, Sambo Y, Miri ES, Goshit D, Ogah G, Richards FO, 2013. Assessing the WHO 50% prevalence threshold in school-aged children as indication for treatment of urogenital schistosomiasis in adults in central Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 441–445.
-
15.
Odiere MR, Opisa S, Odhiambo G, Jura WG, Ayisi JM, Karanja DM, Mwinzi PN, 2011. Geographical distribution of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths among school children in informal settlements in Kisumu City, western Kenya. Parasitology 138: 1569–1577.
-
16.
Odiere MR, Rawago FO, Ombok M, Secor WE, Karanja DM, Mwinzi PN, Lammie PJ, Won K, 2013. High prevalence of schistosomiasis in Mbita and its adjacent islands of Lake Victoria, western Kenya. Parasit Vectors 5: 278.
-
17.
Handzel T, Karanja DM, Addiss DG, Hightower AW, Rosen DH, Colley DG, Andove J, Slutsker L, Secor WE, 2003. Geographic distribution of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths in western Kenya: implications for anthelminthic mass treatment. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 318–323.
-
18.
Verani JR, Abudho B, Montgomery SP, Mwinzi PN, Shane HL, Butler SE, Karanja DM, Secor WE, 2011. Schistosomiasis among young children in Usoma, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 787–791.
-
19.
Wood SN, 2006. Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
-
20.
Schwarz GE, 1978. Estimating the dimension of a model. Ann Stat 6: 461–464.
-
21.
Montresor A, Stoltzfus RJ, Albonico M, Tielsch JM, Rice AL, Chwaya HM, Savioli L, 2002. Is the exclusion of children under 24 months from anthelmintic treatment justifiable? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96: 197–199.
-
22.
Stothard JR, Sousa-Figueriredo JC, Betson M, Bustinduy A, Reinhard-Rupp J, 2013. Schistosomiasis in African infants and preschool children: let them now be treated! Trends Parasitol 29: 197–205.
-
23.
Coulibaly JT, N'Gbesso YK, N'Guessan NA, Winkler MS, Utzinger J, N'Goran EK, 2013. Epidemiology of schistosomiasis in two high-risk communities of south Côte d'Ivoire with particular emphasis on pre-school-aged children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 32–41.
-
24.
Favre TC, Pereira AP, Galvao AF, Zani LC, Barbosa CS, Pieri OS, 2009. A rationale for schistosomiasis control in elementary schools of the rainforest zone of Pernambuco, Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e395.
-
25.
Rodrigues LC, Wheeler JG, Shier R, Guerra HL, Pimenta F Jr, Lima e Costa MF, 2000. Predicting the community prevalence of schistosomiasis mansoni from the prevalence among 7- to 14-year-olds. Parasitology 121: 507–512.
-
26.
Traore M, Maude GH, Bradley DJ, 1998. Schistosomiasis haematobia in Mali: prevalence rate in school-age children as index of endemicity in the community. Trop Med Int Health 3: 214–221.
-
27.
Guyatt HL, Brooker S, Donnelly CA, 1999. Can prevalence of infection in school-aged children be used as an index for assessing community prevalence? Parasitology 118: 257–268.
-
28.
Brooker S, Donnelly CA, Guyatt HL, 2000. Estimating the number of helminthic infections in the Republic of Cameroon from data on infection prevalence in schoolchildren. Bull World Health Organ 78: 1456–1465.
-
29.
Samuels AM, Matey E, Mwinzi PN, Wiegand RE, Muchiri G, Ireri E, Hyde M, Montgomery SP, Karanja DM, Secor WE, 2012. Schistosoma mansoni morbidity among school-aged children: a SCORE project in Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 874–882.
-
30.
Schall VT, 1994. Environmental and health education for school-age children: a transdisciplinary approach. Cad Saude Publica 10: 259–263.
-
31.
Massara CL, Peixoto SV, Enk MJ, da Silva Barros H, dos Santos Carvalho O, Sakurai E, Schall V, 2006. Evaluation of an improved approach using residences of schistosomiasis-positive school children to identify carriers in an area of low endemicity. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 495–499.
-
32.
Enk MJ, Lima AC, Massara CL, Coelho PM, Schall VT, 2008. A combined strategy to improve the control of Schistosoma mansoni in areas of low prevalence in Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 140–146.
-
33.
Barbosa CS, Favre TC, Wanderley TN, Callou AC, Pieri OS, 2006. Assessment of schistosomiasis, through school surveys, in the Forest Zone of Pernambuco, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 101 (Suppl 1): 55–62.
-
34.
Favre TC, Ximenes RA, Galvao AF, Pereira AP, Wanderlei TN, Barbosa CS, Pieri OS, 2006. Reliability of current estimates of schistosomiasis prevalence in the Rainforest Zone of the state of Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 101 (Suppl 1): 73–78.