Giacani L, Lukehart SA, 2014. The endemic treponematoses. Clin Microbiol Rev 27: 89–115.
Mitjà O, Smajs D, Bassat Q, 2013. Advances in the diagnosis of endemic treponematoses: yaws, bejel, and pinta. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2283.
Parish JL, 2000. Treponemal infections in pediatric populations. Clin Dermatol 18: 687–700.
Carrillo AM, 2013. From badge of pride to cause of stigma: combating mal del pinto in Mexico. Endeavor 37: 13–20.
Hopkins DR, Florez D, 1977. Pinta, yaws, and venereal syphilis in Columbia. Internatl J Epidemiol 6: 349–355.
Fohn MJ, Wignall S, Baker-Zander SA, Lukehart SA, 1988. Specificity of antibodies from patients with pinta for antigens of Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. J Infect Dis 157: 32–37.
Pecher SA, Azevedo EB, 1987. Aspectos histopatologicos da pinta terciaria. Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am 15: 239–242.
Fuchs J, Milbradt R, Pecher SA, 1993. Tertiary pinta: case reports and overview. Cutis 51: 425–430.
Woltsche-Kahr I, Schmidt B, Aberer W, Aberer E, 1999. Pinta in Austria (or Cuba?). Import of an extinct disease? Arch Dermatol 135: 685–688.
Sáenz B, Grau Triana J, Armenteros JA, 1940. Pinta in Cuba. Special clinical features of the Cuban cases and discovery of a spirochete in active lesions and in the lymph glands. Arch Derm Syphilol 41: 463–479.
Rein CR, 1954. Bacteriologic and serologic aspects of pinta. Am J Syph Gonorrhea Vener Dis 38: 336–340.
Pardo-Castello V, Ferrer I, 1942. Pinta. Mal del pinto; carate. Arch Dermatol Syph 45: 843–864.
León-Blanco F, Oteiza A, 1945. The experimental transmission of pinta, mal del pinto or carate to the rabbit. Science 101: 309–311.
Kuhn USG III, Medina R, Cohen PG, Vegas M, 1970. Inoculation pinta in chimpanzees. Br J Vener Dis 46: 311.
Mitjà O, Hays R, Ipai A, Penias M, Paru R, Fagaho D, de Lazzari E, Bassat Q, 2012. Single-dose azithromycin versus benzathine benzylpenicillin for treatment of yaws in children in Papua New Guinea: an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised trial. Lancet 379: 342–347.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005. Notice to readers: recommendations regarding screening of refugee children for treponemal infection. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 54: 933–934.
Rapose A, 2013. Yaws and pinta—the pain is gone but the memories remain. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 1: 102.
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Pinta is a neglected, chronic skin disease that was first described in the sixteenth century in Mexico. The World Health Organization lists 15 countries in Latin America where pinta was previously endemic. However, the current prevalence of pinta is unknown due to the lack of surveillance data. The etiological agent of pinta, Treponema carateum, cannot be distinguished morphologically or serologically from the not-yet-cultivable Treponema pallidum subspecies that cause venereal syphilis, yaws, and bejel. Although genomic sequencing has enabled the development of molecular techniques to differentiate the T. pallidum subspecies, comparable information is not available for T. carateum. Because of the influx of migrants and refugees from Latin America, U.S. physicians should consider pinta in the differential diagnosis of skin diseases in children and adolescents who come from areas where pinta was previously endemic and have a positive reaction in serological tests for syphilis. All stages of pinta are treatable with a single intramuscular injection of penicillin.
Author's address: Lola V. Stamm, Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Hooker Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, E-mail: lstamm@email.unc.edu.
Giacani L, Lukehart SA, 2014. The endemic treponematoses. Clin Microbiol Rev 27: 89–115.
Mitjà O, Smajs D, Bassat Q, 2013. Advances in the diagnosis of endemic treponematoses: yaws, bejel, and pinta. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2283.
Parish JL, 2000. Treponemal infections in pediatric populations. Clin Dermatol 18: 687–700.
Carrillo AM, 2013. From badge of pride to cause of stigma: combating mal del pinto in Mexico. Endeavor 37: 13–20.
Hopkins DR, Florez D, 1977. Pinta, yaws, and venereal syphilis in Columbia. Internatl J Epidemiol 6: 349–355.
Fohn MJ, Wignall S, Baker-Zander SA, Lukehart SA, 1988. Specificity of antibodies from patients with pinta for antigens of Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. J Infect Dis 157: 32–37.
Pecher SA, Azevedo EB, 1987. Aspectos histopatologicos da pinta terciaria. Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am 15: 239–242.
Fuchs J, Milbradt R, Pecher SA, 1993. Tertiary pinta: case reports and overview. Cutis 51: 425–430.
Woltsche-Kahr I, Schmidt B, Aberer W, Aberer E, 1999. Pinta in Austria (or Cuba?). Import of an extinct disease? Arch Dermatol 135: 685–688.
Sáenz B, Grau Triana J, Armenteros JA, 1940. Pinta in Cuba. Special clinical features of the Cuban cases and discovery of a spirochete in active lesions and in the lymph glands. Arch Derm Syphilol 41: 463–479.
Rein CR, 1954. Bacteriologic and serologic aspects of pinta. Am J Syph Gonorrhea Vener Dis 38: 336–340.
Pardo-Castello V, Ferrer I, 1942. Pinta. Mal del pinto; carate. Arch Dermatol Syph 45: 843–864.
León-Blanco F, Oteiza A, 1945. The experimental transmission of pinta, mal del pinto or carate to the rabbit. Science 101: 309–311.
Kuhn USG III, Medina R, Cohen PG, Vegas M, 1970. Inoculation pinta in chimpanzees. Br J Vener Dis 46: 311.
Mitjà O, Hays R, Ipai A, Penias M, Paru R, Fagaho D, de Lazzari E, Bassat Q, 2012. Single-dose azithromycin versus benzathine benzylpenicillin for treatment of yaws in children in Papua New Guinea: an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised trial. Lancet 379: 342–347.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005. Notice to readers: recommendations regarding screening of refugee children for treponemal infection. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 54: 933–934.
Rapose A, 2013. Yaws and pinta—the pain is gone but the memories remain. J Anc Dis Prev Rem 1: 102.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 853 | 590 | 17 |
Full Text Views | 423 | 11 | 1 |
PDF Downloads | 230 | 19 | 4 |