Author:
- Introduction
- Methods
- Results
- Demographic characteristics of participants.
- Prevalence of anemia.
- Growth and development indicators of participants.
- Blood trace elements of children with or without anemia.
- Health and health-related status of children with or without anemia.
- Sociodemographic characteristics of children with or without anemia.
- Food intake of children with or without anemia.
- Logistic regression analysis.
- Discussion
- Conclusion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
McLean E, Cogswell M, Egli I, Wojdyla D, de Benoist B, 2009. Worldwide prevalence of anaemia, WHO Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System, 1993–2005. Public Health Nutr 12: 444–454.
-
2.
Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, Caulfield LE, de Onis M, Ezzati M, Mathers C, Rivera J, 2008. Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences. Lancet 371: 243–260.
-
3.
Kassebaum NJ, Jasrasaria R, Naghavi M, Wulf SK, Johns N, Lozano R, Regan M, Weatherall D, Chou DP, Eisele TP, Flaxman SR, Pullan RL, Brooker SJ, Murray CJ, 2014. A systematic analysis of global anemia burden from 1990 to 2010. Blood 123: 615–624.
-
4.
Pasricha SR, Hayes E, Kalumba K, Biggs BA, 2013. Effect of daily iron supplementation on health in children aged 4–23 months: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Glob Health 1: e77–e86.
-
5.
Htay TT, 2007. Making pregnancy safer in Myanmar: introducing misoprostol to prevent post-partum haemorrhage as part of active management of the third stage of labour. Reprod Health Matters 15: 214–215.
-
6.
Zhao A, Zhang Y, Peng Y, Li J, Yang T, Liu Z, Lv Y, Wang P, 2012. Prevalence of anemia and its risk factors among children 6–36 months old in Burma. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 306–311.
-
7.
Kemmer TM, Bovill ME, Kongsomboon W, Hansch SJ, Geisler KL, Cheney C, Shell-Duncan BK, Drewnowski A, 2003. Iron deficiency is unacceptably high in refugee children from Burma. J Nutr 133: 4143–4149.
-
8.
Beard JL, 2008. Why iron deficiency is important in infant development. J Nutr 138: 2534–2536.
-
9.
Kotecha PV, 2011. Nutritional anemia in young children with a focus on Asia and India. Indian J Community Med 36: 8–16.
-
10.
Ministry of Health, the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, 2014. Public Health Statistics 2012. Available at: http://www.moh.gov.mm/file/Myanmar%20Health%20Statistics%202010.pdf. Accessed November 5, 2014.
-
11.
Zhao A, Zhang Y, Li B, Wang P, Li J, Xue Y, Gao H, 2014. Prevalence of anemia and its risk factors among lactating mothers in Myanmar. Am J Trop Med Hyg 90: 963–967.
-
12.
Hansch S, 1995. Health: How Many People Die of Starvation in Humanitarian Emergencies? Working Paper of the Refugee Policy Group, Center for Policy Analysis and Research for Refugee Issues, Washington, DC.
-
13.
WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group, 2006. WHO Child Growth Standards: Length/Height-for-Age, Weight-for-Age, Weight-for-Length, Weight-for-Height and Body Mass Index-for-Age: Methods and Development. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
14.
UNICEF/UNU/WHO/MI Technical Workshop, 1998. Preventing Iron Deficiency in Women and Children: Technical Consensus on Key Issues. Available at: http://www.inffoundation.org/pdf/prevent_iron_def.pdf. Accessed November 8, 2014.
-
15.
DeMaeyer E, Adiels-Tegman M, 1985. The prevalence of anemia in the world. World Health Stat Q 38: 302–316.
-
16.
Yao LQ, Zou TB, Liu JT, Quan X, Chen Q, Yang FB, Hu LS, Zhao ZM, Wang XT, 2013. A survey on anemia among children under 7 years of age from 15 minority ethnic groups in Yunnan. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 9: 34–41.
-
17.
Khatiwada S, Gelal B, Gautam S, Tamang MK, Shakya PR, Lamsal M, Baral N, 2015. Anemia among school children in eastern Nepal. J Trop Pediatr 61: 231–233.
-
18.
Ngesa O, Mwambi H, 2014. Prevalence and risk factors of anaemia among children aged between 6 months and 14 years in Kenya. PLoS One 9: e113756.
-
19.
Provan D, 1999. Mechanisms and management of iron deficiency anaemia. Br J Haematol 105 (Suppl 1): 19–26.
-
20.
WHO, 2014. Country Profile: Myanmar. Available at: http://www.who.int/countries/mmr/en/. Accessed November 8, 2014.
-
21.
Choi JW, Kim SK, 2005. Relationships of lead, copper, zinc, and cadmium levels versus hematopoiesis and iron parameters in healthy adolescents. Ann Clin Lab Sci 35: 428–434.
-
22.
Usha R, Semba RD, 2001. Iron deficiency and anemia. Semba RD, Bloem MW. Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press Inc., 479–505.
-
23.
Stammers AL, Lowe NM, Medina MW, Patel S, Dykes F, Perez-Rodrigo C, Serra-Majam L, Nissensohn M, Moran VH, 2014. The relationship between zinc intake and growth in children aged 1–8 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr 69: 147–153. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=The+relationship+between+zinc+intake+and+growth+in+children+aged+1-8+years%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis. Accessed January 2, 2015.
-
24.
Cifuentes E, 1998. The epidemiology of enteric infections in agricultural communities exposed to wastewater irrigation: irrigation: perspectives for risk control. Int J Environ Health Res 8: 203–213.
-
25.
Latham MC, 1997. Human Nutrition in the Developing World. Food and Agriculture. Available at: http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/W0073e/w0073e00.htm. Accessed November 12, 2014.
-
26.
Mamabolo RL, Alberts M, 2014. Prevalence of anaemia and its associated factors in African children at one and three years residing in the Capricorn District of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Curationis 37: 1–9.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 54 | 54 | 6 |
| Full Text Views | 367 | 93 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 135 | 32 | 1 |
Potential Contribution of Iron Deficiency and Multiple Factors to Anemia Among 6- to 72-Month-Old Children in the Kokang Area of Myanmar
Ai Zhao
Ai Zhao
Department of Social Science and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Program Office, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China; Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Program Office, Kokang, Myanmar; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Hongchong Gao
Hongchong Gao
Department of Social Science and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Program Office, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China; Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Program Office, Kokang, Myanmar; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Bo Li
Bo Li
Department of Social Science and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Program Office, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China; Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Program Office, Kokang, Myanmar; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Kai Yu
Kai Yu
Department of Social Science and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Program Office, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China; Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Program Office, Kokang, Myanmar; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Naing Naing Win
Naing Naing Win
Department of Social Science and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Program Office, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China; Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Program Office, Kokang, Myanmar; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Yumei Zhang
Yumei Zhang
Department of Social Science and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Program Office, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China; Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Program Office, Kokang, Myanmar; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Peiyu Wang
Peiyu Wang
Department of Social Science and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Program Office, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China; Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Program Office, Kokang, Myanmar; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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The prevalence of anemia among children in Myanmar has been reported to be among the highest in the world. This study was conducted to determine 1) the prevalence of anemia in preschool children and 2) risk factors associated with anemia. A total of 138 children aged from 6 to 72 months were recruited through cluster sampling from six villages in Kokang. Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, blood trace elements, and anthropometric indicators were measured. Feces samples were collected to examine for the presence of ascarid eggs. The overall prevalence of anemia in children was 61.6%, including 10.9% with severe anemia. Meanwhile, high prevalence of stunting (40.0%), underweight (22.4%), wasting (6.3%), and small head circumference (6.7%) was found. Children with anemia were more prone to stunting. Children with severe anemia and moderate anemia had significantly lower blood iron and zinc levels than children without anemia (P < 0.001 and P = 0.007). The prevalence of ascarid infection was 64.9%; however, it was not associated with anemia. Drinking spring water was positively associated with anemia (odds ratio [OR] = 6.368). This study demonstrated that anemia is an important public health problem among children from the Kokang area. Iron deficiency and drinking spring water may be the important causes of anemia among children.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Ai Zhao and Peiyu Wang, Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China, E-mails: aizhaobjmu@gmail.com and xiaochaai@163.com. Hongchong Gao, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China, E-mail: sisystone@gmail.com. Bo Li, Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Program Office, Yunnan, China, E-mail: boli_hu@163.com. Kai Yu and Yumei Zhang, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China, E-mails: kaiyunestle@163.com and zhangyumei111@gmail.com. Naing Naing Win, Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Program Office, Kokang, Myanmar, E-mail: naingnaingwin_hpa@gmail.com.
- Introduction
- Methods
- Results
- Demographic characteristics of participants.
- Prevalence of anemia.
- Growth and development indicators of participants.
- Blood trace elements of children with or without anemia.
- Health and health-related status of children with or without anemia.
- Sociodemographic characteristics of children with or without anemia.
- Food intake of children with or without anemia.
- Logistic regression analysis.
- Discussion
- Conclusion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
McLean E, Cogswell M, Egli I, Wojdyla D, de Benoist B, 2009. Worldwide prevalence of anaemia, WHO Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System, 1993–2005. Public Health Nutr 12: 444–454.
-
2.
Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, Caulfield LE, de Onis M, Ezzati M, Mathers C, Rivera J, 2008. Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences. Lancet 371: 243–260.
-
3.
Kassebaum NJ, Jasrasaria R, Naghavi M, Wulf SK, Johns N, Lozano R, Regan M, Weatherall D, Chou DP, Eisele TP, Flaxman SR, Pullan RL, Brooker SJ, Murray CJ, 2014. A systematic analysis of global anemia burden from 1990 to 2010. Blood 123: 615–624.
-
4.
Pasricha SR, Hayes E, Kalumba K, Biggs BA, 2013. Effect of daily iron supplementation on health in children aged 4–23 months: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Glob Health 1: e77–e86.
-
5.
Htay TT, 2007. Making pregnancy safer in Myanmar: introducing misoprostol to prevent post-partum haemorrhage as part of active management of the third stage of labour. Reprod Health Matters 15: 214–215.
-
6.
Zhao A, Zhang Y, Peng Y, Li J, Yang T, Liu Z, Lv Y, Wang P, 2012. Prevalence of anemia and its risk factors among children 6–36 months old in Burma. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 306–311.
-
7.
Kemmer TM, Bovill ME, Kongsomboon W, Hansch SJ, Geisler KL, Cheney C, Shell-Duncan BK, Drewnowski A, 2003. Iron deficiency is unacceptably high in refugee children from Burma. J Nutr 133: 4143–4149.
-
8.
Beard JL, 2008. Why iron deficiency is important in infant development. J Nutr 138: 2534–2536.
-
9.
Kotecha PV, 2011. Nutritional anemia in young children with a focus on Asia and India. Indian J Community Med 36: 8–16.
-
10.
Ministry of Health, the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, 2014. Public Health Statistics 2012. Available at: http://www.moh.gov.mm/file/Myanmar%20Health%20Statistics%202010.pdf. Accessed November 5, 2014.
-
11.
Zhao A, Zhang Y, Li B, Wang P, Li J, Xue Y, Gao H, 2014. Prevalence of anemia and its risk factors among lactating mothers in Myanmar. Am J Trop Med Hyg 90: 963–967.
-
12.
Hansch S, 1995. Health: How Many People Die of Starvation in Humanitarian Emergencies? Working Paper of the Refugee Policy Group, Center for Policy Analysis and Research for Refugee Issues, Washington, DC.
-
13.
WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group, 2006. WHO Child Growth Standards: Length/Height-for-Age, Weight-for-Age, Weight-for-Length, Weight-for-Height and Body Mass Index-for-Age: Methods and Development. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
14.
UNICEF/UNU/WHO/MI Technical Workshop, 1998. Preventing Iron Deficiency in Women and Children: Technical Consensus on Key Issues. Available at: http://www.inffoundation.org/pdf/prevent_iron_def.pdf. Accessed November 8, 2014.
-
15.
DeMaeyer E, Adiels-Tegman M, 1985. The prevalence of anemia in the world. World Health Stat Q 38: 302–316.
-
16.
Yao LQ, Zou TB, Liu JT, Quan X, Chen Q, Yang FB, Hu LS, Zhao ZM, Wang XT, 2013. A survey on anemia among children under 7 years of age from 15 minority ethnic groups in Yunnan. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 9: 34–41.
-
17.
Khatiwada S, Gelal B, Gautam S, Tamang MK, Shakya PR, Lamsal M, Baral N, 2015. Anemia among school children in eastern Nepal. J Trop Pediatr 61: 231–233.
-
18.
Ngesa O, Mwambi H, 2014. Prevalence and risk factors of anaemia among children aged between 6 months and 14 years in Kenya. PLoS One 9: e113756.
-
19.
Provan D, 1999. Mechanisms and management of iron deficiency anaemia. Br J Haematol 105 (Suppl 1): 19–26.
-
20.
WHO, 2014. Country Profile: Myanmar. Available at: http://www.who.int/countries/mmr/en/. Accessed November 8, 2014.
-
21.
Choi JW, Kim SK, 2005. Relationships of lead, copper, zinc, and cadmium levels versus hematopoiesis and iron parameters in healthy adolescents. Ann Clin Lab Sci 35: 428–434.
-
22.
Usha R, Semba RD, 2001. Iron deficiency and anemia. Semba RD, Bloem MW. Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press Inc., 479–505.
-
23.
Stammers AL, Lowe NM, Medina MW, Patel S, Dykes F, Perez-Rodrigo C, Serra-Majam L, Nissensohn M, Moran VH, 2014. The relationship between zinc intake and growth in children aged 1–8 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr 69: 147–153. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=The+relationship+between+zinc+intake+and+growth+in+children+aged+1-8+years%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis. Accessed January 2, 2015.
-
24.
Cifuentes E, 1998. The epidemiology of enteric infections in agricultural communities exposed to wastewater irrigation: irrigation: perspectives for risk control. Int J Environ Health Res 8: 203–213.
-
25.
Latham MC, 1997. Human Nutrition in the Developing World. Food and Agriculture. Available at: http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/W0073e/w0073e00.htm. Accessed November 12, 2014.
-
26.
Mamabolo RL, Alberts M, 2014. Prevalence of anaemia and its associated factors in African children at one and three years residing in the Capricorn District of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Curationis 37: 1–9.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 54 | 54 | 6 |
| Full Text Views | 367 | 93 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 135 | 32 | 1 |