Khan NA, 2006. Acanthamoeba: biology and increasing importance in human health. FEMS Microbiol Rev 30: 564–595.
Visvesvara GS, Moura H, Schuster FL, 2007. Pathogenic and opportunistic free‐living amoebae: Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, Naegleria fowleri, and Sappinia diploidea. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 50: 1–26.
Baig AM, Zuberi H, Khan NA, 2014. Recommendations for the management of Acanthamoeba keratitis. J Med Microbiol 63: 770–771.
Radford CF, Minassian DC, Dart JKG, 2002. Acanthamoeba keratitis in England and Wales: incidence, outcome, and risk factors. Br J Ophthalmol 86: 536–542.
Dart JKG, Saw VPJ, Kilvington S, 2009. Acanthamoeba keratitis: diagnosis and treatment update 2009. Am J Ophthalmol 148: 487–499.
Sharma S, Garg P, Rao GN, 2000. Patient characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of non-contact lens related Acanthamoeba keratitis. Br J Ophthalmol 84: 1103–1108.
Mathers WD, Nelson SE, Lane JL, Wilson ME, Allen RC, Folberg R, 2000. Confirmation of confocal microscopy diagnosis of Acanthamoeba keratitis using polymerase chain reaction analysis. Arch Ophthalmol 118: 178–183.
Schroeder JM, Booton GC, Hay J, Niszl IA, Seal DV, Markus MB, Fuerst PA, Byers TJ, 2001. Use of subgenic 18S ribosomal DNA PCR and sequencing for genus and genotype identification of Acanthamoebae from humans with keratitis and from sewage sludge. J Clin Microbiol 39: 1903–1911.
Thompson PP, Kowalski RP, Shanks RM, Gordon YJ, 2008. Validation of real-time PCR for laboratory diagnosis of Acanthamoeba keratitis. J Clin Microbiol 46: 3232–3236.
Borin S, Feldman I, Ken-Dror S, Briscoe D, 2013. Rapid diagnosis of Acanthamoeba keratitis using non-nutrient agar with a lawn of E. coli. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 3: 1–2.
Pérez-Santonja JJ, Kilvington S, Hughes R, Tufail A, Matheson M, Dart JK, 2003. Persistently culture positive Acanthamoeba keratitis: in vivo resistance and in vitro sensitivity. Ophthalmology 110: 1593–1600.
Booton GC, Joslin CE, Shoff M, Tu EY, Kelly DJ, Fuerst PA, 2009. Genotypic identification of Acanthamoeba sp. isolates associated with an outbreak of Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK). Cornea 28: 673.
Graffi S, Peretz A, Jabaly H, Naftali M, 2013. Acanthamoeba keratitis. Isr Med Assoc J 15: 182–185.
Yera H, Zamfir O, Bourcier T, Ancelle T, Batellier L, Dupouy-Camet J, Chaumeil C, 2007. Comparison of PCR, microscopic examination and culture for the early diagnosis and characterization of Acanthamoeba isolates from ocular infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 26: 221–224.
Boggild AK, Martin DS, Lee TY, Yu B, Low DE, 2009. Laboratory diagnosis of amoebic keratitis: comparison of four diagnostic methods for different types of clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 47: 1314–1318.
Lorenzo-Morales J, Khan NA, Walochnik J, 2015. An update on Acanthamoeba keratitis: diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment. Parasite 22: 10.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 343 | 237 | 7 |
Full Text Views | 300 | 4 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 86 | 4 | 0 |
Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK), a potentially blinding infection of the cornea, is caused by a free-living protozoan. Culture and microscopic examination of corneal scraping tissue material is the conventional method for identifying Acanthamoeba. In this article, we compared several methods for AK diagnosis of 32 patients: microscopic examination using fluorescent dye, specific culture on growth media—non-nutrient agar (NNA), culture on liquid growth media—peptone yeast glucose (PYG), and TYI-S-33. AK was found in 14 patients. Thirteen of the specimens were found AK positive by fluorescence microscopic examination, 11 specimens were found AK positive on PYG growth media, and 9 specimens were found AK positive on TYI-S-33 growth media. Only five specimens were found AK positive on NNA growth media. Therefore, we recommend using fluorescence microscopy technique and culture method, especially PYG liquid media.
Authors' addresses: Avi Peretz and Nina Pastukh, Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Poriya Medical Center, Tiberias, Israel, Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Tiberias, Israel, affiliated with the Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Galilee, Israel, E-mails: aperetz@poria.health.gov.il and npastukh@poria.health.gov.il. Shmuel Graffi, Department of Ophthalmology, Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Tiberias, Israel, affiliated with the Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Galilee, Israel, E-mail: sgraffi@walla.com. Yuval Geffen and Soergiu D. Socea, Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel, E-mails: y_geffen@rambam.health.gov.il and sergiusoc@gmail.com.
Khan NA, 2006. Acanthamoeba: biology and increasing importance in human health. FEMS Microbiol Rev 30: 564–595.
Visvesvara GS, Moura H, Schuster FL, 2007. Pathogenic and opportunistic free‐living amoebae: Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, Naegleria fowleri, and Sappinia diploidea. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 50: 1–26.
Baig AM, Zuberi H, Khan NA, 2014. Recommendations for the management of Acanthamoeba keratitis. J Med Microbiol 63: 770–771.
Radford CF, Minassian DC, Dart JKG, 2002. Acanthamoeba keratitis in England and Wales: incidence, outcome, and risk factors. Br J Ophthalmol 86: 536–542.
Dart JKG, Saw VPJ, Kilvington S, 2009. Acanthamoeba keratitis: diagnosis and treatment update 2009. Am J Ophthalmol 148: 487–499.
Sharma S, Garg P, Rao GN, 2000. Patient characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of non-contact lens related Acanthamoeba keratitis. Br J Ophthalmol 84: 1103–1108.
Mathers WD, Nelson SE, Lane JL, Wilson ME, Allen RC, Folberg R, 2000. Confirmation of confocal microscopy diagnosis of Acanthamoeba keratitis using polymerase chain reaction analysis. Arch Ophthalmol 118: 178–183.
Schroeder JM, Booton GC, Hay J, Niszl IA, Seal DV, Markus MB, Fuerst PA, Byers TJ, 2001. Use of subgenic 18S ribosomal DNA PCR and sequencing for genus and genotype identification of Acanthamoebae from humans with keratitis and from sewage sludge. J Clin Microbiol 39: 1903–1911.
Thompson PP, Kowalski RP, Shanks RM, Gordon YJ, 2008. Validation of real-time PCR for laboratory diagnosis of Acanthamoeba keratitis. J Clin Microbiol 46: 3232–3236.
Borin S, Feldman I, Ken-Dror S, Briscoe D, 2013. Rapid diagnosis of Acanthamoeba keratitis using non-nutrient agar with a lawn of E. coli. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 3: 1–2.
Pérez-Santonja JJ, Kilvington S, Hughes R, Tufail A, Matheson M, Dart JK, 2003. Persistently culture positive Acanthamoeba keratitis: in vivo resistance and in vitro sensitivity. Ophthalmology 110: 1593–1600.
Booton GC, Joslin CE, Shoff M, Tu EY, Kelly DJ, Fuerst PA, 2009. Genotypic identification of Acanthamoeba sp. isolates associated with an outbreak of Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK). Cornea 28: 673.
Graffi S, Peretz A, Jabaly H, Naftali M, 2013. Acanthamoeba keratitis. Isr Med Assoc J 15: 182–185.
Yera H, Zamfir O, Bourcier T, Ancelle T, Batellier L, Dupouy-Camet J, Chaumeil C, 2007. Comparison of PCR, microscopic examination and culture for the early diagnosis and characterization of Acanthamoeba isolates from ocular infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 26: 221–224.
Boggild AK, Martin DS, Lee TY, Yu B, Low DE, 2009. Laboratory diagnosis of amoebic keratitis: comparison of four diagnostic methods for different types of clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 47: 1314–1318.
Lorenzo-Morales J, Khan NA, Walochnik J, 2015. An update on Acanthamoeba keratitis: diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment. Parasite 22: 10.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 343 | 237 | 7 |
Full Text Views | 300 | 4 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 86 | 4 | 0 |