Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Pruss-Ustun A, Bos R, Gore F, Bartram J, 2008. Safer Water, Better Health: Costs, Benefits and Sustainability of Interventions to Protect and Promote Health. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 60.
-
2.
Prüss-Ustün A, Bartram J, Clasen T, Colford JM Jr, Cummming O, Curtis V, Bonjour S, Dangour AD, De France J, Fewtrell L, Freeman MC, Gordon B, Hunter PR, Johnston RB, Mathers C, Mausezahl D, Medlicott K, Neira M, Stocks M, Wolf J, Cairncross S, 2014. Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in low- and middle-income settings: a retrospective analysis of data from 145 countries. Trop Med Int Health 19: 894–905.
-
3.
World Health Organization, United Nations Children's Fund, 2014. Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: 2014 Update. Joint Monitoring Programme. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, United Nations Children's Fund.
-
4.
World Health Organization, United Nations Children's Fund, 2010. Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: 2010 Update. Joint Monitoring Programme. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, United Nations Children's Fund.
-
5.
World Health Organization, United Nations Children's Fund, 2012. Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: 2012 Update. Joint Monitoring Programme. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, United Nations Children's Fund.
-
6.
Wegelin-Schuringa M, Kodo T, 1997. Tenancy and sanitation provision in informal settlements in Nairobi: revisiting the public latrine option. Environ Urban 9: 181–190.
-
7.
Nelson KL, Murray A, 2008. Sanitation for unserved populations: technologies, implementation challenges, and opportunities. Annu Rev Environ Resour 33: 119–151.
-
8.
Joint Monitoring Programme, 2012. Proposal for Consolidated Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Targets, Indicators and Definitions. December 3–5, 2012, The Hague, The Netherlands.
-
9.
Heijnen M, Cumming O, Peletz R, Chan GK-S, Brown J, Baker K, Clasen T, 2014. Shared sanitation versus individual household latrines: a systematic review of health outcomes. PLoS One 9.
-
10.
Fuller JA, Clasen T, Heijnen M, Eisenberg JNS, 2014. Shared sanitation and the prevalence of diarrhea in young children: evidence from 51 Countries, 2001–2011. Am J Trop Med Hyg 91: 173–180.
-
11.
Heijnen M, Rosa G, Fuller J, Eisenberg JNS, Clasen T, 2014. The geographic and demographic scope of shared sanitation: an analysis of national survey data from low- and middle-income countries. Trop Med Int Health 19: 1334–1345.
-
12.
Barnard S, Routray P, Majorin F, Peletz R, Boisson S, Sinha A, Clasen T, 2013. Impact of Indian Total Sanitation Campaign on latrine coverage and use: a cross-sectional study in Orissa three years following programme implementation. PLoS One 8: e71438.
-
13.
World Health Organization, 2013. Diarrhoeal Disease—Fact Sheet No. 330 Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
14.
O'Loughlin R, Fentie G, Flannery B, Emerson PM, 2006. Follow-up of a low cost latrine promotion programme in one district of Amhara, Ethiopia: characteristics of early adopters and non-adopters. Trop Med Int Health 11: 1406–1415.
-
15.
Pickering AJ, Davis J, Walters SP, Horak HM, Keymer DP, Mushi D, Strickfaden R, Chynoweth JS, Liu J, Blum A, Rogers K, Boehm AB, 2010. Hands, water, and health: fecal contamination in Tanzanian communities with improved, non-networked water supplies. Environ Sci Technol 44: 3267–3272.
-
16.
World Health Organization, 2004. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
17.
American Public Health Association, 2005. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.
-
18.
Filmer D, Pritchett LH, 2001. Estimating wealth effect without expenditure data or tears: an application to educational enrollments in states of India. Demography 38: 115–132.
-
19.
Mukherjee N, Robiarto A, Saputra E, 2012. Achieving and sustaining open defecation free communities: learning from east Java. Report from WSP. Washington, DC: World Bank.
-
20.
Bapat M, Agarwal I, 2003. Our needs, our priorities; women and men from the ‘slums’ in Mumbai and Pune talk about their needs for water and sanitation. Environ Urban 15: 71–86.
-
21.
Mazeau AP, Scott R, Tuffuor B, 2012. Sanitation—a neglected essential service in the unregulated urban expansion of Ashaiman, Ghana. Paper presented at Sustainable Futures: Architecture and Urbanism in the Global South, June 27–30, 2012, Kampala, Uganda.
-
22.
Biran A, Jenkins MW, Dabrase P, Bhagwat I, 2011. Patterns and determinants of communal latrine usage in urban poverty pockets in Bhopal, India. Trop Med Int Health 16: 854–862.
-
23.
Jenkins M, Freeman M, Routray P, 2014. Measuring the safety of excreta disposal behavior in India with the new safe San Index: reliability, validity and utility. Int J Environ Res Public Health 11: 8319–8346.
-
24.
Luby SP, Halder AK, Tronchet C, Akhter S, Bhuiya A, Johnston RB, 2009. Household characteristics associated with handwashing with soap in rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 882–887.
-
25.
Muang UK, Khin M, Wai NN, Hman W, Myint TT, Butler T, 1992. Risk factors for the development of persistent diarrhoea and malnutrition in Burmese children. Int J Epidemiol 21: 1021–1029.
-
26.
Tiimub BM, Forson MA, Obiri-Danso K, Rahaman IA, 2009. Pointed gaps in the provision, quality, patronage and management of toilet facilities in Bawku East District. Paper presented at 34th WEDC International Conference, May 18–22, 2009, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
-
27.
Mattioli MC, Boehm AB, Davis J, Harris AR, Mrisho M, Pickering AJ, 2014. Enteric pathogens in stored drinking water and on caregiver's hands in Tanzanian households with and without reported cases of child diarrhea. PLoS One 9: e84939.
-
28.
Ram PK, Jahid I, Halder AK, Nygren B, Islam MS, Granger SP, Molyneaux JW, Luby SP, 2011. Variability in hand contamination based on serial measurements: implications for assessment of hand-cleansing behavior and disease risk. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 510–516.
-
29.
Ashbolt N, Grabow W, Snozzi M, 2001. Indicators of microbial water quality. Fewtrell L, Bartram J, eds. Water Quality: Guidelines, Standards and Health. London, United Kingdom: IWA Publishing.
-
30.
Boisson S, Stevenson M, Shapiro L, Kumar V, Singh LP, Ward D, Clasen T, 2014. Effect of household-based drinking water chlorination of diarrhoea among children under five in Orissa, India: a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial. PLoS Med 10.
-
31.
Clasen T, Boisson S, Routray P, Torondel B, Bell M, Cumming O, Ensink J, Freeman M, Jenkins M, Odagiri M, Ray S, Sinha A, Suar M, Schmidt W-P, 2014. Effectiveness of a rural sanitation programme on diarrhoea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in Odisha, India: a cluster-randomised trial. The Lancet Global Health. 2: e645–e653.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 67 | 67 | 19 |
| Full Text Views | 546 | 113 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 174 | 31 | 0 |
Shared Sanitation Versus Individual Household Latrines in Urban Slums: A Cross-Sectional Study in Orissa, India
Marieke Heijnen
Marieke Heijnen
Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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Parimita Routray
Parimita Routray
Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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Belen Torondel
Belen Torondel
Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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Thomas Clasen
Thomas Clasen
Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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A large and growing proportion of the global population rely on shared sanitation facilities despite evidence of a potential increased risk of adverse health outcomes compared with individual household latrines (IHLs). We sought to explore differences between households relying on shared sanitation versus IHLs in terms of demographics, sanitation facilities, and fecal exposure. We surveyed 570 households from 30 slums in Orissa, India, to obtain data on demographics, water, sanitation, and hygiene. Latrine spot-checks were conducted to collect data on indicators of use, privacy, and cleanliness. We collected samples of drinking water and hand rinses to assess fecal contamination. Households relying on shared sanitation were poorer and less educated than those accessing IHLs. Individuals in sharing households were more likely to practice open defecation. Shared facilities were less likely to be functional, less clean, and more likely to have feces and flies. No differences in fecal contamination of drinking water or hand-rinse samples were found. Important differences exist among households accessing shared facilities versus IHLs that may partly explain the apparent adverse health outcomes associated with shared sanitation. As these factors may capture differences in risk and promote sanitary improvements, they should be considered in future policy.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Marieke Heijnen, Parimita Routray, and Belen Torondel, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, E-mails: marieke.heijnen@gmail.com, parimita.routray@lshtm.ac.uk, and belen.torondel@lshtm.ac.uk. Thomas Clasen, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: thomas.f.clasen@emory.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Pruss-Ustun A, Bos R, Gore F, Bartram J, 2008. Safer Water, Better Health: Costs, Benefits and Sustainability of Interventions to Protect and Promote Health. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 60.
-
2.
Prüss-Ustün A, Bartram J, Clasen T, Colford JM Jr, Cummming O, Curtis V, Bonjour S, Dangour AD, De France J, Fewtrell L, Freeman MC, Gordon B, Hunter PR, Johnston RB, Mathers C, Mausezahl D, Medlicott K, Neira M, Stocks M, Wolf J, Cairncross S, 2014. Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in low- and middle-income settings: a retrospective analysis of data from 145 countries. Trop Med Int Health 19: 894–905.
-
3.
World Health Organization, United Nations Children's Fund, 2014. Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: 2014 Update. Joint Monitoring Programme. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, United Nations Children's Fund.
-
4.
World Health Organization, United Nations Children's Fund, 2010. Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: 2010 Update. Joint Monitoring Programme. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, United Nations Children's Fund.
-
5.
World Health Organization, United Nations Children's Fund, 2012. Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: 2012 Update. Joint Monitoring Programme. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, United Nations Children's Fund.
-
6.
Wegelin-Schuringa M, Kodo T, 1997. Tenancy and sanitation provision in informal settlements in Nairobi: revisiting the public latrine option. Environ Urban 9: 181–190.
-
7.
Nelson KL, Murray A, 2008. Sanitation for unserved populations: technologies, implementation challenges, and opportunities. Annu Rev Environ Resour 33: 119–151.
-
8.
Joint Monitoring Programme, 2012. Proposal for Consolidated Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Targets, Indicators and Definitions. December 3–5, 2012, The Hague, The Netherlands.
-
9.
Heijnen M, Cumming O, Peletz R, Chan GK-S, Brown J, Baker K, Clasen T, 2014. Shared sanitation versus individual household latrines: a systematic review of health outcomes. PLoS One 9.
-
10.
Fuller JA, Clasen T, Heijnen M, Eisenberg JNS, 2014. Shared sanitation and the prevalence of diarrhea in young children: evidence from 51 Countries, 2001–2011. Am J Trop Med Hyg 91: 173–180.
-
11.
Heijnen M, Rosa G, Fuller J, Eisenberg JNS, Clasen T, 2014. The geographic and demographic scope of shared sanitation: an analysis of national survey data from low- and middle-income countries. Trop Med Int Health 19: 1334–1345.
-
12.
Barnard S, Routray P, Majorin F, Peletz R, Boisson S, Sinha A, Clasen T, 2013. Impact of Indian Total Sanitation Campaign on latrine coverage and use: a cross-sectional study in Orissa three years following programme implementation. PLoS One 8: e71438.
-
13.
World Health Organization, 2013. Diarrhoeal Disease—Fact Sheet No. 330 Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
14.
O'Loughlin R, Fentie G, Flannery B, Emerson PM, 2006. Follow-up of a low cost latrine promotion programme in one district of Amhara, Ethiopia: characteristics of early adopters and non-adopters. Trop Med Int Health 11: 1406–1415.
-
15.
Pickering AJ, Davis J, Walters SP, Horak HM, Keymer DP, Mushi D, Strickfaden R, Chynoweth JS, Liu J, Blum A, Rogers K, Boehm AB, 2010. Hands, water, and health: fecal contamination in Tanzanian communities with improved, non-networked water supplies. Environ Sci Technol 44: 3267–3272.
-
16.
World Health Organization, 2004. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
17.
American Public Health Association, 2005. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.
-
18.
Filmer D, Pritchett LH, 2001. Estimating wealth effect without expenditure data or tears: an application to educational enrollments in states of India. Demography 38: 115–132.
-
19.
Mukherjee N, Robiarto A, Saputra E, 2012. Achieving and sustaining open defecation free communities: learning from east Java. Report from WSP. Washington, DC: World Bank.
-
20.
Bapat M, Agarwal I, 2003. Our needs, our priorities; women and men from the ‘slums’ in Mumbai and Pune talk about their needs for water and sanitation. Environ Urban 15: 71–86.
-
21.
Mazeau AP, Scott R, Tuffuor B, 2012. Sanitation—a neglected essential service in the unregulated urban expansion of Ashaiman, Ghana. Paper presented at Sustainable Futures: Architecture and Urbanism in the Global South, June 27–30, 2012, Kampala, Uganda.
-
22.
Biran A, Jenkins MW, Dabrase P, Bhagwat I, 2011. Patterns and determinants of communal latrine usage in urban poverty pockets in Bhopal, India. Trop Med Int Health 16: 854–862.
-
23.
Jenkins M, Freeman M, Routray P, 2014. Measuring the safety of excreta disposal behavior in India with the new safe San Index: reliability, validity and utility. Int J Environ Res Public Health 11: 8319–8346.
-
24.
Luby SP, Halder AK, Tronchet C, Akhter S, Bhuiya A, Johnston RB, 2009. Household characteristics associated with handwashing with soap in rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 882–887.
-
25.
Muang UK, Khin M, Wai NN, Hman W, Myint TT, Butler T, 1992. Risk factors for the development of persistent diarrhoea and malnutrition in Burmese children. Int J Epidemiol 21: 1021–1029.
-
26.
Tiimub BM, Forson MA, Obiri-Danso K, Rahaman IA, 2009. Pointed gaps in the provision, quality, patronage and management of toilet facilities in Bawku East District. Paper presented at 34th WEDC International Conference, May 18–22, 2009, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
-
27.
Mattioli MC, Boehm AB, Davis J, Harris AR, Mrisho M, Pickering AJ, 2014. Enteric pathogens in stored drinking water and on caregiver's hands in Tanzanian households with and without reported cases of child diarrhea. PLoS One 9: e84939.
-
28.
Ram PK, Jahid I, Halder AK, Nygren B, Islam MS, Granger SP, Molyneaux JW, Luby SP, 2011. Variability in hand contamination based on serial measurements: implications for assessment of hand-cleansing behavior and disease risk. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 510–516.
-
29.
Ashbolt N, Grabow W, Snozzi M, 2001. Indicators of microbial water quality. Fewtrell L, Bartram J, eds. Water Quality: Guidelines, Standards and Health. London, United Kingdom: IWA Publishing.
-
30.
Boisson S, Stevenson M, Shapiro L, Kumar V, Singh LP, Ward D, Clasen T, 2014. Effect of household-based drinking water chlorination of diarrhoea among children under five in Orissa, India: a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial. PLoS Med 10.
-
31.
Clasen T, Boisson S, Routray P, Torondel B, Bell M, Cumming O, Ensink J, Freeman M, Jenkins M, Odagiri M, Ray S, Sinha A, Suar M, Schmidt W-P, 2014. Effectiveness of a rural sanitation programme on diarrhoea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in Odisha, India: a cluster-randomised trial. The Lancet Global Health. 2: e645–e653.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 67 | 67 | 19 |
| Full Text Views | 546 | 113 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 174 | 31 | 0 |