Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K, 2009. Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 22: 127–145.
-
2.
Pozio E, 2007. World distribution of Trichinella spp. infections in animals and humans. Vet Parasitol 149: 3–21.
-
3.
Murrell KD, Pozio E, 2011. Worldwide occurrence and impact of human trichinellosis, 1986–2009. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 2194–2202.
-
4.
Barennes H, Sayasone S, Odermatt P, De Bruyne A, Hongsakhone S, Newton PN, Vongphrachanh P, Martinez-Aussel B, Strobel M, Dupouy-Camet J, 2008. A major trichinellosis outbreak suggesting a high endemicity of Trichinella infection in northern Laos. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 40–44.
-
5.
Sicard D, Fontan R, Richard-Lenoble D, Gentilini M, 1976. Human trichinosis. A recent epidemic in Vientiane (Laos) (a propos of 32 cases). Bull Soc Pathol Exot 69: 521–525.
-
6.
Sayasone S, Odermatt P, Vongphrachanh P, Keoluangkot V, Dupouy-Camet J, Newton PN, Strobel M, 2006. A trichinellosis outbreak in Borikhamxay Province, Lao PDR. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100: 1126–1129.
-
7.
Kaewpitoon N, Kaewpitoon SJ, Pengsaa P, 2008. Food-borne parasitic zoonosis: distribution of trichinosis in Thailand. World J Gastroenterol 14: 3471–3475.
-
8.
Vu Thi N, Dorny P, La Rosa G, To Long T, Nguyen Van C, Pozio E, 2010. High prevalence of anti-Trichinella IgG in domestic pigs of the Son La province, Vietnam. Vet Parasitol 168: 136–140.
-
9.
Intapan PM, Chotmongkol V, Tantrawatpan C, Sanpool O, Morakote N, Maleewong W, 2011. Molecular identification of Trichinella papuae from a Thai patient with imported trichinellosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 994–997.
-
10.
Le Louet GM, Broudin L, 1923. Parasites habituels des muscles du porc. Bull Soc Med Chir Indo-Chin, November 9.
-
11.
Merle A, 1957. Enquête sur la trichinose. Bull Off Int Epizoot 48: 95–103.
-
12.
Blanc F, Collomb H, Armengaud M, 1956. Etude de six cas de trichinose. Ann Med 57: 201–261.
-
13.
Lam KT, 1973. First epidemic of Trichinella spiralis in North Vietnam. Bull Sci Res Inst Malar Parasitol 324–332.
-
14.
Toan ND, Van De N, Son DT, Van Linh P, 2002. Report of an epidemic area of trichinellosis in Tuan Giao district, Lai Chau province. J Malar Parasit Dis Control 1: 76–79.
-
15.
Nhan DH, Van De N, 2004. Emergence of trichinellosis in Tuan Giao district, Dien Bien province. J Malar Parasit Dis Control 6: 76–79.
-
16.
Taylor WR, Tran GV, Nguyen TQ, Dang DV, Nguyen VK, Nguyen CT, Nguyen LT, Luong CQ, Scott T, Dang TC, Tran TH, Nguyen TD, Pham KT, Fox A, Horby P, Wertheim H, Doan HN, Nguyen HH, Trinh LM, Nguyen TV, Nguyen KV, Nguyen DH, 2009. Acute febrile myalgia in Vietnam due to trichinellosis following the consumption of raw pork. Clin Infect Dis 49: 79–83.
-
17.
De NV, Trung NV, Ha NH, Vu Thi N, Ha NM, Thuy PT, Duyet LV, Chai JY, 2012. An outbreak of trichinosis with molecular identification of Trichinella sp. in Vietnam. Korean J Parasitol 50: 339–343.
-
18.
Vu Thi N, Trung DD, Litzroth A, Praet N, Nguyen Thu H, Nguyen Thu H, Nguyen Manh H, Dorny P, 2013. The hidden burden of trichinellosis in Vietnam: a postoutbreak epidemiological study. Biomed Res Int 2013: 149890.
-
19.
Vu Thi N, Pozio E, Van De N, Praet N, Pezzotti P, Gabriël S, Claes M, Thuy NT, Dorny P, 2014. Anti-Trichinella IgG in ethnic minorities living in Trichinella-endemic areas in northwest Vietnam: study of the predictive value of selected clinical signs and symptoms for the diagnosis of trichinellosis. Acta Trop 139: 93–98.
-
20.
Gómez-Morales MA, Ludovisi A, Amati M, Blaga R, Zivojinovic M, Ribicich M, Pozio E, 2012. A distinctive Western blot pattern to recognize Trichinella infections in humans and pigs. Int J Parasitol 42: 1017–1023.
-
21.
Pozio E, La Rosa G, 2012. Trichinella. Liu D, ed. Molecular Detection of Human Parasitic Pathogens. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 691–703.
-
22.
International Trichinella Reference Center, 2014. The database of Trichinella strains. Available at: http://www.iss.it/site/Trichinella/index.asp. Accessed November 19, 2014.
-
23.
Takahashi Y, Mingyuan L, Waikagul J, 2000. Epidemiology of trichinellosis in Asia and the Pacific Rim. Vet Parasitol 93: 227–239.
-
24.
Cui J, Wang ZQ, Xu BL, 2011. The epidemiology of human trichinellosis in China during 2004–2009. Acta Trop 118: 1–5.
-
25.
Kociecka W, 2000. Trichinellosis: human disease, diagnosis and treatment. Vet Parasitol 93: 365–383.
-
26.
Thai KT, Nga TT, Phuong HL, Giao PT, Hung le Q, Binh TQ, Van Nam N, Hartskeerl RA, de Vries PJ, 2008. Seroepidemiology and serological follow-up of anti-leptospiral IgG in children in southern Vietnam. Acta Trop 106: 128–131.
-
27.
Zaiman H, 1970. Drug treatment of trichinosis. Gould SE, ed. Trichinosis in Man and Animals. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 329–347.
-
28.
Dupouy-Camet J, Bruschi F, 2007. Management and diagnosis of human trichinellosis. Dupouy-Camet J, Murrell KD, ed. FAO/WHO/OIE Guidelines for the Surveillance, Management, Prevention and Control of Trichinellosis. Paris, France: World Organization for Animal Health, 37–68.
-
29.
Pozio E, Sacchini D, Sacchi L, Tamburrini A, Alberici F, 2001. Failure of mebendazole in the treatment of humans with Trichinella spiralis infection at the stage of encapsulating larvae. Clin Infect Dis 32: 638–642.
-
30.
Romano F, Motta A, Melino M, Negro M, Gavotto G, Decasteli L, Careddu E, Bianchi C, Bianchi DM, Pozio E, 2011. Investigation on a focus of human trichinellosis revealed by an atypical clinical case after wild-boar (Sus scrofa) pork consumption in northern Italy. Parasite 18: 85–87.
-
31.
Fichi G, Stefanelli S, Pagani A, Luchi S, De Gennaro M, Gómez-Morales MA, Selmi M, Rovai D, Mari M, Fischetti R, Pozio E, 2015. Trichinellosis outbreak caused by meat from a wild boar hunted in an Italian region considered to be at negligible risk for Trichinella. Zoonoses Public Health 62: 285–291.
-
32.
Dupouy-Camet J, Kociecka W, Bruschi F, Bolas-Fernandez F, Pozio E, 2002. Opinion on the diagnosis and treatment of human trichinellosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 3: 1117–1130.
-
33.
Pozio E, 2014. Searching for Trichinella: not all pigs are created equal. Trends Parasitol 30: 4–11.
-
34.
La Rosa G, Marucci G, Rosenthal BM, Pozio E, 2012. Development of a single larva microsatellite analysis to investigate the population structure of Trichinella spiralis. Infect Genet Evol 12: 369–376.
-
35.
Pozio E, Murrell KD, 2006. Systematics and epidemiology of Trichinella. Adv Parasitol 63: 367–439.
-
36.
General Statistics Office, 2013. Capita income per month at current prices and production of crop and livestock by urban and rural regions. Available at: http://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=395&idmid=3&ItemID=15175. Accessed November 5, 2014.
-
37.
Epprecht M, 2005. Geographic Dimensions of Livestock Holdings in Vietnam. Spatial Relationships Among Poverty, Infrastructure and the Environment. PPLPI Working Paper, Vol. 24. Rome, Italy: FAO.
-
38.
Lemke U, Kaufmann B, Thuy LT, Emrich K, Valle Zárate A, 2007. Evaluation of biological and economic efficiency of smallholder pig production systems in North Vietnam. Trop Anim Health Prod 39: 237–254.
-
39.
Murrell KD, 2013. Zoonotic foodborne parasites and their surveillance. Rev Sci Tech 32: 559–569.
-
40.
Porto-Fett AC, Call JE, Shoyer BE, Hill DE, Pshebniski C, Cocoma GJ, Luchansky JB, 2010. Evaluation of fermentation, drying, and/or high pressure processing on viability of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., and Trichinella spiralis in raw pork and Genoa salami. Int J Food Microbiol 140: 61–75.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 57 | 57 | 14 |
| Full Text Views | 772 | 189 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 152 | 36 | 0 |
Trichinellosis in Vietnam
Nguyen Van De
Nguyen Van De
Hanoi Medical University of Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam; Parasitology Section, National Centre for Veterinary Diagnosis, Hanoi, Vietnam; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, Vietnam; National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam; European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Vu Thi Nga
Vu Thi Nga
Hanoi Medical University of Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam; Parasitology Section, National Centre for Veterinary Diagnosis, Hanoi, Vietnam; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, Vietnam; National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam; European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Pierre Dorny
Pierre Dorny
Hanoi Medical University of Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam; Parasitology Section, National Centre for Veterinary Diagnosis, Hanoi, Vietnam; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, Vietnam; National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam; European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Nguyen Vu Trung
Nguyen Vu Trung
Hanoi Medical University of Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam; Parasitology Section, National Centre for Veterinary Diagnosis, Hanoi, Vietnam; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, Vietnam; National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam; European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Pham Ngoc Minh
Pham Ngoc Minh
Hanoi Medical University of Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam; Parasitology Section, National Centre for Veterinary Diagnosis, Hanoi, Vietnam; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, Vietnam; National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam; European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Do Trung Dung
Do Trung Dung
Hanoi Medical University of Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam; Parasitology Section, National Centre for Veterinary Diagnosis, Hanoi, Vietnam; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, Vietnam; National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam; European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Edoardo Pozio
Edoardo Pozio
Hanoi Medical University of Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam; Parasitology Section, National Centre for Veterinary Diagnosis, Hanoi, Vietnam; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, Vietnam; National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam; European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Trichinellosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease with a worldwide distribution. The aim of this work was to describe the epidemiological and clinical data of five outbreaks of trichinellosis, which affected ethnic minorities living in remote mountainous areas of northwestern Vietnam from 1970 to 2012. Trichinellosis was diagnosed in 126 patients, of which 11 (8.7%) were hospitalized and 8 (6.3%) died. All infected people had consumed raw pork from backyard and roaming pigs or wild boar at wedding, funeral, or New Year parties. The short incubation period (average of 9.5 days), the severity of the symptoms, which were characterized by diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, myalgia, edema, weight loss, itch, and lisping, and the high mortality, suggest that patients had ingested a high number of larvae. The larval burden in pigs examined in one of the outbreaks ranged from 70 to 879 larvae/g. These larvae and those collected from a muscle biopsy taken from a patient from the 2012 outbreak were identified as Trichinella spiralis. Data presented in this work show that the northern regions of Vietnam are endemic areas for Trichinella infections in domestic pigs and humans.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was funded by National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED), Vietnam Grant 106-YS.05-2014.08 (to N.V.D.) and the National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, Bach Mai Hospital, National Centre for Veterinary Diagnosis, Hanoi, Vietnam. Furthermore, this work was funded by the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, and the Directorate General for Health and Consumers of the European Commission for the European Union Reference Laboratory, Istituto Superiore di Sanità.
Authors' addresses: Nguyen Van De and Pham Ngoc Minh, Hanoi Medical University of Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam, E-mails: ngvdeyhn@gmail.com and phamngocminhyhn@yahoo.com. Vu Thi Nga, Parasitology Section, National Centre for Veterinary Diagnosis, Hanoi, Vietnam, E-mail: ngancvd@gmail.com. Pierre Dorny, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, E-mail: pdorny@itg.be. Nguyen Vu Trung, National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, Vietnam, E-mail: nvutrung@fpt.vn. Do Trung Dung, National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam, E-mail: dotrungdung.nimpe.vn@gmail.com. Edoardo Pozio, European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy, E-mail: edoardo.pozio@iss.it.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K, 2009. Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 22: 127–145.
-
2.
Pozio E, 2007. World distribution of Trichinella spp. infections in animals and humans. Vet Parasitol 149: 3–21.
-
3.
Murrell KD, Pozio E, 2011. Worldwide occurrence and impact of human trichinellosis, 1986–2009. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 2194–2202.
-
4.
Barennes H, Sayasone S, Odermatt P, De Bruyne A, Hongsakhone S, Newton PN, Vongphrachanh P, Martinez-Aussel B, Strobel M, Dupouy-Camet J, 2008. A major trichinellosis outbreak suggesting a high endemicity of Trichinella infection in northern Laos. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 40–44.
-
5.
Sicard D, Fontan R, Richard-Lenoble D, Gentilini M, 1976. Human trichinosis. A recent epidemic in Vientiane (Laos) (a propos of 32 cases). Bull Soc Pathol Exot 69: 521–525.
-
6.
Sayasone S, Odermatt P, Vongphrachanh P, Keoluangkot V, Dupouy-Camet J, Newton PN, Strobel M, 2006. A trichinellosis outbreak in Borikhamxay Province, Lao PDR. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100: 1126–1129.
-
7.
Kaewpitoon N, Kaewpitoon SJ, Pengsaa P, 2008. Food-borne parasitic zoonosis: distribution of trichinosis in Thailand. World J Gastroenterol 14: 3471–3475.
-
8.
Vu Thi N, Dorny P, La Rosa G, To Long T, Nguyen Van C, Pozio E, 2010. High prevalence of anti-Trichinella IgG in domestic pigs of the Son La province, Vietnam. Vet Parasitol 168: 136–140.
-
9.
Intapan PM, Chotmongkol V, Tantrawatpan C, Sanpool O, Morakote N, Maleewong W, 2011. Molecular identification of Trichinella papuae from a Thai patient with imported trichinellosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 994–997.
-
10.
Le Louet GM, Broudin L, 1923. Parasites habituels des muscles du porc. Bull Soc Med Chir Indo-Chin, November 9.
-
11.
Merle A, 1957. Enquête sur la trichinose. Bull Off Int Epizoot 48: 95–103.
-
12.
Blanc F, Collomb H, Armengaud M, 1956. Etude de six cas de trichinose. Ann Med 57: 201–261.
-
13.
Lam KT, 1973. First epidemic of Trichinella spiralis in North Vietnam. Bull Sci Res Inst Malar Parasitol 324–332.
-
14.
Toan ND, Van De N, Son DT, Van Linh P, 2002. Report of an epidemic area of trichinellosis in Tuan Giao district, Lai Chau province. J Malar Parasit Dis Control 1: 76–79.
-
15.
Nhan DH, Van De N, 2004. Emergence of trichinellosis in Tuan Giao district, Dien Bien province. J Malar Parasit Dis Control 6: 76–79.
-
16.
Taylor WR, Tran GV, Nguyen TQ, Dang DV, Nguyen VK, Nguyen CT, Nguyen LT, Luong CQ, Scott T, Dang TC, Tran TH, Nguyen TD, Pham KT, Fox A, Horby P, Wertheim H, Doan HN, Nguyen HH, Trinh LM, Nguyen TV, Nguyen KV, Nguyen DH, 2009. Acute febrile myalgia in Vietnam due to trichinellosis following the consumption of raw pork. Clin Infect Dis 49: 79–83.
-
17.
De NV, Trung NV, Ha NH, Vu Thi N, Ha NM, Thuy PT, Duyet LV, Chai JY, 2012. An outbreak of trichinosis with molecular identification of Trichinella sp. in Vietnam. Korean J Parasitol 50: 339–343.
-
18.
Vu Thi N, Trung DD, Litzroth A, Praet N, Nguyen Thu H, Nguyen Thu H, Nguyen Manh H, Dorny P, 2013. The hidden burden of trichinellosis in Vietnam: a postoutbreak epidemiological study. Biomed Res Int 2013: 149890.
-
19.
Vu Thi N, Pozio E, Van De N, Praet N, Pezzotti P, Gabriël S, Claes M, Thuy NT, Dorny P, 2014. Anti-Trichinella IgG in ethnic minorities living in Trichinella-endemic areas in northwest Vietnam: study of the predictive value of selected clinical signs and symptoms for the diagnosis of trichinellosis. Acta Trop 139: 93–98.
-
20.
Gómez-Morales MA, Ludovisi A, Amati M, Blaga R, Zivojinovic M, Ribicich M, Pozio E, 2012. A distinctive Western blot pattern to recognize Trichinella infections in humans and pigs. Int J Parasitol 42: 1017–1023.
-
21.
Pozio E, La Rosa G, 2012. Trichinella. Liu D, ed. Molecular Detection of Human Parasitic Pathogens. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 691–703.
-
22.
International Trichinella Reference Center, 2014. The database of Trichinella strains. Available at: http://www.iss.it/site/Trichinella/index.asp. Accessed November 19, 2014.
-
23.
Takahashi Y, Mingyuan L, Waikagul J, 2000. Epidemiology of trichinellosis in Asia and the Pacific Rim. Vet Parasitol 93: 227–239.
-
24.
Cui J, Wang ZQ, Xu BL, 2011. The epidemiology of human trichinellosis in China during 2004–2009. Acta Trop 118: 1–5.
-
25.
Kociecka W, 2000. Trichinellosis: human disease, diagnosis and treatment. Vet Parasitol 93: 365–383.
-
26.
Thai KT, Nga TT, Phuong HL, Giao PT, Hung le Q, Binh TQ, Van Nam N, Hartskeerl RA, de Vries PJ, 2008. Seroepidemiology and serological follow-up of anti-leptospiral IgG in children in southern Vietnam. Acta Trop 106: 128–131.
-
27.
Zaiman H, 1970. Drug treatment of trichinosis. Gould SE, ed. Trichinosis in Man and Animals. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 329–347.
-
28.
Dupouy-Camet J, Bruschi F, 2007. Management and diagnosis of human trichinellosis. Dupouy-Camet J, Murrell KD, ed. FAO/WHO/OIE Guidelines for the Surveillance, Management, Prevention and Control of Trichinellosis. Paris, France: World Organization for Animal Health, 37–68.
-
29.
Pozio E, Sacchini D, Sacchi L, Tamburrini A, Alberici F, 2001. Failure of mebendazole in the treatment of humans with Trichinella spiralis infection at the stage of encapsulating larvae. Clin Infect Dis 32: 638–642.
-
30.
Romano F, Motta A, Melino M, Negro M, Gavotto G, Decasteli L, Careddu E, Bianchi C, Bianchi DM, Pozio E, 2011. Investigation on a focus of human trichinellosis revealed by an atypical clinical case after wild-boar (Sus scrofa) pork consumption in northern Italy. Parasite 18: 85–87.
-
31.
Fichi G, Stefanelli S, Pagani A, Luchi S, De Gennaro M, Gómez-Morales MA, Selmi M, Rovai D, Mari M, Fischetti R, Pozio E, 2015. Trichinellosis outbreak caused by meat from a wild boar hunted in an Italian region considered to be at negligible risk for Trichinella. Zoonoses Public Health 62: 285–291.
-
32.
Dupouy-Camet J, Kociecka W, Bruschi F, Bolas-Fernandez F, Pozio E, 2002. Opinion on the diagnosis and treatment of human trichinellosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 3: 1117–1130.
-
33.
Pozio E, 2014. Searching for Trichinella: not all pigs are created equal. Trends Parasitol 30: 4–11.
-
34.
La Rosa G, Marucci G, Rosenthal BM, Pozio E, 2012. Development of a single larva microsatellite analysis to investigate the population structure of Trichinella spiralis. Infect Genet Evol 12: 369–376.
-
35.
Pozio E, Murrell KD, 2006. Systematics and epidemiology of Trichinella. Adv Parasitol 63: 367–439.
-
36.
General Statistics Office, 2013. Capita income per month at current prices and production of crop and livestock by urban and rural regions. Available at: http://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=395&idmid=3&ItemID=15175. Accessed November 5, 2014.
-
37.
Epprecht M, 2005. Geographic Dimensions of Livestock Holdings in Vietnam. Spatial Relationships Among Poverty, Infrastructure and the Environment. PPLPI Working Paper, Vol. 24. Rome, Italy: FAO.
-
38.
Lemke U, Kaufmann B, Thuy LT, Emrich K, Valle Zárate A, 2007. Evaluation of biological and economic efficiency of smallholder pig production systems in North Vietnam. Trop Anim Health Prod 39: 237–254.
-
39.
Murrell KD, 2013. Zoonotic foodborne parasites and their surveillance. Rev Sci Tech 32: 559–569.
-
40.
Porto-Fett AC, Call JE, Shoyer BE, Hill DE, Pshebniski C, Cocoma GJ, Luchansky JB, 2010. Evaluation of fermentation, drying, and/or high pressure processing on viability of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., and Trichinella spiralis in raw pork and Genoa salami. Int J Food Microbiol 140: 61–75.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 57 | 57 | 14 |
| Full Text Views | 772 | 189 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 152 | 36 | 0 |