Diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium Infection with a Mobile Phone-Mounted Foldscope and a Reversed-Lens CellScope in Ghana

Richard K. D. Ephraim Division of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California; Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Divisions of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Evans Duah Division of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California; Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Divisions of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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James S. Cybulski Division of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California; Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Divisions of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Manu Prakash Division of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California; Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Divisions of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Michael V. D'Ambrosio Division of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California; Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Divisions of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Daniel A. Fletcher Division of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California; Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Divisions of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Jennifer Keiser Division of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California; Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Divisions of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Jason R. Andrews Division of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California; Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Divisions of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Isaac I. Bogoch Division of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California; Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Divisions of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.14-0741
Volume/Issue:
Volume 92: Issue 6
Page(s):
1253–1256
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We evaluated two novel, portable microscopes and locally acquired, single-ply, paper towels as filter paper for the diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium infection. The mobile phone-mounted Foldscope and reversed-lens CellScope had sensitivities of 55.9% and 67.6%, and specificities of 93.3% and 100.0%, respectively, compared with conventional light microscopy for diagnosing S. haematobium infection. With conventional light microscopy, urine filtration using single-ply paper towels as filter paper showed a sensitivity of 67.6% and specificity of 80.0% compared with centrifugation for the diagnosis of S. haematobium infection. With future improvements to diagnostic sensitivity, newer generation handheld and mobile phone microscopes may be valuable tools for global health applications.

Author Notes

* Address correspondence to Isaac I. Bogoch, Divisions of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Toronto General Hospital, 14EN- 209, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2C4. E-mail: isaac.bogoch@uhn.ca
† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Financial support: Isaac Bogoch is supported by Grand Challenges Canada.

Authors' addresses: Richard K. D. Ephraim and Evans Duah, Division of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana, E-mails: kdephraim@yahoo.com and ivanprecy@gmail.com. James S. Cybulski and Manu Prakash, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, and Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, E-mails: cybulski@stanford.edu and manup@stanford.edu. Michael V. D'Ambrosio and Daniel A. Fletcher, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, E-mails: mdambrosio@berkeley.edu and fletch@berkeley.edu. Jennifer Keiser, Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, E-mail: jennifer.keiser@unibas.ch. Jason R. Andrews, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, E-mail: jandr@stanford.edu. Isaac I. Bogoch, Divisions of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, E-mail: isaac.bogoch@uhn.ca.

Copyright:
© The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2015
Received:
22 Nov 2014
|
Accepted:
21 Jan 2015
|
Published Online:
03 Jun 2015
Cover The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Print ISSN:
0002-9637
Online ISSN:
1476-1645
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