Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Grimaldi G Jr, Tesh RB, 1993. Leishmaniasis of the New World: current concepts and implications for future research. Clin Microbiol Rev 6: 230–250.
-
2.
Jirmanus L, Glesby MJ, Guimarães LH, Lago E, Rosa ME, Machado PR, Carvalho EM, 2012. Epidemiological and clinical changes in American tegumentary leishmaniasis in an area of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis transmission over a 20-year period. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86: 426–433.
-
3.
World Health Organization, 2012. Control of Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD). Available at: http://www.who.int/leishmaniasis/en/. Accessed December 9, 2014.
-
4.
Jones TC, Johnson WD Jr, Barretto AC, Lago E, Badaro R, Cerf B, Reed SG, Netto EM, Tada MS, Franca TF, Wiese K, Golightly L, Fikrig E, Costa JML, Cuba CC, Marsden PD, 1987. Epidemiology of American cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis. J Infect Dis 156: 73–83.
-
5.
Turetz ML, Machado PR, Ko AI, Alves F, Bittencourt A, Almeida RP, Mobashery N, Johnson WD Jr, Carvalho EM, 2002. Disseminated leishmaniasis: a new and emerging form of leishmaniasis observed in northeastern Brazil. J Infect Dis 186: 1829–1834.
-
6.
Follador I, Araújo C, Bacellar O, Araújo CB, Carvalho LP, Almeida RP, Carvalho EM, 2002. Epidemiologic and immunologic findings for the subclinical form of Leishmania braziliensis infection. Clin Infect Dis 34: e54–e58.
-
7.
Oliveira AG, Brito PD, Schubach AO, Oliveira RV, Saheki MN, Lyra MR, Salgueiro MM, Terceiro BF, Pimentel MI, Vasconcellos EC, Valete-Rosalino CM, 2013. Influence of the nutritional status in the clinical and therapeutical evolution in adults and elderly with American tegumentary leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 128: 36–40.
-
8.
Oliveira F, Bafica A, Rosato AB, Favali CB, Costa JM, Cafe V, Barral-Netto M, Barral A, 2012. Lesion size correlates with Leishmania antigen-stimulated TNF-levels in human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 70–73.
-
9.
Araujo-Melo M, Meneses AM, Schubach AO, Moreira JS, Conceição-Silva F, Salgueiro MM, Pimentel MI, Araújo-Silva M, Oliveira RV, Carmo CN, Valete-Rosalino CM, 2010. Risk factors associated with dizziness during treatment of mucosal leishmaniasis with meglumine antimoniate: 16-year retrospective study of cases from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J Laryngol Otol 124: 1056–1060.
-
10.
Diniz DS, Costa AS, Escalda PM, 2012. The effect of age on the frequency of adverse reactions caused by antimony in the treatment of American tegumentary leishmaniasis in Governador Valadares, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 45: 597–600.
-
11.
Machado-Coelho GL, Caiaffa WT, Genaro O, Magalhães PA, Mayrink W, 2005. Risk factors for mucosal manifestation of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99: 55–61.
-
12.
Weirather JL, Jeronimo SM, Gautam S, Sundar S, Kang M, Kurtz MA, Haque R, Schriefer A, Talhari S, Carvalho EM, Donelson JE, Wilson ME, 2011. Serial quantitative PCR assay for detection, species discrimination, and quantification of Leishmania spp. in human samples. J Clin Microbiol 49: 3892–3904.
-
13.
Reed SG, Badaró R, Masur H, Carvalho EM, Lorenco R, Lisboa A, Teixeira R, Johnson WD Jr, Jones TC, 1986. Selection of a skin test antigen for American visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35: 49–85.
-
14.
Miranda JC, Reis E, Schriefer A, Goncalves M, Reis MG, Carvalho L, Fernandes O, Barral-Netto M, Barral A, 2002. Frequency of infection of Lutzomyia phlebotomines with Leishmania braziliensis in a Brazilian endemic area as assessed by pinpoint capture and polymerase chain reaction. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 97: 185–188.
-
15.
Barral A, Guerreiro J, Bomfim G, Correia D, Barral-Netto M, Carvalho EM, 1995. Lymphadenopathy as the first sign of human cutaneous infection by Leishmania braziliensis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53: 256–259.
-
16.
Reed SG, Andrade ZA, Roters SB, Inverso JA, Sadigursky M, 1986. Leishmania mexicana amazonensis infections in ‘resistant’ inbred mice following removal of the draining lymph node. Clin Exp Immunol 64: 8–19.
-
17.
Ben Salah A, Louzir H, Chlif S, Mokni M, Zaatour A, Raouene M, Ismail RB, Dellagi K, 2005. The predictive validity of naturally acquired delayed-type hypersensitivity to leishmanin in resistance to Leishmania major-associated cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 192: 1981–1987.
-
18.
Cusi MG, Martorelli B, Di Genova G, Terrosi C, Campoccia G, Correale P, 2010. Age related changes in T cell mediated immune response and effector memory to Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in healthy subjects. Immun Ageing 7: 14.
-
19.
Gavazzi G, Krause KH, 2002. Ageing and infection. Lancet Infect Dis 2: 659–666.
-
20.
Schriefer A, Schriefer AL, Góes-Neto A, Guimarães LH, Carvalho LP, Almeida RP, Machado PR, Lessa HA, de Jesus AR, Riley LW, Carvalho EM, 2004. Multiclonal Leishmania braziliensis population structure and its clinical implication in a region of endemicity for American tegumentary leishmaniasis. Infect Immun 72: 508–514.
-
21.
Queiroz A, Sousa R, Heine C, Cardoso M, Guimarães LH, Machado PR, Carvalho EM, Riley LW, Wilson ME, Schriefer A, 2012. Association between an emerging disseminated form of leishmaniasis and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis strain polymorphisms. J Clin Microbiol 50: 4028–4034.
-
22.
Leopoldo PT, Machado PR, Almeida RP, Schriefer A, Giudice A, de Jesus AR, Ho JL, Guimarães LH, Bacellar O, Carvalho EM, 2006. Differential effects of antigens from L. braziliensis isolates from disseminated and cutaneous leishmaniasis on in vitro cytokine production. BMC Infect Dis 6: 75.
-
23.
Bacellar O, Lessa H, Schriefer A, Machado P, Ribeiro de Jesus A, Dutra WO, Gollob KJ, Carvalho EM, 2002. Up-regulation of Th1-type responses in mucosal leishmaniasis patients. Infect Immun 70: 6734–6740.
-
24.
Antonelli LR, Dutra WO, Almeida RP, Bacellar O, Carvalho EM, Gollob KJ, 2005. Activated inflammatory T cells correlate with lesion size in human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Immunol Lett 101: 226–230.
-
25.
Machado PR, Lessa H, Lessa M, Guimarães LH, Bang H, Ho JL, Carvalho EM, 2007. Oral pentoxifylline combined with pentavalent antimony: a randomized trial for mucosal leishmaniasis. Clin Infect Dis 44: 788–793.
-
26.
Rocha PN, Almeida RP, Bacellar O, de Jesus AR, Filho DC, Filho AC, Barral A, Coffman RL, Carvalho EM, 1999. Down-regulation of Th1 type of response in early human American cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 180: 1731–1734.
-
27.
de Assis Souza M, de Castro MC, de Oliveira AP, de Almeida AF, de Almeida TM, Reis LC, Medeiros ÂC, de Brito ME, Pereira VR, 2013. Cytokines and NO in American tegumentary leishmaniasis patients: profiles in active disease, after therapy and in self-healed individuals. Microb Pathog 57: 27–32.
-
28.
Salhi A, Rodrigues V Jr, Santoro F, Dessein H, Romano A, Castellano LR, Sertorio M, Rafati S, Chevillard C, Prata A, Alcaïs A, Argiro L, Dessein A, 2008. Immunological and genetic evidence for a crucial role of IL-10 in cutaneous lesions in humans infected with Leishmania braziliensis. J Immunol 180: 6139–6148.
-
29.
Vouldoukis I, Bécherel PA, Riveros-Moreno V, Arock M, da Silva O, Debré P, Mazier D, Mossalayi MD, 1997. Interleukin-10 and interleukin-4 inhibit intracellular killing of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania major by human macrophages by decreasing nitric oxide generation. Eur J Immunol 27: 860–865.
-
30.
Vieth M, Will A, Schröppel K, Röllinghoff M, Gessner A, 1994. Interleukin-10 inhibits antimicrobial activity against Leishmania major in murine macrophages. Scand J Immunol 40: 403–409.
-
31.
Scott P, 2003. Development and regulation of cell-mediated immunity in experimental leishmaniasis. Immunol Res 27: 489–498.
-
32.
Faria DR, Gollob KJ, Barbosa J Jr, Schriefer A, Machado PR, Lessa H, Carvalho LP, Romano-Silva MA, de Jesus AR, Carvalho EM, Dutra WO, 2005. Decreased in situ expression of interleukin-10 receptor is correlated with the exacerbated inflammatory and cytotoxic responses observed in mucosal leishmaniasis. Infect Immun 73: 7853–7859.
-
33.
Gomes-Silva A, de Cássia Bittar R, Dos Santos Nogueira R, Amato VS, da Silva Mattos M, Oliveira-Neto MP, Coutinho SG, Da-Cruz AM, 2007. Can interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 balance be associated with severity of human Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infection? Clin Exp Immunol 149: 440–444.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 45 | 45 | 20 |
| Full Text Views | 266 | 78 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 78 | 22 | 0 |
Age Modifies the Immunologic Response and Clinical Presentation of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis
Augusto M. Carvalho
Augusto M. Carvalho
Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), CNPq/MCT, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz FIOCRUZ-Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Camila F. Amorim
Camila F. Amorim
Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), CNPq/MCT, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz FIOCRUZ-Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Juliana L. S. Barbosa
Juliana L. S. Barbosa
Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), CNPq/MCT, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz FIOCRUZ-Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Alexsandro S. Lago
Alexsandro S. Lago
Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), CNPq/MCT, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz FIOCRUZ-Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Edgar M. Carvalho
Edgar M. Carvalho
Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), CNPq/MCT, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz FIOCRUZ-Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is the main causal agent of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) that may present as cutaneous, mucosal, or disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis. The disease is highly prevalent in young males and there is a lack of studies of ATL in the elderly. Herein, we compared clinical manifestations, immunologic response, and response to antimony therapy between patients > 60 years of age (N = 58) and patients who were 21–30 years of age (N = 187). The study was performed in Corte de Pedra, Bahia, Brazil, a well-known area of L. braziliensis transmission. Cytokine production by cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with soluble Leishmania antigen was performed. Elderly subjects more frequently had a previous history of cutaneous leishmaniasis, large lesions, or mucosal leishmaniasis, and they were less likely to have lymphadenopathy. There was no difference regarding gender and response to therapy. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from elderly subjects produced a similar amount of tumor necrosis factor than young patients but they produced less interferon-gamma and more interleukin-10 than young subjects. We concluded that elderly patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis should be searched for mucosal or disseminated leishmaniasis. The decreased interferon-gamma production and increase in interleukin-10 observed in elderly patients may contribute to parasite persistence and L. braziliensis infection dissemination.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH AI 30639).
Authors' addresses: Augusto M. Carvalho, Camila F. Amorim, Juliana L. S. Barbosa, and Alexsandro S. Lago, Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, E-mails: augustomarcelino1@hotmail.com, camilafarias112@gmail.com, julianalbarbosa@hotmail.com, and alex-lago@hotmail.com. Edgar M. Carvalho, Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), CNPq/MCT, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, E-mail: imuno@ufba.br.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Grimaldi G Jr, Tesh RB, 1993. Leishmaniasis of the New World: current concepts and implications for future research. Clin Microbiol Rev 6: 230–250.
-
2.
Jirmanus L, Glesby MJ, Guimarães LH, Lago E, Rosa ME, Machado PR, Carvalho EM, 2012. Epidemiological and clinical changes in American tegumentary leishmaniasis in an area of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis transmission over a 20-year period. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86: 426–433.
-
3.
World Health Organization, 2012. Control of Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD). Available at: http://www.who.int/leishmaniasis/en/. Accessed December 9, 2014.
-
4.
Jones TC, Johnson WD Jr, Barretto AC, Lago E, Badaro R, Cerf B, Reed SG, Netto EM, Tada MS, Franca TF, Wiese K, Golightly L, Fikrig E, Costa JML, Cuba CC, Marsden PD, 1987. Epidemiology of American cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis. J Infect Dis 156: 73–83.
-
5.
Turetz ML, Machado PR, Ko AI, Alves F, Bittencourt A, Almeida RP, Mobashery N, Johnson WD Jr, Carvalho EM, 2002. Disseminated leishmaniasis: a new and emerging form of leishmaniasis observed in northeastern Brazil. J Infect Dis 186: 1829–1834.
-
6.
Follador I, Araújo C, Bacellar O, Araújo CB, Carvalho LP, Almeida RP, Carvalho EM, 2002. Epidemiologic and immunologic findings for the subclinical form of Leishmania braziliensis infection. Clin Infect Dis 34: e54–e58.
-
7.
Oliveira AG, Brito PD, Schubach AO, Oliveira RV, Saheki MN, Lyra MR, Salgueiro MM, Terceiro BF, Pimentel MI, Vasconcellos EC, Valete-Rosalino CM, 2013. Influence of the nutritional status in the clinical and therapeutical evolution in adults and elderly with American tegumentary leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 128: 36–40.
-
8.
Oliveira F, Bafica A, Rosato AB, Favali CB, Costa JM, Cafe V, Barral-Netto M, Barral A, 2012. Lesion size correlates with Leishmania antigen-stimulated TNF-levels in human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 70–73.
-
9.
Araujo-Melo M, Meneses AM, Schubach AO, Moreira JS, Conceição-Silva F, Salgueiro MM, Pimentel MI, Araújo-Silva M, Oliveira RV, Carmo CN, Valete-Rosalino CM, 2010. Risk factors associated with dizziness during treatment of mucosal leishmaniasis with meglumine antimoniate: 16-year retrospective study of cases from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J Laryngol Otol 124: 1056–1060.
-
10.
Diniz DS, Costa AS, Escalda PM, 2012. The effect of age on the frequency of adverse reactions caused by antimony in the treatment of American tegumentary leishmaniasis in Governador Valadares, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 45: 597–600.
-
11.
Machado-Coelho GL, Caiaffa WT, Genaro O, Magalhães PA, Mayrink W, 2005. Risk factors for mucosal manifestation of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99: 55–61.
-
12.
Weirather JL, Jeronimo SM, Gautam S, Sundar S, Kang M, Kurtz MA, Haque R, Schriefer A, Talhari S, Carvalho EM, Donelson JE, Wilson ME, 2011. Serial quantitative PCR assay for detection, species discrimination, and quantification of Leishmania spp. in human samples. J Clin Microbiol 49: 3892–3904.
-
13.
Reed SG, Badaró R, Masur H, Carvalho EM, Lorenco R, Lisboa A, Teixeira R, Johnson WD Jr, Jones TC, 1986. Selection of a skin test antigen for American visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35: 49–85.
-
14.
Miranda JC, Reis E, Schriefer A, Goncalves M, Reis MG, Carvalho L, Fernandes O, Barral-Netto M, Barral A, 2002. Frequency of infection of Lutzomyia phlebotomines with Leishmania braziliensis in a Brazilian endemic area as assessed by pinpoint capture and polymerase chain reaction. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 97: 185–188.
-
15.
Barral A, Guerreiro J, Bomfim G, Correia D, Barral-Netto M, Carvalho EM, 1995. Lymphadenopathy as the first sign of human cutaneous infection by Leishmania braziliensis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53: 256–259.
-
16.
Reed SG, Andrade ZA, Roters SB, Inverso JA, Sadigursky M, 1986. Leishmania mexicana amazonensis infections in ‘resistant’ inbred mice following removal of the draining lymph node. Clin Exp Immunol 64: 8–19.
-
17.
Ben Salah A, Louzir H, Chlif S, Mokni M, Zaatour A, Raouene M, Ismail RB, Dellagi K, 2005. The predictive validity of naturally acquired delayed-type hypersensitivity to leishmanin in resistance to Leishmania major-associated cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 192: 1981–1987.
-
18.
Cusi MG, Martorelli B, Di Genova G, Terrosi C, Campoccia G, Correale P, 2010. Age related changes in T cell mediated immune response and effector memory to Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in healthy subjects. Immun Ageing 7: 14.
-
19.
Gavazzi G, Krause KH, 2002. Ageing and infection. Lancet Infect Dis 2: 659–666.
-
20.
Schriefer A, Schriefer AL, Góes-Neto A, Guimarães LH, Carvalho LP, Almeida RP, Machado PR, Lessa HA, de Jesus AR, Riley LW, Carvalho EM, 2004. Multiclonal Leishmania braziliensis population structure and its clinical implication in a region of endemicity for American tegumentary leishmaniasis. Infect Immun 72: 508–514.
-
21.
Queiroz A, Sousa R, Heine C, Cardoso M, Guimarães LH, Machado PR, Carvalho EM, Riley LW, Wilson ME, Schriefer A, 2012. Association between an emerging disseminated form of leishmaniasis and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis strain polymorphisms. J Clin Microbiol 50: 4028–4034.
-
22.
Leopoldo PT, Machado PR, Almeida RP, Schriefer A, Giudice A, de Jesus AR, Ho JL, Guimarães LH, Bacellar O, Carvalho EM, 2006. Differential effects of antigens from L. braziliensis isolates from disseminated and cutaneous leishmaniasis on in vitro cytokine production. BMC Infect Dis 6: 75.
-
23.
Bacellar O, Lessa H, Schriefer A, Machado P, Ribeiro de Jesus A, Dutra WO, Gollob KJ, Carvalho EM, 2002. Up-regulation of Th1-type responses in mucosal leishmaniasis patients. Infect Immun 70: 6734–6740.
-
24.
Antonelli LR, Dutra WO, Almeida RP, Bacellar O, Carvalho EM, Gollob KJ, 2005. Activated inflammatory T cells correlate with lesion size in human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Immunol Lett 101: 226–230.
-
25.
Machado PR, Lessa H, Lessa M, Guimarães LH, Bang H, Ho JL, Carvalho EM, 2007. Oral pentoxifylline combined with pentavalent antimony: a randomized trial for mucosal leishmaniasis. Clin Infect Dis 44: 788–793.
-
26.
Rocha PN, Almeida RP, Bacellar O, de Jesus AR, Filho DC, Filho AC, Barral A, Coffman RL, Carvalho EM, 1999. Down-regulation of Th1 type of response in early human American cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 180: 1731–1734.
-
27.
de Assis Souza M, de Castro MC, de Oliveira AP, de Almeida AF, de Almeida TM, Reis LC, Medeiros ÂC, de Brito ME, Pereira VR, 2013. Cytokines and NO in American tegumentary leishmaniasis patients: profiles in active disease, after therapy and in self-healed individuals. Microb Pathog 57: 27–32.
-
28.
Salhi A, Rodrigues V Jr, Santoro F, Dessein H, Romano A, Castellano LR, Sertorio M, Rafati S, Chevillard C, Prata A, Alcaïs A, Argiro L, Dessein A, 2008. Immunological and genetic evidence for a crucial role of IL-10 in cutaneous lesions in humans infected with Leishmania braziliensis. J Immunol 180: 6139–6148.
-
29.
Vouldoukis I, Bécherel PA, Riveros-Moreno V, Arock M, da Silva O, Debré P, Mazier D, Mossalayi MD, 1997. Interleukin-10 and interleukin-4 inhibit intracellular killing of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania major by human macrophages by decreasing nitric oxide generation. Eur J Immunol 27: 860–865.
-
30.
Vieth M, Will A, Schröppel K, Röllinghoff M, Gessner A, 1994. Interleukin-10 inhibits antimicrobial activity against Leishmania major in murine macrophages. Scand J Immunol 40: 403–409.
-
31.
Scott P, 2003. Development and regulation of cell-mediated immunity in experimental leishmaniasis. Immunol Res 27: 489–498.
-
32.
Faria DR, Gollob KJ, Barbosa J Jr, Schriefer A, Machado PR, Lessa H, Carvalho LP, Romano-Silva MA, de Jesus AR, Carvalho EM, Dutra WO, 2005. Decreased in situ expression of interleukin-10 receptor is correlated with the exacerbated inflammatory and cytotoxic responses observed in mucosal leishmaniasis. Infect Immun 73: 7853–7859.
-
33.
Gomes-Silva A, de Cássia Bittar R, Dos Santos Nogueira R, Amato VS, da Silva Mattos M, Oliveira-Neto MP, Coutinho SG, Da-Cruz AM, 2007. Can interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 balance be associated with severity of human Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infection? Clin Exp Immunol 149: 440–444.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 45 | 45 | 20 |
| Full Text Views | 266 | 78 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 78 | 22 | 0 |