Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
RTS,S Clinical Trials Partnership, 2012. A phase 3 trial of RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine in African infants. N Engl J Med 367: 2284–2295.
-
2.
Hay SI, Okiro EA, Gething PW, Patil AP, Tatem AJ, Guerra CA, Snow RW, 2010. Estimating the global clinical burden of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in 2007. PLoS Med 7: e100029.
-
3.
Murray JC, Rosenfeld LC, Lim SS, Andrews KG, Foreman KJ, Haring D, Fullman N, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Lopez AD, 2012. Global malaria mortality between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet; 379: 413–31.
-
4.
Trape JF, Tall A, Diagne N, Ndiath O, Ly AB, Faye J, Dieye-Ba F, Roucher C, Bouganali C, Badiane A, Sarr FD, Mazenot C, Touré-Baldé A, Raoult D, Druilhe P, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Rogier C, Sokhna C, 2011. Malaria morbidity and pyrethroid resistance after the introduction of insecticide-treated bed nets and artemisinin-based combination therapies: a longitudinal study. Lancet Infect Dis 11: 925–932.
-
5.
Thiam S, Thior M, Faye B, Ndiop M, Diouf ML, Diouf MB, Diallo I, Fall FB, Ndiaye JL, Albertini A, Lee E, Jorgensen P, Gaye O, Bell D, 2011. Major reduction in anti-malarial drug consumption in Senegal after nation-wide introduction of malaria rapid diagnostic tests. PLoS ONE 6: e18419.
-
6.
Bousema T, Drakeley C, 2011. Vivax gametocytes in relation to malaria Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium epidemiology and infectivity of control and elimination. Clin Microbiol Rev 24: 377.
-
7.
MacDonald G, 1957. The Epidemiology and Control of Malaria. London: Oxford University Press.
-
8.
Garrett-Jones C, Shidrawi GR, 1969. Malaria vectorial capacity of a population of Anopheles gambiae. Bull World Health Organ 40: 531–545.
-
9.
Gething PW, Patil AP, Smith DL, Guerra1 CA, Elyazar IR, Johnston GL, Tatem AJ, Hay SI, 2011. A new world malaria map: Plasmodium falciparum endemicity in 2010. Malaria Journal. doi:10.1186/1475-2875. Available at: http://www.malariajournal.com/content/10/1/378.
-
10.
Tusting LS, Bousema T, Smith DL, Drakeley C, 2014. Measuring changes in Plasmodium falciparum transmission: precision, accuracy and costs of metrics. Parasitol. 84: 151–208.
-
11.
Muirhead-Thomson R, 1957. The malaria infectivity of an African village population to mosquitoes (A. gambiae): a random xenodiagnostic survey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 6: 971–979.
-
12.
Graves PM, Burkot TR, Carter R, Cattani JA, Lagog M, Parker J, Brabin BJ, Gibson FD, Bradley DJ, Alpers MP, 1988. Measurement of malarial infectivity of human populations to mosquitoes in the Madang Area, Papua, New Guinea. Parasitology 96 (Pt 2): 251–263.
-
13.
Githeko AK, Brandling-Bennett AD, Beier MS, Atieli F, Owaga M, Collins FH, 1992. The reservoir of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in a holoendemic area of western Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86: 355–358.
-
14.
Boudin C, Bonnet S, Tchuinkam T, Gouagna LC, Gounoue R, Manga L, 1998. Levels of malaria transmission: methods and parameters. Med Trop (Mars) 58: 69–75 (French).
-
15.
Drakeley CJ, Akim NI, Sauerwein RW, Greenwood BM, Targett GA, 2000. Estimates of the infectious reservoir of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in The Gambia and in Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94: 472–476.
-
16.
Bousema T, Griffin JT, Sauerwein RW, Smith DL, Churcher TS, Takken W, Ghani A, Drakeley C, Gosling R, 2012. Hitting hotspots: spatial targeting of malaria for control and elimination. PLoS Med 9: e1001165.
-
17.
Boudin C, Olivier M, Molez JF, Chiron JP, Ambroise-Thomas P, 1993. High human malarial infectivity to laboratory-bred Anopheles gambiae in a village in Burkina Faso. Am J Trop Med Hyg 48: 700–706.
-
18.
Churcher TS, Bousema T, Walker M, Drakeley C, Schneider P, Lin Ouédraogo A, Basáñez M-G, 2013. Predicting Mosquito Infection from Plasmodium falciparum Gametocyte Density and Estimating the Reservoir of Infection. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00626.
-
19.
Robert V, Dieng H, Lochouarn L, Traoré SF, Trape J-F, Simondon F, Fontenille D, 1998. La transmission du paludisme dans la zone de Niakhar, Sénégal. Trop Med Int Health 3: 667–677.
-
20.
Bonnet S, Gouagna LC, Paul RE, Safeukui I, Meunier J-Y, Boudin C, 2003. Estimation of malaria transmission from humans to mosquitoes in two neighbouring villages in south Cameroon: evaluation and comparison of several indices. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 97: 53–59.
-
21.
Muirhead-Thomson RC, 1954. Factors determining the true reservoir of infection of Plasmodium falciparum and Wuchereria bancrofti in a West African village. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 48: 208–225.
-
22.
Bonnet S, Gouagna C, Safeukui I, Meunier J-Y, Boudin C, 2000. Comparison of artificial membrane feeding with direct skin feeding to estimate infectiousness of Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriers to mosquitoes. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94: 103–106.
-
23.
Diallo M, Touré AM, Traoré SF, Niaré O, Kassambara1 L, Konaré A, Coulibaly M, Bagayogo M, Beier JC, Sakai RK, Touré YT, Doumbo OK, 2008. Evaluation and optimization of membrane feeding compared to direct feeding as an assay for infectivity. Malar J 7: 248.
-
24.
Churcher TS, Blagborough AM, Delves M, Ramakrishnan C, Kapulu MC, Williams AR, Biswas S, Da DF, Cohuet A, Sinden RE, 2012. Measuring the blockade of malaria transmission: an analysis of the Standard Membrane Feeding Assay. Int J Parasitol 42: 1037–1044.
-
25.
Chardome, Janssen PJ, 1952. Inquiry on malarial incidence by the dermal method in the region of Lubilash, Belgian Congo. Annales de la Société belge de médecine tropicale 32: 209–211.
-
26.
Pichon G, Awono-ambene HP, Robert V, 2000. High heterogeneity in the number of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in the blood meal of mosquitoes fed on the same host. Parasitology 121: 115–120.
-
27.
Bousema T, Churcher TS, Morlais I, Dinglasan RR, 2013. Can field-based mosquito feeding assays be used for evaluating transmission-blocking interventions? Trends Parasitol 29: 53–59.
-
28.
Pethleart A, Prajakwong S, Suwonkerd W, Corthong B, Webber R, Curtis C, 2004. Infectious reservoir of Plasmodium infection in Mae Hong Son Province, north-west Thailand. Malar J 3: 34.
-
29.
Schneider P, Bousema JT, Gouagna LC, Otieno S, van de Vegte-Bolmer M, Omar SA, Sauerwein RW, 2007. Submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte densities frequently result in mosquito infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 470–474.
-
30.
Lin JT, Saunders DL, Meshnick SR, 2014. The role of submicroscopic parasitemia in malaria transmission: what is the evidence? Trends Parasitol 30: 183–190.
-
31.
Okell LC, Bousema T, Griffin JT, Ouedraogo AL, Ghani AC, Drakeley CJ, 2012. Factors determining the occurrence of submicroscopic malaria infections and their relevance for control. Nat Commun 3: 1237.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 24 | 24 | 3 |
| Full Text Views | 346 | 133 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 90 | 37 | 0 |
Infectiousness of the Human Population to Anopheles arabiensis by Direct Skin Feeding in an Area Hypoendemic for Malaria in Senegal
Abdoulaye Gaye
Abdoulaye Gaye
Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UMR 198, Campus UCAD – IRD, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Programme Nationale de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Dakar-Fann Sénégal; Institut Pasteur de Bangui, République Centrafricaine; Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Departement de Biologie Animale, Dakar – Sénégal; Medical Research Council Unit, Banjul; Atlantic Boulevard Fajara, Fajara, The Gambia
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Teun Bousema
Teun Bousema
Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UMR 198, Campus UCAD – IRD, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Programme Nationale de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Dakar-Fann Sénégal; Institut Pasteur de Bangui, République Centrafricaine; Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Departement de Biologie Animale, Dakar – Sénégal; Medical Research Council Unit, Banjul; Atlantic Boulevard Fajara, Fajara, The Gambia
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Gadiaga Libasse
Gadiaga Libasse
Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UMR 198, Campus UCAD – IRD, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Programme Nationale de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Dakar-Fann Sénégal; Institut Pasteur de Bangui, République Centrafricaine; Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Departement de Biologie Animale, Dakar – Sénégal; Medical Research Council Unit, Banjul; Atlantic Boulevard Fajara, Fajara, The Gambia
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Mamadou O. Ndiath
Mamadou O. Ndiath
Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UMR 198, Campus UCAD – IRD, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Programme Nationale de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Dakar-Fann Sénégal; Institut Pasteur de Bangui, République Centrafricaine; Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Departement de Biologie Animale, Dakar – Sénégal; Medical Research Council Unit, Banjul; Atlantic Boulevard Fajara, Fajara, The Gambia
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Lassana Konaté
Lassana Konaté
Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UMR 198, Campus UCAD – IRD, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Programme Nationale de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Dakar-Fann Sénégal; Institut Pasteur de Bangui, République Centrafricaine; Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Departement de Biologie Animale, Dakar – Sénégal; Medical Research Council Unit, Banjul; Atlantic Boulevard Fajara, Fajara, The Gambia
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Musa Jawara
Musa Jawara
Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UMR 198, Campus UCAD – IRD, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Programme Nationale de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Dakar-Fann Sénégal; Institut Pasteur de Bangui, République Centrafricaine; Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Departement de Biologie Animale, Dakar – Sénégal; Medical Research Council Unit, Banjul; Atlantic Boulevard Fajara, Fajara, The Gambia
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Ousmane Faye
Ousmane Faye
Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UMR 198, Campus UCAD – IRD, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Programme Nationale de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Dakar-Fann Sénégal; Institut Pasteur de Bangui, République Centrafricaine; Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Departement de Biologie Animale, Dakar – Sénégal; Medical Research Council Unit, Banjul; Atlantic Boulevard Fajara, Fajara, The Gambia
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Cheikh Sokhna
Cheikh Sokhna
Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UMR 198, Campus UCAD – IRD, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Programme Nationale de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Dakar-Fann Sénégal; Institut Pasteur de Bangui, République Centrafricaine; Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Departement de Biologie Animale, Dakar – Sénégal; Medical Research Council Unit, Banjul; Atlantic Boulevard Fajara, Fajara, The Gambia
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Direct skin feeding experiments are sensitive assays to determine human infectiousness to mosquitoes but are rarely used in malaria epidemiological surveys. We determined the infectiousness of inhabitants of a malaria hypoendemic area in Senegal. Gametocyte prevalence by microscopy was 13.5% (26 of 192). Of all individuals who were gametocyte positive, 44.4% (11 of 25) infected ≥ 1 Anopheles arabiensis mosquito and 10.8% (54 of 500) of mosquitoes became infected. Of all individuals who were gametocyte negative by microscopy, 4.3% (7 of 162) infected ≥ 1 mosquito and 0.4% (12 of 3240) of mosquitoes became infected. The 18.2% (12 of 66) of all mosquito infections was a result of submicroscopic gametocyte carriage and two individuals without asexual parasites or gametocytes by microscopy were infectious to mosquitoes. When infectivity and local demography was taken into account, children 5–14 years of age contributed 50.8% of the human infectious reservoir for malaria. Adults and submicroscopic gametocyte carriers may contribute considerably to onward malaria transmission in our setting.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by the Institute of Research for Development (IRD).
Authors' addresses: Abdoulaye Gaye and Musa Jawara, Medical Research Council Unit, Banjul, Fajara, The Gambia, E-mails: abgaye@mrc.gm/layegaye@gmail.com and jawaramusa@mrc.gm. Teun Bousema, Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK, E-mail: Teun.Bousema@lshtm.ac.uk. Gadiaga Libasse, Programme Nationale de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Dakar-Fann, Sénégal, E-mail: lgadius@gmail.com. Mamadou O. Ndiath, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, République Centrafricaine, E-mail: ousmane.ndiath@gmail.com. Lassana Konaté and Ousmane Faye, Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Departement de Biologie Animale, Dakar, Senegal, E-mails: konatela@yahoo.fr and jogomaye@yahoo.fr. Cheikh Sokhna, Unite de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UMR 198, Campus UCAD – IRD, Dakar, Senegal, E-mail: cheikh.sokhna@ird.fr.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
RTS,S Clinical Trials Partnership, 2012. A phase 3 trial of RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine in African infants. N Engl J Med 367: 2284–2295.
-
2.
Hay SI, Okiro EA, Gething PW, Patil AP, Tatem AJ, Guerra CA, Snow RW, 2010. Estimating the global clinical burden of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in 2007. PLoS Med 7: e100029.
-
3.
Murray JC, Rosenfeld LC, Lim SS, Andrews KG, Foreman KJ, Haring D, Fullman N, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Lopez AD, 2012. Global malaria mortality between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet; 379: 413–31.
-
4.
Trape JF, Tall A, Diagne N, Ndiath O, Ly AB, Faye J, Dieye-Ba F, Roucher C, Bouganali C, Badiane A, Sarr FD, Mazenot C, Touré-Baldé A, Raoult D, Druilhe P, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Rogier C, Sokhna C, 2011. Malaria morbidity and pyrethroid resistance after the introduction of insecticide-treated bed nets and artemisinin-based combination therapies: a longitudinal study. Lancet Infect Dis 11: 925–932.
-
5.
Thiam S, Thior M, Faye B, Ndiop M, Diouf ML, Diouf MB, Diallo I, Fall FB, Ndiaye JL, Albertini A, Lee E, Jorgensen P, Gaye O, Bell D, 2011. Major reduction in anti-malarial drug consumption in Senegal after nation-wide introduction of malaria rapid diagnostic tests. PLoS ONE 6: e18419.
-
6.
Bousema T, Drakeley C, 2011. Vivax gametocytes in relation to malaria Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium epidemiology and infectivity of control and elimination. Clin Microbiol Rev 24: 377.
-
7.
MacDonald G, 1957. The Epidemiology and Control of Malaria. London: Oxford University Press.
-
8.
Garrett-Jones C, Shidrawi GR, 1969. Malaria vectorial capacity of a population of Anopheles gambiae. Bull World Health Organ 40: 531–545.
-
9.
Gething PW, Patil AP, Smith DL, Guerra1 CA, Elyazar IR, Johnston GL, Tatem AJ, Hay SI, 2011. A new world malaria map: Plasmodium falciparum endemicity in 2010. Malaria Journal. doi:10.1186/1475-2875. Available at: http://www.malariajournal.com/content/10/1/378.
-
10.
Tusting LS, Bousema T, Smith DL, Drakeley C, 2014. Measuring changes in Plasmodium falciparum transmission: precision, accuracy and costs of metrics. Parasitol. 84: 151–208.
-
11.
Muirhead-Thomson R, 1957. The malaria infectivity of an African village population to mosquitoes (A. gambiae): a random xenodiagnostic survey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 6: 971–979.
-
12.
Graves PM, Burkot TR, Carter R, Cattani JA, Lagog M, Parker J, Brabin BJ, Gibson FD, Bradley DJ, Alpers MP, 1988. Measurement of malarial infectivity of human populations to mosquitoes in the Madang Area, Papua, New Guinea. Parasitology 96 (Pt 2): 251–263.
-
13.
Githeko AK, Brandling-Bennett AD, Beier MS, Atieli F, Owaga M, Collins FH, 1992. The reservoir of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in a holoendemic area of western Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86: 355–358.
-
14.
Boudin C, Bonnet S, Tchuinkam T, Gouagna LC, Gounoue R, Manga L, 1998. Levels of malaria transmission: methods and parameters. Med Trop (Mars) 58: 69–75 (French).
-
15.
Drakeley CJ, Akim NI, Sauerwein RW, Greenwood BM, Targett GA, 2000. Estimates of the infectious reservoir of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in The Gambia and in Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94: 472–476.
-
16.
Bousema T, Griffin JT, Sauerwein RW, Smith DL, Churcher TS, Takken W, Ghani A, Drakeley C, Gosling R, 2012. Hitting hotspots: spatial targeting of malaria for control and elimination. PLoS Med 9: e1001165.
-
17.
Boudin C, Olivier M, Molez JF, Chiron JP, Ambroise-Thomas P, 1993. High human malarial infectivity to laboratory-bred Anopheles gambiae in a village in Burkina Faso. Am J Trop Med Hyg 48: 700–706.
-
18.
Churcher TS, Bousema T, Walker M, Drakeley C, Schneider P, Lin Ouédraogo A, Basáñez M-G, 2013. Predicting Mosquito Infection from Plasmodium falciparum Gametocyte Density and Estimating the Reservoir of Infection. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00626.
-
19.
Robert V, Dieng H, Lochouarn L, Traoré SF, Trape J-F, Simondon F, Fontenille D, 1998. La transmission du paludisme dans la zone de Niakhar, Sénégal. Trop Med Int Health 3: 667–677.
-
20.
Bonnet S, Gouagna LC, Paul RE, Safeukui I, Meunier J-Y, Boudin C, 2003. Estimation of malaria transmission from humans to mosquitoes in two neighbouring villages in south Cameroon: evaluation and comparison of several indices. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 97: 53–59.
-
21.
Muirhead-Thomson RC, 1954. Factors determining the true reservoir of infection of Plasmodium falciparum and Wuchereria bancrofti in a West African village. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 48: 208–225.
-
22.
Bonnet S, Gouagna C, Safeukui I, Meunier J-Y, Boudin C, 2000. Comparison of artificial membrane feeding with direct skin feeding to estimate infectiousness of Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriers to mosquitoes. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94: 103–106.
-
23.
Diallo M, Touré AM, Traoré SF, Niaré O, Kassambara1 L, Konaré A, Coulibaly M, Bagayogo M, Beier JC, Sakai RK, Touré YT, Doumbo OK, 2008. Evaluation and optimization of membrane feeding compared to direct feeding as an assay for infectivity. Malar J 7: 248.
-
24.
Churcher TS, Blagborough AM, Delves M, Ramakrishnan C, Kapulu MC, Williams AR, Biswas S, Da DF, Cohuet A, Sinden RE, 2012. Measuring the blockade of malaria transmission: an analysis of the Standard Membrane Feeding Assay. Int J Parasitol 42: 1037–1044.
-
25.
Chardome, Janssen PJ, 1952. Inquiry on malarial incidence by the dermal method in the region of Lubilash, Belgian Congo. Annales de la Société belge de médecine tropicale 32: 209–211.
-
26.
Pichon G, Awono-ambene HP, Robert V, 2000. High heterogeneity in the number of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in the blood meal of mosquitoes fed on the same host. Parasitology 121: 115–120.
-
27.
Bousema T, Churcher TS, Morlais I, Dinglasan RR, 2013. Can field-based mosquito feeding assays be used for evaluating transmission-blocking interventions? Trends Parasitol 29: 53–59.
-
28.
Pethleart A, Prajakwong S, Suwonkerd W, Corthong B, Webber R, Curtis C, 2004. Infectious reservoir of Plasmodium infection in Mae Hong Son Province, north-west Thailand. Malar J 3: 34.
-
29.
Schneider P, Bousema JT, Gouagna LC, Otieno S, van de Vegte-Bolmer M, Omar SA, Sauerwein RW, 2007. Submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte densities frequently result in mosquito infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 470–474.
-
30.
Lin JT, Saunders DL, Meshnick SR, 2014. The role of submicroscopic parasitemia in malaria transmission: what is the evidence? Trends Parasitol 30: 183–190.
-
31.
Okell LC, Bousema T, Griffin JT, Ouedraogo AL, Ghani AC, Drakeley CJ, 2012. Factors determining the occurrence of submicroscopic malaria infections and their relevance for control. Nat Commun 3: 1237.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 24 | 24 | 3 |
| Full Text Views | 346 | 133 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 90 | 37 | 0 |