Author:
ProCite
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Reference Manager
BibTeX
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EndNote
-
1.
Gillespie JJ, Williams K, Shukla M, Snyder EE, Nordberg EK, Ceraul SM, Dharmanolla C, Rainey D, Soneja J, Shallom JM, Vishnubhat ND, Wattam R, Purkayastha A, Czar M, Crasta O, Setubal JC, Azad AF, Sobral BS, 2008. Rickettsia phylogenomics: unwinding the intricacies of obligate intracellular life. PLoS ONE 3: e2018.
-
2.
Civen R, Ngo V, 2008. Murine typhus: an unrecognized suburban vectorborne disease. Clin Infect Dis 46: 913–918.
-
3.
Ong AK, Tambyah PA, Ooi S, Kumarasinghe G, Chow C, 2001. Endemic typhus in Singapore: a re-emerging infectious disease? Singapore Med J 42: 549–552.
-
4.
Chen MI, Chua JK, Lee CC, Leo YS, Kumarasinghe G, 2001. Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory characteristics of 19 serologically confirmed rickettsial disease in Singapore. Singapore Med J 42: 553–558.
-
5.
Loh KC, Leo YS, Heng MK, Goh BC, 1996. Murine typhus: a forgotten cause of febrile illness in Singapore. Singapore Med J 37: 39–43.
-
6.
Dumler JS, Taylor JP, Walker DH, 1991. Clinical and laboratory features of murine typhus in south Texas, 1980 through 1987. JAMA 266: 1365–1370.
-
7.
Carter CN, Ronald NC, Steele JH, Young E, Taylor JP, Russell LH Jr, Eugster AK, West JE, 1997. Knowledge-based patient screening for rare and emerging infectious/parasitic diseases: a case study of brucellosis and murine typhus. Emerg Infect Dis 3: 73–76.
-
8.
Austin SM, Smith SM, Co B, Coppel IG, Johnson JE, 1987. Serologic evidence of acute murine typhus infection in a patient with culture-negative endocarditis. Am J Med Sci 293: 320–323.
-
9.
Buchs AE, Zimlichman R, Sikuler E, Goldfarb B, 1992. Murine typhus endocarditis. South Med J 85: 751–753.
-
10.
Fergie J, Purcell K, 2004. Spontaneous splenic rupture in a child with murine typhus. Pediatr Infect Dis J 23: 1171–1172.
-
11.
McKelvey SD, Braidly PC, Stansby GP, Weir WR, 1991. Spontaneous splenic rupture associated with murine typhus. J Infect 22: 296–297.
-
12.
Raoult D, 2004. Rickettsioses, Ehrlichiosis, and Q Fever. Scheld WM, Whitley RJ, Marra CM, eds. Infections of the Central Nervous System. Third edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 423–439.
-
13.
Stuart B, Pullen R, 1945. Endemic (murine) typhus fever: clinical observations of 180 cases. Ann Intern Med 23: 520–536.
-
14.
Harrell GT, 1953. Rickettsial involvement of the nervous system. Med Clin North Am 37: 395–422.
-
15.
Bleck TP, 1999. Central nervous system involvement in rickettsial diseases. Neurol Clin 17: 801–812.
-
16.
Masalha R, Merkin-Zaborsky H, Matar M, Zirkin HJ, Wirguin I, Herishanu YO, 1998. Murine typhus presenting as subacute meningoencephalitis. J Neurol 245: 665–668.
-
17.
Vallejo-Maroto I, Garcia-Morillo S, Wittel MB, Stiefel P, Miranda M, Pamies E, Aparicio R, Carneado J, 2002. Aseptic meningitis as a delayed neurologic complication of murine typhus. Clin Microbiol Infect 8: 826–827.
-
18.
Manor E, Politi F, Marmor A, Cohn DF, 1977. Papilledema in endemic typhus. Am J Ophthalmol 84: 559–562.
-
19.
Vander T, Medvedovsky M, Valdman S, Herishanu Y, 2003. Facial paralysis and meningitis caused by Rickettsia typhi infection. Scand J Infect Dis 35: 886–887.
-
20.
Kato CY, Chung IH, Robinson LK, Austin AL, Dasch GA, Massung RF, 2013. Assessment of real-time PCR assay for detection of Rickettsia spp. and Rickettsia rickettsii in banked clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol 51: 314–317.
-
21.
Brodsky MC, Vaphiades M, 1998. Magnetic resonance imaging in pseudotumor cerebri. Ophthalmology 105: 1686–1693.
-
22.
Larner AJ, 2003. False localizing signs. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74: 415–418.
-
23.
Murthy JM, 2005. Management of intracranial pressure in tuberculous meningitis. Neurocrit Care 2: 306–312.
-
24.
Graybill JR, Sobel J, Saag M, van Der Horst C, Powderly W, Cloud G, Riser L, Hamill R, Dismukes W, 2000. Diagnosis and management of increased intracranial pressure in patients with AIDS and cryptococcal meningitis. The NIAID Mycoses Study Group and AIDS Cooperative Treatment Groups. Clin Infect Dis 30: 47–54.
-
25.
Lindvall P, Ahlm C, Ericsson M, Gothefors L, Naredi S, Koskinen LO, 2004. Reducing intracranial pressure may increase survival among patients with bacterial meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 38: 384–390.
-
26.
Wenzel RP, Hayden FG, Groschel DH, Salata RA, Young WS, Greenlee JE, Newman S, Miller PJ, Hechemy KE, Burgdorfer W, Peacock M, Rubinstein LJ, 1986. Acute febrile cerebrovasculitis: a syndrome of unknown, perhaps rickettsial, cause. Ann Intern Med 104: 606–615.
-
27.
Simon NG, Cremer PD, Graves SR, 2011. Murine typhus returns to New South Wales: a case of isolated meningoencephalitis with raised intracranial pressure. Med J Aust 194: 652–654.
-
28.
Hsu CH, Hsieh LP, 2014. Murine typhus with presentation of unilateral abducens nerve palsy: a case report. Journal of Internal Medicine of Taiwan 25: 36–40.
-
29.
Lee YH, Yun YJ, Jeong SH, 2010. Isolated abducens nerve palsy in a patient with scrub typhus. J AAPOS 14: 460–461.
-
30.
Rajadhyaksha A, Phatak S, Nolkha N, Pathan Y, Sonawale A, 2013. Rickettsial fever presenting with isolated third nerve palsy. J Assoc Physicians India 61: 144–145.
-
31.
Donegan EA, 1946. Ocular findings in tropical typhus (Tsutsugamushi or Japanese river fever). Br J Ophthalmol 30: 11–19.
-
32.
Doherty MJ, Jayadev S, Watson NF, Konchada RS, Hallam DK, 2005. Clinical implications of splenium magnetic resonance imaging signal changes. Arch Neurol 62: 433–437.
-
33.
Masot L, Sola G, Alcantara J, Friedemann S, Gutierrez S, 2013. Lesions of the Corpus Callosum: MRI Findings and Differential Diagnosis. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1594/ecr2013/C-0194. Accessed July 28, 2014.
-
34.
Mathew T, Badachi S, Sarma GR, Nadig R, 2014. “Boomerang sign” in rickettsial encephalitis. Neurol India 62: 336–338.
-
35.
Aliaga L, Sanchez-Blazquez P, Rodriguez-Granger J, Sampedro A, Orozco M, Pastor J, 2009. Mediterranean spotted fever with encephalitis. J Med Microbiol 58: 521–525.
-
36.
Allen AC, Spitz S, 1945. A comparative study of the pathology of scrub typhus (Tsutsugamushi disease) and other rickettsial diseases. Am J Pathol 21: 603–681.
-
37.
Silpapojakul K, Ukkachoke C, Krisanapan S, Silpapojakul K, 1991. Rickettsial meningitis and encephalitis. Arch Intern Med 151: 1753–1757.
-
38.
Ozdemir D, Sencan I, Yildirim M, Guclu E, Yavuz T, Karabay O, 2008. Andiscriminated aseptic meningitis case between Rickettsia and leptospiral meningitis. European Journal of General Medicine 5: 51–53.
-
39.
Chacko F, Modi M, Lal V, Prabhakar S, Rana S, Arora S, 2010. Diagnostic efficacy of adenosine deaminase levels in cerebrospinal fluid in patients with tubercular meningitis: a comparison with PCR for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Ann Neurosci 17: 126–130.
-
40.
Tuon FF, Higashino HR, Lopes MI, Litvoc MN, Atomiya AN, Antonangelo L, Leite OM, 2010. Adenosine deaminase and tuberculous meningitis: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Scand J Infect Dis 42: 198–207.
-
41.
Massung RF, Davis LE, Slater K, McKechnie DB, Puerzer M, 2001. Epidemic typhus meningitis in the southwestern United States. Clin Infect Dis 32: 979–982.
-
42.
Pai H, Sohn S, Seong Y, Kee S, Chang WH, Choe KW, 1997. Central nervous system involvement in patients with scrub typhus. Clin Infect Dis 24: 436–440.
-
43.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013. Rickettsial (Spotted & Typhus Fevers) & Related Infections (Anaplasmosis & Ehrlichiosis). Available at: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/rickettsial-spotted-and-typhus-fevers-and-related-infections-anaplasmosis-and-ehrlichiosis. Accessed July 2, 2014.
-
44.
World Health Organization, 2001. WHO Model Prescribing Information–Drugs Used in Bacterial Infections. Available at: http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/s5406e/s5406e.pdf. Accessed July 3, 2014.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 35 | 36 | 8 |
| Full Text Views | 320 | 98 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 110 | 25 | 0 |
Abducens Nerve Palsy and Meningitis by Rickettsia typhi
Wai Lun Moy
Wai Lun Moy
Department of General Medicine, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore
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Say Tat Ooi
Say Tat Ooi
Department of General Medicine, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore
Search for other papers by Say Tat Ooi in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Say Tat Ooi in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Patients with rickettsial infection may present with encephalitis or meningitis but neurologic involvement is rare in murine typhus. Here, we report two patients with Rickettsia typhi meningitis who presented with cranial neuropathy, presumably caused by two distinct disease processes. Recognition of the disease manifestations is important because rickettsial infections are potentially associated with significant morbidity. Simple effective treatments are available.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Wai Lun Moy and Say Tat Ooi, Department of General Medicine, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore, E-mails: wailun.moy@mohh.com.sg and ooi.say.tat@alexandrahealth.com.sg.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Gillespie JJ, Williams K, Shukla M, Snyder EE, Nordberg EK, Ceraul SM, Dharmanolla C, Rainey D, Soneja J, Shallom JM, Vishnubhat ND, Wattam R, Purkayastha A, Czar M, Crasta O, Setubal JC, Azad AF, Sobral BS, 2008. Rickettsia phylogenomics: unwinding the intricacies of obligate intracellular life. PLoS ONE 3: e2018.
-
2.
Civen R, Ngo V, 2008. Murine typhus: an unrecognized suburban vectorborne disease. Clin Infect Dis 46: 913–918.
-
3.
Ong AK, Tambyah PA, Ooi S, Kumarasinghe G, Chow C, 2001. Endemic typhus in Singapore: a re-emerging infectious disease? Singapore Med J 42: 549–552.
-
4.
Chen MI, Chua JK, Lee CC, Leo YS, Kumarasinghe G, 2001. Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory characteristics of 19 serologically confirmed rickettsial disease in Singapore. Singapore Med J 42: 553–558.
-
5.
Loh KC, Leo YS, Heng MK, Goh BC, 1996. Murine typhus: a forgotten cause of febrile illness in Singapore. Singapore Med J 37: 39–43.
-
6.
Dumler JS, Taylor JP, Walker DH, 1991. Clinical and laboratory features of murine typhus in south Texas, 1980 through 1987. JAMA 266: 1365–1370.
-
7.
Carter CN, Ronald NC, Steele JH, Young E, Taylor JP, Russell LH Jr, Eugster AK, West JE, 1997. Knowledge-based patient screening for rare and emerging infectious/parasitic diseases: a case study of brucellosis and murine typhus. Emerg Infect Dis 3: 73–76.
-
8.
Austin SM, Smith SM, Co B, Coppel IG, Johnson JE, 1987. Serologic evidence of acute murine typhus infection in a patient with culture-negative endocarditis. Am J Med Sci 293: 320–323.
-
9.
Buchs AE, Zimlichman R, Sikuler E, Goldfarb B, 1992. Murine typhus endocarditis. South Med J 85: 751–753.
-
10.
Fergie J, Purcell K, 2004. Spontaneous splenic rupture in a child with murine typhus. Pediatr Infect Dis J 23: 1171–1172.
-
11.
McKelvey SD, Braidly PC, Stansby GP, Weir WR, 1991. Spontaneous splenic rupture associated with murine typhus. J Infect 22: 296–297.
-
12.
Raoult D, 2004. Rickettsioses, Ehrlichiosis, and Q Fever. Scheld WM, Whitley RJ, Marra CM, eds. Infections of the Central Nervous System. Third edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 423–439.
-
13.
Stuart B, Pullen R, 1945. Endemic (murine) typhus fever: clinical observations of 180 cases. Ann Intern Med 23: 520–536.
-
14.
Harrell GT, 1953. Rickettsial involvement of the nervous system. Med Clin North Am 37: 395–422.
-
15.
Bleck TP, 1999. Central nervous system involvement in rickettsial diseases. Neurol Clin 17: 801–812.
-
16.
Masalha R, Merkin-Zaborsky H, Matar M, Zirkin HJ, Wirguin I, Herishanu YO, 1998. Murine typhus presenting as subacute meningoencephalitis. J Neurol 245: 665–668.
-
17.
Vallejo-Maroto I, Garcia-Morillo S, Wittel MB, Stiefel P, Miranda M, Pamies E, Aparicio R, Carneado J, 2002. Aseptic meningitis as a delayed neurologic complication of murine typhus. Clin Microbiol Infect 8: 826–827.
-
18.
Manor E, Politi F, Marmor A, Cohn DF, 1977. Papilledema in endemic typhus. Am J Ophthalmol 84: 559–562.
-
19.
Vander T, Medvedovsky M, Valdman S, Herishanu Y, 2003. Facial paralysis and meningitis caused by Rickettsia typhi infection. Scand J Infect Dis 35: 886–887.
-
20.
Kato CY, Chung IH, Robinson LK, Austin AL, Dasch GA, Massung RF, 2013. Assessment of real-time PCR assay for detection of Rickettsia spp. and Rickettsia rickettsii in banked clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol 51: 314–317.
-
21.
Brodsky MC, Vaphiades M, 1998. Magnetic resonance imaging in pseudotumor cerebri. Ophthalmology 105: 1686–1693.
-
22.
Larner AJ, 2003. False localizing signs. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74: 415–418.
-
23.
Murthy JM, 2005. Management of intracranial pressure in tuberculous meningitis. Neurocrit Care 2: 306–312.
-
24.
Graybill JR, Sobel J, Saag M, van Der Horst C, Powderly W, Cloud G, Riser L, Hamill R, Dismukes W, 2000. Diagnosis and management of increased intracranial pressure in patients with AIDS and cryptococcal meningitis. The NIAID Mycoses Study Group and AIDS Cooperative Treatment Groups. Clin Infect Dis 30: 47–54.
-
25.
Lindvall P, Ahlm C, Ericsson M, Gothefors L, Naredi S, Koskinen LO, 2004. Reducing intracranial pressure may increase survival among patients with bacterial meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 38: 384–390.
-
26.
Wenzel RP, Hayden FG, Groschel DH, Salata RA, Young WS, Greenlee JE, Newman S, Miller PJ, Hechemy KE, Burgdorfer W, Peacock M, Rubinstein LJ, 1986. Acute febrile cerebrovasculitis: a syndrome of unknown, perhaps rickettsial, cause. Ann Intern Med 104: 606–615.
-
27.
Simon NG, Cremer PD, Graves SR, 2011. Murine typhus returns to New South Wales: a case of isolated meningoencephalitis with raised intracranial pressure. Med J Aust 194: 652–654.
-
28.
Hsu CH, Hsieh LP, 2014. Murine typhus with presentation of unilateral abducens nerve palsy: a case report. Journal of Internal Medicine of Taiwan 25: 36–40.
-
29.
Lee YH, Yun YJ, Jeong SH, 2010. Isolated abducens nerve palsy in a patient with scrub typhus. J AAPOS 14: 460–461.
-
30.
Rajadhyaksha A, Phatak S, Nolkha N, Pathan Y, Sonawale A, 2013. Rickettsial fever presenting with isolated third nerve palsy. J Assoc Physicians India 61: 144–145.
-
31.
Donegan EA, 1946. Ocular findings in tropical typhus (Tsutsugamushi or Japanese river fever). Br J Ophthalmol 30: 11–19.
-
32.
Doherty MJ, Jayadev S, Watson NF, Konchada RS, Hallam DK, 2005. Clinical implications of splenium magnetic resonance imaging signal changes. Arch Neurol 62: 433–437.
-
33.
Masot L, Sola G, Alcantara J, Friedemann S, Gutierrez S, 2013. Lesions of the Corpus Callosum: MRI Findings and Differential Diagnosis. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1594/ecr2013/C-0194. Accessed July 28, 2014.
-
34.
Mathew T, Badachi S, Sarma GR, Nadig R, 2014. “Boomerang sign” in rickettsial encephalitis. Neurol India 62: 336–338.
-
35.
Aliaga L, Sanchez-Blazquez P, Rodriguez-Granger J, Sampedro A, Orozco M, Pastor J, 2009. Mediterranean spotted fever with encephalitis. J Med Microbiol 58: 521–525.
-
36.
Allen AC, Spitz S, 1945. A comparative study of the pathology of scrub typhus (Tsutsugamushi disease) and other rickettsial diseases. Am J Pathol 21: 603–681.
-
37.
Silpapojakul K, Ukkachoke C, Krisanapan S, Silpapojakul K, 1991. Rickettsial meningitis and encephalitis. Arch Intern Med 151: 1753–1757.
-
38.
Ozdemir D, Sencan I, Yildirim M, Guclu E, Yavuz T, Karabay O, 2008. Andiscriminated aseptic meningitis case between Rickettsia and leptospiral meningitis. European Journal of General Medicine 5: 51–53.
-
39.
Chacko F, Modi M, Lal V, Prabhakar S, Rana S, Arora S, 2010. Diagnostic efficacy of adenosine deaminase levels in cerebrospinal fluid in patients with tubercular meningitis: a comparison with PCR for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Ann Neurosci 17: 126–130.
-
40.
Tuon FF, Higashino HR, Lopes MI, Litvoc MN, Atomiya AN, Antonangelo L, Leite OM, 2010. Adenosine deaminase and tuberculous meningitis: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Scand J Infect Dis 42: 198–207.
-
41.
Massung RF, Davis LE, Slater K, McKechnie DB, Puerzer M, 2001. Epidemic typhus meningitis in the southwestern United States. Clin Infect Dis 32: 979–982.
-
42.
Pai H, Sohn S, Seong Y, Kee S, Chang WH, Choe KW, 1997. Central nervous system involvement in patients with scrub typhus. Clin Infect Dis 24: 436–440.
-
43.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013. Rickettsial (Spotted & Typhus Fevers) & Related Infections (Anaplasmosis & Ehrlichiosis). Available at: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/rickettsial-spotted-and-typhus-fevers-and-related-infections-anaplasmosis-and-ehrlichiosis. Accessed July 2, 2014.
-
44.
World Health Organization, 2001. WHO Model Prescribing Information–Drugs Used in Bacterial Infections. Available at: http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/s5406e/s5406e.pdf. Accessed July 3, 2014.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 35 | 36 | 8 |
| Full Text Views | 320 | 98 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 110 | 25 | 0 |