Endothelial Glycocalyx Damage is Associated with Leptospirosis Acute Kidney Injury

Alexandre Braga Libório Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil; Medical Sciences Post-Graduate Program, Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil; Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM 12) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil; Departamento de Saúde Comunitária, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil

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Marcelo Boecker Munoz Braz Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil; Medical Sciences Post-Graduate Program, Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil; Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM 12) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil; Departamento de Saúde Comunitária, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil

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Antonio Carlos Seguro Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil; Medical Sciences Post-Graduate Program, Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil; Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM 12) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil; Departamento de Saúde Comunitária, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil

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Gdayllon C. Meneses Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil; Medical Sciences Post-Graduate Program, Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil; Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM 12) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil; Departamento de Saúde Comunitária, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil

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Fernanda Macedo de Oliveira Neves Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil; Medical Sciences Post-Graduate Program, Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil; Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM 12) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil; Departamento de Saúde Comunitária, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil

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Danielle Carvalho Pedrosa Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil; Medical Sciences Post-Graduate Program, Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil; Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM 12) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil; Departamento de Saúde Comunitária, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil

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Luciano Pamplona de Góes Cavalcanti Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil; Medical Sciences Post-Graduate Program, Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil; Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM 12) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil; Departamento de Saúde Comunitária, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil

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Alice Maria Costa Martins Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil; Medical Sciences Post-Graduate Program, Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil; Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM 12) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil; Departamento de Saúde Comunitária, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil

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Elizabeth de Francesco Daher Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil; Medical Sciences Post-Graduate Program, Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil; Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM 12) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil; Departamento de Saúde Comunitária, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil

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Leptospirosis is a common disease in tropical countries, and the kidney is one of the main target organs. Membrane proteins of Leptospira are capable of causing endothelial damage in vitro, but there have been no studies in humans evaluating endothelial glycocalyx damage and its correlation with acute kidney injury (AKI). We performed a cohort study in an outbreak of leptospirosis among military personnel. AKI was diagnosed in 14 of 46 (30.4%) patients. Leptospirosis was associated with higher levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1; 483.1 ± 31.7 versus 234.9 ± 24.4 mg/L, P < 0.001) and syndecan-1 (73.7 ± 15.9 versus 21.2 ± 7.9 ng/mL, P < 0.001) compared with exposed controls. Patients with leptospirosis-associated AKI had increased level of syndecan-1 (112.1 ± 45.4 versus 41.5 ± 11.7 ng/mL, P = 0.021) and ICAM-1 (576.9 ± 70.4 versus 434.9 ± 35.3, P = 0.034) compared with leptospirosis patients with no AKI. Association was verified between syndecan-1 and ICAM-1 with serum creatinine elevation and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels. This association remained even after multivariate analysis including other AKI-associated characteristics. Endothelial injury biomarkers are associated with leptospirosis-associated renal damage.

Author Notes

* Address correspondence to Alexandre Braga Libório, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Avenue Abolição 4043, Ap 1203, Fortaleza 60165083, Ceará, Brazil. E-mail: alexandreliborio@yahoo.com.br
† These authors contributed equally.

Financial support: A.B.L., A.M.C.M. and E.d.F.D. are recipients of a grant from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq).

Authors' addresses: Alexandre Braga Libório and Elizabeth de Francesco Daher, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil, E-mails: alexandreliborio@yahoo.com.br and ef.daher@uol.com.br. Marcelo Boecker Munoz Braz, Fernanda Macedo de Oliveira Neves, and Danielle Carvalho Pedrosa, Medical Sciences Post-Graduate Program, Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil, E-mails: boecker@oi.com.br, fepinhal@ig.com.br, and dannycpmed@hotmail.com. Antonio Carlos Seguro, Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM 12) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, E-mail: trulu@usp.br. Gdayllon C. Meneses and Alice Maria Costa Martins, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil, E-mails: gdayllon@yahoo.com.br and martinsalice@gmail.com. Luciano Pamplona de Góes Cavalcanti, Departamento de Saúde Comunitária, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil, E-mail: pamplona.luciano@gmail.com.

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