Cerqueira GM, Picardeau M, 2009. A century of Leptospira strain typing. Infect Genet Evol 9: 760–768.
Pappas G, Papadimitriou P, Siozopoulou V, Christou L, Akritidis N, 2008. The globalization of leptospirosis: worldwide incidence trends. Int J Infect Dis 12: 351–357.
Ko AI, Goarant C, Picardeau M, 2009. Leptospira: the dawn of the molecular genetics era for an emerging zoonotic pathogen. Nat Rev Microbiol 7: 736–747.
Andrade L, de Francesco Daher E, Seguro AC, 2008. Leptospiral nephropathy. Semin Nephrol 28: 383–394.
Daher EF, Silva GB Jr, Lima RS, Mota RM, Rocha HA, de Abreu KL, Barreto AG, Pereira ED, Araújo SM, Libório AB, 2011. Different patterns in a cohort of patients with severe leptospirosis (Weil syndrome): effects of an educational program in an endemic area. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 479–484.
Daher EF, Silva GB Jr, Karbage NN, Carvalho PC Jr, Kataoka RS, Silva EC, Magalhães MM, Mota RM, Araújo SM, Gutiérrez-Adrianzén OA, Libório AB, 2009. Predictors of oliguric acute kidney injury in leptospirosis. A retrospective study on 196 consecutive patients. Nephron Clin Pract 112: c25–c30.
Sitprija V, Pipatanagul V, Mertowidjojo K, Boonpucknavig V, Boonpucknavig S, 1980. Pathogenesis of renal disease in leptospirosis: clinical and experimental studies. Kidney Int 17: 827–836.
Penna D, De Brito T, Pupo AA, Machado MM, Galvão PAA, de Almeida SS, 1963. Kidney biopsy in human leptospirosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 12: 896–901.
De Brito T, Menezes LF, Lima DMC, Lourenço S, Silva AMG, Alves VAF, 2006. Immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization studies of the liver and kidney in human leptospirosis. Virchows Arch 448: 576–583.
Yang C-W, 2007. Leptospirosis renal disease: understanding the initiation by Toll-like receptors. Kidney Int 72: 918–925.
Gómez RM, Vieira ML, Schattner M, Malaver E, Watanabe MM, Barbosa AS, Abreu PA, de Morais ZM, Cifuente JO, Atzingen MV, Oliveira TR, Vasconcellos SA, Nascimento AL, 2008. Putative outer membrane proteins of Leptospira interrogans stimulate human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECS) and express during infection. Microb Pathog 45: 315–322.
Vieira ML, D'Atri LP, Schattner M, Habarta AM, Barbosa AS, de Morais ZM, Vasconcellos SA, Abreu PA, Gómez RM, Nascimento AL, 2007. A novel leptospiral protein increases ICAM-1 and E-selectin expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. FEMS Microbiol Lett 276: 172–180.
De Brito T, Aiello VD, da Silva LF, Gonçalves da Silva AM, Ferreira da Silva WL, Castelli JB, Seguro AC, 2013. Human hemorrhagic pulmonary leptospirosis: pathological findings and pathophysiological correlations. PLoS ONE 8: e71743.
De Brito T, Böhm GM, Yasuda PH, 1979. Vascular damage in acute experimental leptospirosis of the guinea-pig. J Pathol 128: 177–182.
Becker BF, Chappell D, Bruegger D, Annecke T, Jacob M, 2010. Therapeutic strategies targeting the endothelial glycocalyx: acute deficits, but great potential. Cardiovasc Res 87: 300–310.
Palaiologou M, Delladetsima I, Tiniakos D, 2014. CD138 (syndecan-1) expression in health and disease. Histol Histopathol 29: 177–189.
Reis EA, Hagan JE, Ribeiro GS, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins-Filho OA, Montgomery RR, Shaw AC, Ko AI, Reis MG, 2013. Cytokine response signatures in disease progression and development of severe clinical outcomes for leptospirosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2457.
Tubiana S, Mikulski M, Becam J, Lacassin F, Lefèvre P, Gourinat AC, Goarant C, D'Ortenzio E, 2013. Risk factors and predictors of severe leptospirosis in New Caledonia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e1991.
Silva Júnior GB, Abreu KL, Mota RM, Barreto AG, Araújo SM, Rocha HA, Libório AB, Daher EF, 2011. RIFLE and Acute Kidney Injury Network classifications predict mortality in leptospirosis-associated acute kidney injury. Nephrology (Carlton) 16: 269–276.
Evangelista K, Franco R, Schwab A, Coburn J, 2014. Leptospira interrogans binds to cadherins. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2672.
Vlahu CA, Lemkes BA, Struijk DG, Koopman MG, Krediet RT, Vink H, 2012. Damage of the endothelial glycocalyx in dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 23: 1900–1908.
Padberg JS, Wiesinger A, di Marco GS, Reuter S, Grabner A, Kentrup D, Lukasz A, Oberleithner H, Pavenstädt H, Brand M, Kümpers P, 2014. Damage of the endothelial glycocalyx in chronic kidney disease. Atherosclerosis 234: 335–343.
Raoult D, Jeandel P, Mailloux M, Rougier Y, 1983. Thrombocytopenia and renal failure in leptospirosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 32: 1464.
Coursin DB, Updike SJ, Maki DG, 2000. Massive rhabdomyolysis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome caused by leptospirosis. Intensive Care Med 26: 808–812.
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Leptospirosis is a common disease in tropical countries, and the kidney is one of the main target organs. Membrane proteins of Leptospira are capable of causing endothelial damage in vitro, but there have been no studies in humans evaluating endothelial glycocalyx damage and its correlation with acute kidney injury (AKI). We performed a cohort study in an outbreak of leptospirosis among military personnel. AKI was diagnosed in 14 of 46 (30.4%) patients. Leptospirosis was associated with higher levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1; 483.1 ± 31.7 versus 234.9 ± 24.4 mg/L, P < 0.001) and syndecan-1 (73.7 ± 15.9 versus 21.2 ± 7.9 ng/mL, P < 0.001) compared with exposed controls. Patients with leptospirosis-associated AKI had increased level of syndecan-1 (112.1 ± 45.4 versus 41.5 ± 11.7 ng/mL, P = 0.021) and ICAM-1 (576.9 ± 70.4 versus 434.9 ± 35.3, P = 0.034) compared with leptospirosis patients with no AKI. Association was verified between syndecan-1 and ICAM-1 with serum creatinine elevation and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels. This association remained even after multivariate analysis including other AKI-associated characteristics. Endothelial injury biomarkers are associated with leptospirosis-associated renal damage.
Financial support: A.B.L., A.M.C.M. and E.d.F.D. are recipients of a grant from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq).
Authors' addresses: Alexandre Braga Libório and Elizabeth de Francesco Daher, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil, E-mails: alexandreliborio@yahoo.com.br and ef.daher@uol.com.br. Marcelo Boecker Munoz Braz, Fernanda Macedo de Oliveira Neves, and Danielle Carvalho Pedrosa, Medical Sciences Post-Graduate Program, Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil, E-mails: boecker@oi.com.br, fepinhal@ig.com.br, and dannycpmed@hotmail.com. Antonio Carlos Seguro, Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM 12) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, E-mail: trulu@usp.br. Gdayllon C. Meneses and Alice Maria Costa Martins, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil, E-mails: gdayllon@yahoo.com.br and martinsalice@gmail.com. Luciano Pamplona de Góes Cavalcanti, Departamento de Saúde Comunitária, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil, E-mail: pamplona.luciano@gmail.com.
Cerqueira GM, Picardeau M, 2009. A century of Leptospira strain typing. Infect Genet Evol 9: 760–768.
Pappas G, Papadimitriou P, Siozopoulou V, Christou L, Akritidis N, 2008. The globalization of leptospirosis: worldwide incidence trends. Int J Infect Dis 12: 351–357.
Ko AI, Goarant C, Picardeau M, 2009. Leptospira: the dawn of the molecular genetics era for an emerging zoonotic pathogen. Nat Rev Microbiol 7: 736–747.
Andrade L, de Francesco Daher E, Seguro AC, 2008. Leptospiral nephropathy. Semin Nephrol 28: 383–394.
Daher EF, Silva GB Jr, Lima RS, Mota RM, Rocha HA, de Abreu KL, Barreto AG, Pereira ED, Araújo SM, Libório AB, 2011. Different patterns in a cohort of patients with severe leptospirosis (Weil syndrome): effects of an educational program in an endemic area. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 479–484.
Daher EF, Silva GB Jr, Karbage NN, Carvalho PC Jr, Kataoka RS, Silva EC, Magalhães MM, Mota RM, Araújo SM, Gutiérrez-Adrianzén OA, Libório AB, 2009. Predictors of oliguric acute kidney injury in leptospirosis. A retrospective study on 196 consecutive patients. Nephron Clin Pract 112: c25–c30.
Sitprija V, Pipatanagul V, Mertowidjojo K, Boonpucknavig V, Boonpucknavig S, 1980. Pathogenesis of renal disease in leptospirosis: clinical and experimental studies. Kidney Int 17: 827–836.
Penna D, De Brito T, Pupo AA, Machado MM, Galvão PAA, de Almeida SS, 1963. Kidney biopsy in human leptospirosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 12: 896–901.
De Brito T, Menezes LF, Lima DMC, Lourenço S, Silva AMG, Alves VAF, 2006. Immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization studies of the liver and kidney in human leptospirosis. Virchows Arch 448: 576–583.
Yang C-W, 2007. Leptospirosis renal disease: understanding the initiation by Toll-like receptors. Kidney Int 72: 918–925.
Gómez RM, Vieira ML, Schattner M, Malaver E, Watanabe MM, Barbosa AS, Abreu PA, de Morais ZM, Cifuente JO, Atzingen MV, Oliveira TR, Vasconcellos SA, Nascimento AL, 2008. Putative outer membrane proteins of Leptospira interrogans stimulate human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECS) and express during infection. Microb Pathog 45: 315–322.
Vieira ML, D'Atri LP, Schattner M, Habarta AM, Barbosa AS, de Morais ZM, Vasconcellos SA, Abreu PA, Gómez RM, Nascimento AL, 2007. A novel leptospiral protein increases ICAM-1 and E-selectin expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. FEMS Microbiol Lett 276: 172–180.
De Brito T, Aiello VD, da Silva LF, Gonçalves da Silva AM, Ferreira da Silva WL, Castelli JB, Seguro AC, 2013. Human hemorrhagic pulmonary leptospirosis: pathological findings and pathophysiological correlations. PLoS ONE 8: e71743.
De Brito T, Böhm GM, Yasuda PH, 1979. Vascular damage in acute experimental leptospirosis of the guinea-pig. J Pathol 128: 177–182.
Becker BF, Chappell D, Bruegger D, Annecke T, Jacob M, 2010. Therapeutic strategies targeting the endothelial glycocalyx: acute deficits, but great potential. Cardiovasc Res 87: 300–310.
Palaiologou M, Delladetsima I, Tiniakos D, 2014. CD138 (syndecan-1) expression in health and disease. Histol Histopathol 29: 177–189.
Reis EA, Hagan JE, Ribeiro GS, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins-Filho OA, Montgomery RR, Shaw AC, Ko AI, Reis MG, 2013. Cytokine response signatures in disease progression and development of severe clinical outcomes for leptospirosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2457.
Tubiana S, Mikulski M, Becam J, Lacassin F, Lefèvre P, Gourinat AC, Goarant C, D'Ortenzio E, 2013. Risk factors and predictors of severe leptospirosis in New Caledonia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e1991.
Silva Júnior GB, Abreu KL, Mota RM, Barreto AG, Araújo SM, Rocha HA, Libório AB, Daher EF, 2011. RIFLE and Acute Kidney Injury Network classifications predict mortality in leptospirosis-associated acute kidney injury. Nephrology (Carlton) 16: 269–276.
Evangelista K, Franco R, Schwab A, Coburn J, 2014. Leptospira interrogans binds to cadherins. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2672.
Vlahu CA, Lemkes BA, Struijk DG, Koopman MG, Krediet RT, Vink H, 2012. Damage of the endothelial glycocalyx in dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 23: 1900–1908.
Padberg JS, Wiesinger A, di Marco GS, Reuter S, Grabner A, Kentrup D, Lukasz A, Oberleithner H, Pavenstädt H, Brand M, Kümpers P, 2014. Damage of the endothelial glycocalyx in chronic kidney disease. Atherosclerosis 234: 335–343.
Raoult D, Jeandel P, Mailloux M, Rougier Y, 1983. Thrombocytopenia and renal failure in leptospirosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 32: 1464.
Coursin DB, Updike SJ, Maki DG, 2000. Massive rhabdomyolysis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome caused by leptospirosis. Intensive Care Med 26: 808–812.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 39 | 39 | 17 |
Full Text Views | 378 | 110 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 158 | 52 | 0 |