Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
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1.
World Health Organization, 2011. World Malaria Report. Geneva: WHO.
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2.
Bousema T, Griffin JT, Sauerwein RW, Smith DL, Churcher TS, 2012. Hitting hotspots: spatial targeting of malaria for control and elimination. PLoS Med 9: e1001165.
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3.
Feachem RG, Phillips AA, Hwang J, 2010. Shrinking the malaria map: progress and prospects. Lancet 376: 1566–1578.
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4.
Tatem AJ, Smith DL, Gething PW, Kabaria CW, Snow RW, Hay SI, 2010. Ranking of elimination feasibility between malaria-endemic countries. Lancet.
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5.
Gosling RD, Whittaker M, Gueye CS, Fullman N, Baquilod M, Kusriastuti R, Feachem RG, 2012. Malaria elimination gaining ground in the Asia Pacific. Malar J 11: 346.
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6.
Ministry of Health (MOH), People's Republic of China, 2010. Malaria Elimination Action Plan 2010–2020 (in Chinese). Beijing: The Ministry, 1–2.
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7.
Cotter C, Sturrock HJ, Hsiang MS, Liu J, Phillips AA, Hwang J, Gueye CS, Fullman N, Gosling RD, Feachem RG, 2013. The changing epidemiology of malaria elimination: new strategies for new challenges. Lancet 382: 900–916.
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8.
Hsiang MS, Hwang J, Kunene S, 2012. Surveillance for malaria elimination in Swaziland: a national cross-sectional study using pooled PCR and serology. PLoS ONE 7: e29550.
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9.
Cousens SN, Mertens TE, Kirkwood BR, Smith PG, Feachem RG, 1995. Case-Control Studies of Common Childhood Diseases: The Example of Diarrhea. London: Macmillan Education.
-
10.
Hayes RJ, Marsh K, Snow RW, 1992. Case-control studies of severe malaria. Trop Med Hyg 95: 157–166.
-
11.
Chalwe V, Geertruyden VJ, Mukwamataba D, Menten J, Kamalamba J, Mulenga M, Alessandro U, 2009. Increased risk for severe malaria in HIV-1infected adults, Zambia. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 749–755.
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12.
Xu JW, Liu H, 1997. Border malaria in Yunnan, China. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 28: 456–459.
-
13.
Xu JW, Liu H, 2012. The challenges of malaria elimination in Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 43: 819–824.
-
14.
Roll Back Malaria Mekong, 2003. Mekong Malaria II: update of malaria, multi-resistance and economic development in the Mekong Region of Southeast Asia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 34 (Suppl): 68–70.
-
15.
Li PS, Fan DH, 2005. Analysis of 3646 malaria cases in Tengchong County of Yunnan Province 1999–2003 (in Chinese). Parasitoses Infectious Dis 3: 34–35.
-
16.
Chen GW, Wei C, Li HX, Yang LX, Huang Q, 2011. Malaria epidemic trend and characteristics at monitoring sites in Yunnan Province in 2008 (in Chinese). Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis 29: 54–57.
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17.
World Health Organization, 2008. Global Malaria Control and Elimination: Report of a Technical Review. Geneva: WHO.
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18.
World Health Organization, 2007. A Field Manual for Low and Moderate Endemic Countries. Geneva: The World Organization.
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19.
Vyas S, Kumaranayake L, 2006. Constructing socio-economic status indices: how to use principal components analysis. Health Policy Plan 21: 459–468.
-
20.
Filmer D, Pritchett LH, 2001. Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data–or tears: an application to educational enrolments in states of India. Demography 38: 115–132.
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21.
Smith L, Bruce J, Gueye L, Helou A, Diallo R, Gueye B, Jones C, Webster J, 2010. From fever to anti-malarial: the treatment-seeking process in rural Senegal. Malar J 9: 333.
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22.
Gikandi P, Noor A, Gitonga C, Ajanga A, Snow R, 2008. Access and barriers to measures targeted to prevent malaria in pregnancy in rural Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 13: 208–217.
-
23.
Ward KA, Spokes PJ, McAnulty JM, 2011. Case–control study of risk factors hospitalization caused by pandemic (H1N1) 2009. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 1409–1416.
-
24.
Incardona S, Vong S, Chiv L, Lim P, Nhem S, Sem R, Khim N, Doung S, Puijalon OM, Fandeur T, 2007. Large-scale malaria survey in Cambodia: novel insights on species distribution and risk factors. Malar J 6: 37.
-
25.
Prothero RM, 1999. Malaria, forests and people in Southeast Asia. Singap J Trop Geogr 20: 76–85.
-
26.
Guerra CA, Snow RW, Hay SR, 2006. A global assessment of closed forests, deforestation and malaria risk. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 100: 189–204.
-
27.
Trung HD, Van Bortel W, Sochantha T, Keokenchanh K, Quang NT, Cong LD, Coosemans M, 2004. Malaria transmission and major malaria vectors in different geographical areas of Southeast Asia. Trop Med Int Health 9: 230–237.
-
28.
Erhart A, Thang ND, Ky PV, Tinh TT, Overmeir CV, Speybroeck N, Obsomer V, Le XH, Le KT, Coosemans M, Dalessandro U, 2005. Epidemiology of forest malaria in central Vietnam: a large scale cross-sectional survey. Malar J 4: 58.
-
29.
Delacollette C, Souza C, Christophe E, Thimasarn K, Abdur R, Bell D, Dai TC, Gopinath D, Lu SH, Mendoza R, Ortega L, Rastogi R, Tantinimitkul C, Ehrenberg J, 2009. Malaria trends and challenges in the greater Mekong Subregion. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 40: 674–691.
-
30.
Cui L, Yan G, Sattabongkot J, Cao Y, Chen B, Chen X, Fan Q, Fang Q, Jongwutiwes S, Parker D, Sirichaisinthop J, Kyaw MP, Su XZ, Yang H, Yang Z, Wang B, Xu J, Zheng B, Zhong D, Zhou G, 2012. Malaria in the Greater Mekong Subregion: heterogeneity and complexity. Acta Trop 121: 227–239.
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31.
WHO, 2008. Malaria in the Greater Mekong Subregion: Regional and Country Profiles. Available at: http://www.whothailand.org/EN/Section3/section. Accessed August 17, 2014.
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32.
Liu H, Li X, Chen H, Deng C, Long K, Kong L, 2011. A cross-sectional malaria survey in Mangwen District, Kachin State, Myanmar (in Chinese). J Pathogen Bio 6: 55–59.
-
33.
Xu JW, Wang LB, Liu XZ, Long SW, Yang GC, Yang XW, 2002. Logistic analysis for the bed net role in malaria prevention. China Trop Med 2: 90–93.
-
34.
Bermejo A, Veeken H, 1992. Insecticide-impregnated bed nets for malaria control: a review of the field trials. Bull World Health Organ 70: 293–296.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 39 | 39 | 5 |
| Full Text Views | 414 | 123 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 146 | 33 | 0 |
Risk Factors for Border Malaria in a Malaria Elimination Setting: A Retrospective Case-Control Study in Yunnan, China
Jian-Wei Xu
Jian-Wei Xu
Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yunnan Provincial Center of Malaria Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Puer 665000, China; The Fourth Hospital of Baotou Municipality, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China; Yingjiang County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yingjiang China; Tengchong County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tengchong, China
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Hui Liu
Hui Liu
Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yunnan Provincial Center of Malaria Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Puer 665000, China; The Fourth Hospital of Baotou Municipality, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China; Yingjiang County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yingjiang China; Tengchong County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tengchong, China
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Yu Zhang
Yu Zhang
Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yunnan Provincial Center of Malaria Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Puer 665000, China; The Fourth Hospital of Baotou Municipality, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China; Yingjiang County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yingjiang China; Tengchong County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tengchong, China
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Xiang-Rui Guo
Xiang-Rui Guo
Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yunnan Provincial Center of Malaria Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Puer 665000, China; The Fourth Hospital of Baotou Municipality, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China; Yingjiang County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yingjiang China; Tengchong County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tengchong, China
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Jia-Zhi Wang
Jia-Zhi Wang
Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yunnan Provincial Center of Malaria Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Puer 665000, China; The Fourth Hospital of Baotou Municipality, Inner Mongolia, Baotou, China; Yingjiang County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yingjiang China; Tengchong County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tengchong, China
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A retrospective case-control study was conducted to identify risk factors for border malaria in a malaria elimination setting of Yunnan Province, China. The study comprised 214 cases and 428 controls. The controls were individually matched to the cases on the basis of residence, age, and gender. In addition, statistical associations are based on matched analyses. The frequencies of imported, male, adult, and vivax malaria cases were respectively 201 (93.9%), 194 (90.7%), 210 (98.1%), and 176 (82.2%). Overnight stay in Myanmar within the prior month was independently associated with malaria infection (odds ratio [OR] 159.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 75.1–338.9). In particular, stays in lowland and foothill (OR 5.5, 95% CI 2.5–11.8) or mid-hill (OR 42.8, 95% CI 5.1–319.8) areas, or near streamlets (OR 15.3, 95% CI 4.3–55.2) or paddy field or pools (OR10.1, 95% CI 4.4–55.8) were found to be independently associated with malaria. Neither forest exposure nor use of vector control measures was associated with malaria. In conclusion, travel to lowland and foothill or mid-hill hyperendemic areas, especially along the waterside in Myanmar, was found to be the highest risk factor for malaria. In considering the limitations of the study, further investigations are needed to identify the major determinants of malaria risk and develop new strategies for malaria elimination on China-Myanmar border.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was funded by a grant to China National Strategy Application of the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM/CHN-S10-G13-M).
Authors' addresses: Jian-Wei Xu and Hui Liu, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Malaria Division, Puer, China, E-mails: xjw426@163.com and liubible@126.com. Yu Zhang, The Fourth Hospital of Baotou Municipality, Clinical Laboratory, Baotou, China, E-mail: 905049522@qq.com. Xiang-Rui Guo, Yingjiang County Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Yingjiang, China, E-mail: fangwenyan50537405@qq.com. Jia-Zhi Wang, Tengchong County Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Tengchong, China, E-mail: tcwangjiazhi@yahoo.com.cn.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2011. World Malaria Report. Geneva: WHO.
-
2.
Bousema T, Griffin JT, Sauerwein RW, Smith DL, Churcher TS, 2012. Hitting hotspots: spatial targeting of malaria for control and elimination. PLoS Med 9: e1001165.
-
3.
Feachem RG, Phillips AA, Hwang J, 2010. Shrinking the malaria map: progress and prospects. Lancet 376: 1566–1578.
-
4.
Tatem AJ, Smith DL, Gething PW, Kabaria CW, Snow RW, Hay SI, 2010. Ranking of elimination feasibility between malaria-endemic countries. Lancet.
-
5.
Gosling RD, Whittaker M, Gueye CS, Fullman N, Baquilod M, Kusriastuti R, Feachem RG, 2012. Malaria elimination gaining ground in the Asia Pacific. Malar J 11: 346.
-
6.
Ministry of Health (MOH), People's Republic of China, 2010. Malaria Elimination Action Plan 2010–2020 (in Chinese). Beijing: The Ministry, 1–2.
-
7.
Cotter C, Sturrock HJ, Hsiang MS, Liu J, Phillips AA, Hwang J, Gueye CS, Fullman N, Gosling RD, Feachem RG, 2013. The changing epidemiology of malaria elimination: new strategies for new challenges. Lancet 382: 900–916.
-
8.
Hsiang MS, Hwang J, Kunene S, 2012. Surveillance for malaria elimination in Swaziland: a national cross-sectional study using pooled PCR and serology. PLoS ONE 7: e29550.
-
9.
Cousens SN, Mertens TE, Kirkwood BR, Smith PG, Feachem RG, 1995. Case-Control Studies of Common Childhood Diseases: The Example of Diarrhea. London: Macmillan Education.
-
10.
Hayes RJ, Marsh K, Snow RW, 1992. Case-control studies of severe malaria. Trop Med Hyg 95: 157–166.
-
11.
Chalwe V, Geertruyden VJ, Mukwamataba D, Menten J, Kamalamba J, Mulenga M, Alessandro U, 2009. Increased risk for severe malaria in HIV-1infected adults, Zambia. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 749–755.
-
12.
Xu JW, Liu H, 1997. Border malaria in Yunnan, China. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 28: 456–459.
-
13.
Xu JW, Liu H, 2012. The challenges of malaria elimination in Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 43: 819–824.
-
14.
Roll Back Malaria Mekong, 2003. Mekong Malaria II: update of malaria, multi-resistance and economic development in the Mekong Region of Southeast Asia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 34 (Suppl): 68–70.
-
15.
Li PS, Fan DH, 2005. Analysis of 3646 malaria cases in Tengchong County of Yunnan Province 1999–2003 (in Chinese). Parasitoses Infectious Dis 3: 34–35.
-
16.
Chen GW, Wei C, Li HX, Yang LX, Huang Q, 2011. Malaria epidemic trend and characteristics at monitoring sites in Yunnan Province in 2008 (in Chinese). Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis 29: 54–57.
-
17.
World Health Organization, 2008. Global Malaria Control and Elimination: Report of a Technical Review. Geneva: WHO.
-
18.
World Health Organization, 2007. A Field Manual for Low and Moderate Endemic Countries. Geneva: The World Organization.
-
19.
Vyas S, Kumaranayake L, 2006. Constructing socio-economic status indices: how to use principal components analysis. Health Policy Plan 21: 459–468.
-
20.
Filmer D, Pritchett LH, 2001. Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data–or tears: an application to educational enrolments in states of India. Demography 38: 115–132.
-
21.
Smith L, Bruce J, Gueye L, Helou A, Diallo R, Gueye B, Jones C, Webster J, 2010. From fever to anti-malarial: the treatment-seeking process in rural Senegal. Malar J 9: 333.
-
22.
Gikandi P, Noor A, Gitonga C, Ajanga A, Snow R, 2008. Access and barriers to measures targeted to prevent malaria in pregnancy in rural Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 13: 208–217.
-
23.
Ward KA, Spokes PJ, McAnulty JM, 2011. Case–control study of risk factors hospitalization caused by pandemic (H1N1) 2009. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 1409–1416.
-
24.
Incardona S, Vong S, Chiv L, Lim P, Nhem S, Sem R, Khim N, Doung S, Puijalon OM, Fandeur T, 2007. Large-scale malaria survey in Cambodia: novel insights on species distribution and risk factors. Malar J 6: 37.
-
25.
Prothero RM, 1999. Malaria, forests and people in Southeast Asia. Singap J Trop Geogr 20: 76–85.
-
26.
Guerra CA, Snow RW, Hay SR, 2006. A global assessment of closed forests, deforestation and malaria risk. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 100: 189–204.
-
27.
Trung HD, Van Bortel W, Sochantha T, Keokenchanh K, Quang NT, Cong LD, Coosemans M, 2004. Malaria transmission and major malaria vectors in different geographical areas of Southeast Asia. Trop Med Int Health 9: 230–237.
-
28.
Erhart A, Thang ND, Ky PV, Tinh TT, Overmeir CV, Speybroeck N, Obsomer V, Le XH, Le KT, Coosemans M, Dalessandro U, 2005. Epidemiology of forest malaria in central Vietnam: a large scale cross-sectional survey. Malar J 4: 58.
-
29.
Delacollette C, Souza C, Christophe E, Thimasarn K, Abdur R, Bell D, Dai TC, Gopinath D, Lu SH, Mendoza R, Ortega L, Rastogi R, Tantinimitkul C, Ehrenberg J, 2009. Malaria trends and challenges in the greater Mekong Subregion. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 40: 674–691.
-
30.
Cui L, Yan G, Sattabongkot J, Cao Y, Chen B, Chen X, Fan Q, Fang Q, Jongwutiwes S, Parker D, Sirichaisinthop J, Kyaw MP, Su XZ, Yang H, Yang Z, Wang B, Xu J, Zheng B, Zhong D, Zhou G, 2012. Malaria in the Greater Mekong Subregion: heterogeneity and complexity. Acta Trop 121: 227–239.
-
31.
WHO, 2008. Malaria in the Greater Mekong Subregion: Regional and Country Profiles. Available at: http://www.whothailand.org/EN/Section3/section. Accessed August 17, 2014.
-
32.
Liu H, Li X, Chen H, Deng C, Long K, Kong L, 2011. A cross-sectional malaria survey in Mangwen District, Kachin State, Myanmar (in Chinese). J Pathogen Bio 6: 55–59.
-
33.
Xu JW, Wang LB, Liu XZ, Long SW, Yang GC, Yang XW, 2002. Logistic analysis for the bed net role in malaria prevention. China Trop Med 2: 90–93.
-
34.
Bermejo A, Veeken H, 1992. Insecticide-impregnated bed nets for malaria control: a review of the field trials. Bull World Health Organ 70: 293–296.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 39 | 39 | 5 |
| Full Text Views | 414 | 123 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 146 | 33 | 0 |