MSPP, 2009. Plan Strategique National de lutte Contre la malaria - Ministere de la Sante Publique et de la Population Haiti (Coordination des programmes nationaux de malaria et filariose lymphatique). p. 54. Ministere de la Sante Publique et de la Population, Haiti.
WHO, 2012. World Malaria Report 2012. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Bonnlander H, Rossignol AM, Rossignol PA, 1994. Malaria in central Haiti: a hospital-based retrospective study, 1982–1986 and 1988–1991. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 28: 9–16.
Duverseau YT, Magloire R, Zevallos-Ipenza A, Rogers HM, Nguyen-Dinh P, 1986. Monitoring of chloroquine sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum in Haiti, 1981–1983. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35: 459–464.
Magloire R, Nguyen-Dinh P, 1983. Chloroquine susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum in Haiti. Bull World Health Organ 61: 1017–1020.
Londono BL, Eisele TP, Keating J, Bennett A, Chattopadhyay C, Heyliger G, Mack B, Rawson I, Vely JF, Desinor O, Krogstad DJ, 2009. Chloroquine-resistant haplotype Plasmodium falciparum parasites, Haiti. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 735–740.
Gharbi M, Pillai DR, Lau R, Hubert V, Khairnar K, Existe A, Kendjo E, Dahlstrom S, Guerin PJ, Le Bras J, 2012. Chloroquine-resistant malaria in travelers returning from Haiti after 2010 earthquake. Emerg Infect Dis 18: 1346–1349.
PAHO, 2003. Practical Guide for In Vivo Antimalarial Drug Efficacy Studies in the Americas. p. 23. Pan American Health Organization, OPS/DPC/CD/240/03.
WHO, 2003. Assessment and Monitoring of Antimalarial Drug Efficacy for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Elbadry MA, Existe A, Victor YS, Memnon G, Fukuda M, Dame JB, Yowell CA, Okech BA, 2013. Survey of Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance-1 and chloroquine resistance transporter alleles in Haiti. Malar J 12: 426.
Mejia Torres RE, Banegas EI, Mendoza M, Diaz C, Bucheli ST, Fontecha GA, Alam MT, Goldman I, Udhayakumar V, Zambrano JO, 2013. Efficacy of chloroquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Honduras. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 850–854.
Ruebush TK 2nd, Marquino W, Zegarra J, Neyra D, Villaroel R, Avila JC, Diaz C, Beltran E, 2003. Practical aspects of in vivo antimalarial drug efficacy testing in the Americas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 391–397.
Wellems TE, Plowe CV, 2001. Chloroquine-resistant malaria. J Infect Dis 184: 770–776.
Hastings IM, Watkins WM, 2005. Intensity of malaria transmission and the evolution of drug resistance. Acta Trop 94: 218–229.
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Chloroquine (CQ) has been used for malaria treatment in Haiti for several decades, but reports of CQ resistance are scarce. The efficacy of CQ in patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum undergoing treatment in Haiti was evaluated. Malaria patients were enrolled, treated with CQ, and monitored over a 42-day period. The treatment outcomes were evaluated on day 28 by microscopy. The P. falciparum slide-confirmed rate was 9.5% (121 of 1,277). Malaria infection was seasonal, with peak observations between October and January; 88% (107 of 121) of patients consented to participate. Sixty patients successfully completed the 42-day follow-up, whereas 47 patients withdrew consent or were lost to follow-up. The mean parasite density declined rapidly within the first few days after treatment. Seven patients did not clear their malaria infections and were clinically asymptomatic; therefore, they were considered late parasitological failures. About 90% (95% confidence interval = 84.20–97.90) of patients had no detectable parasitemia by day 28 and remained malaria-free to day 42. Testing for recrudescence, reinfection, and CQ serum levels was not done in the seven patients, and therefore, their CQ resistance status is unresolved. CQ resistance surveillance by patient follow-up, in vitro drug sensitivity studies, and molecular markers is urgently needed in Haiti.
Financial support: This material is based on work supported by Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System Grant C0607_12_UN (to B.A.O.).
Authors' addresses: Bernard A. Okech, Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, E-mail: bokech@ufl.edu. Alexandre Existe, National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti, E-mail: Alexandre.existe@gmail.com. Jean R. Romain and Gladys Memnon, Hospital Saint Croix, Leogane, Haiti, E-mails: roosevald2008@yahoo.fr and gmemnon@gmail.com. Yves Saint Victor, Blanchard Clinic, Terre Noire, Haiti, E-mail: jeanyvessaintvictor@yahoo.fr. Madsen Beau de Rochars, Department of Health Services Research, Management and Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, E-mail: madsenbeau@phhp.ufl.edu. Mark Fukuda, Division of Global Emerging Infections Surveillance, Armed Forces Health Sciences Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, MD, E-mail: mark.m.fukuda@us.army.mil.
MSPP, 2009. Plan Strategique National de lutte Contre la malaria - Ministere de la Sante Publique et de la Population Haiti (Coordination des programmes nationaux de malaria et filariose lymphatique). p. 54. Ministere de la Sante Publique et de la Population, Haiti.
WHO, 2012. World Malaria Report 2012. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Bonnlander H, Rossignol AM, Rossignol PA, 1994. Malaria in central Haiti: a hospital-based retrospective study, 1982–1986 and 1988–1991. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 28: 9–16.
Duverseau YT, Magloire R, Zevallos-Ipenza A, Rogers HM, Nguyen-Dinh P, 1986. Monitoring of chloroquine sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum in Haiti, 1981–1983. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35: 459–464.
Magloire R, Nguyen-Dinh P, 1983. Chloroquine susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum in Haiti. Bull World Health Organ 61: 1017–1020.
Londono BL, Eisele TP, Keating J, Bennett A, Chattopadhyay C, Heyliger G, Mack B, Rawson I, Vely JF, Desinor O, Krogstad DJ, 2009. Chloroquine-resistant haplotype Plasmodium falciparum parasites, Haiti. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 735–740.
Gharbi M, Pillai DR, Lau R, Hubert V, Khairnar K, Existe A, Kendjo E, Dahlstrom S, Guerin PJ, Le Bras J, 2012. Chloroquine-resistant malaria in travelers returning from Haiti after 2010 earthquake. Emerg Infect Dis 18: 1346–1349.
PAHO, 2003. Practical Guide for In Vivo Antimalarial Drug Efficacy Studies in the Americas. p. 23. Pan American Health Organization, OPS/DPC/CD/240/03.
WHO, 2003. Assessment and Monitoring of Antimalarial Drug Efficacy for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Elbadry MA, Existe A, Victor YS, Memnon G, Fukuda M, Dame JB, Yowell CA, Okech BA, 2013. Survey of Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance-1 and chloroquine resistance transporter alleles in Haiti. Malar J 12: 426.
Mejia Torres RE, Banegas EI, Mendoza M, Diaz C, Bucheli ST, Fontecha GA, Alam MT, Goldman I, Udhayakumar V, Zambrano JO, 2013. Efficacy of chloroquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Honduras. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 850–854.
Ruebush TK 2nd, Marquino W, Zegarra J, Neyra D, Villaroel R, Avila JC, Diaz C, Beltran E, 2003. Practical aspects of in vivo antimalarial drug efficacy testing in the Americas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 391–397.
Wellems TE, Plowe CV, 2001. Chloroquine-resistant malaria. J Infect Dis 184: 770–776.
Hastings IM, Watkins WM, 2005. Intensity of malaria transmission and the evolution of drug resistance. Acta Trop 94: 218–229.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 27 | 29 | 3 |
Full Text Views | 297 | 99 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 73 | 17 | 0 |