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-
1.
Ksiazek TG, Jouan A, Meegan JM, Le Guenno B, Wilson ML, Peters CJ, Digoutte JP, Guillaud M, Merzoug NO, Touray EM, 1989. Rift Valley fever among domestic animals in the recent West African outbreak. Res Virol 140: 67–77.
-
2.
Anyangu AS, Gould LH, Sharif SK, Nguku PM, Omolo J, Mutonga D, Rao CY, Lederman E, Schnabel DC, Paweska JT, Katz M, Hightower A, Njenga MK, Feikin DR, Breiman RF, 2010. Risk factors for severe Rift Valley fever infection in Kenya, 2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83 (2 Suppl): 14–21.
-
3.
Kahlon SS, Peters CJ, Leduc J, Muchiri EM, Muiruri S, Njenga MK, Breiman RF, Clinton White A Jr, King CH, 2010. Severe Rift Valley fever may present with a characteristic clinical syndrome. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 371–375.
-
4.
CDC, 2007. Rift Valley fever outbreak–Kenya, November 2006–January 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 56: 73–76.
-
5.
Hartley DM, Rinderknecht JL, Nipp TL, Clarke NP, Snowder GD; National Center for Foreign Animal and Zoonotic Disease Defense Advisory Group on Rift Valley Fever, 2011. Potential effects of Rift Valley fever in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 17: e1.
-
6.
Daubney R, Hudson JR, Garnham PC, 1931. Enzootic hepatitis or Rift Valley fever: an undescribed virus disease of sheep, cattle and man from East Africa. J Pathol Bacteriol 34: 545–579.
-
7.
Clements AC, Pfeiffer DU, Martin V, Otte MJ, 2007. A Rift Valley fever atlas for Africa. Prev Vet Med 82: 72–82.
-
8.
Davies FG, Linthicum KJ, James AD, 1985. Rainfall and epizootic Rift Valley fever. Bull World Health Organ 63: 941–943.
-
9.
Linthicum KJ, Anyamba A, Tucker CJ, Kelley PW, Myers MF, Peters CJ, 1999. Climate and satellite indicators to forecast Rift Valley fever epidemics in Kenya. Science 285: 397–400.
-
10.
Hightower A, Kinkade C, Nguku PM, Anyangu A, Mutonga D, Omolo J, Njenga MK, Feikin DR, Schnabel D, Ombok M, Breiman RF, 2012. Relationship of climate, geography, and geology to the incidence of Rift Valley fever in Kenya during the 2006–2007 outbreak. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86: 373–380.
-
11.
Munyua P, Murithi RM, Wainwright S, Githinji J, Hightower A, Mutonga D, Macharia J, Ithondeka PM, Musaa J, Breiman RF, Bloland P, Njenga MK, 2010. Rift Valley fever outbreak in livestock in Kenya, 2006–2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83 (2 Suppl): 58–64.
-
12.
LaBeaud AD, Muchiri EM, Ndzovu M, Mwanje MT, Muiruri S, Peters CJ, King CH, 2008. Interepidemic Rift Valley fever virus seropositivity, northeastern Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 1240–1246.
-
13.
LaBeaud AD, Ochiai Y, Peters CJ, Muchiri EM, King CH, 2007. Spectrum of Rift Valley fever virus transmission in Kenya: insights from three distinct regions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 795–800.
-
14.
Niklasson B, Grandien M, Peters CJ, Gargan TP, 1983. Detection of Rift Valley fever virus antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol 17: 1026–1031.
-
15.
Kruska A, Kariuki P, 2007. International Livestock Research Institute GIS Database. Available at: http://www.ilri.org/gis. Accessed June 20, 2014.
-
16.
LaBeaud AD, Muiruri S, Sutherland LJ, Dahir S, Gildengorin G, Morrill J, Muchiri EM, Peters CJ, King CH, 2011. Postepidemic analysis of Rift Valley fever virus transmission in northeastern Kenya: a village cohort study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1265.
-
17.
Woods CW, Karpati AM, Grein T, McCarthy N, Gaturuku P, Muchiri E, Dunster L, Henderson A, Khan AS, Swanepoel R, Bonmarin I, Martin L, Mann P, Smoak BL, Ryan M, Ksiazek TG, Arthur RR, Ndikuyeze A, Agata NN, Peters CJ; WHO Hemorrhagic Fever Task Force, 2002. An outbreak of Rift Valley fever in Northeastern Kenya, 1997–98. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 138–144.
-
18.
Al-Hazmi A, Al-Rajhi AA, Abboud EB, Ayoola EA, Al-Hazmi M, Saadi R, Ahmed N, 2005. Ocular complications of Rift Valley fever outbreak in Saudi Arabia. Ophthalmology 112: 313–318.
-
19.
Riou O, Philippe B, Jouan A, Coulibaly I, Mondo M, Digoutte JP, 1989. Neurologic and neurosensory forms of Rift Valley fever in Mauritania. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 82: 605–610.
-
20.
Davies FG, 2010. The historical and recent impact of Rift Valley fever in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83 (2 Suppl): 73–74.
-
21.
Murithi RM, Munyua P, Ithondeka PM, Macharia JM, Hightower A, Luman ET, Breiman RF, Njenga MK, 2011. Rift Valley fever in Kenya: history of epizootics and identification of vulnerable districts. Epidemiol Infect 139: 372–380.
-
22.
LaBeaud AD, Cross PC, Getz WM, Glinka A, King CH, 2011. Rift Valley fever virus infection in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) herds in rural South Africa: evidence of interepidemic transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 641–646.
-
23.
Anyamba A, Chretien JP, Small J, Tucker CJ, Formenty PB, Richardson JH, Britch SC, Schnabel DC, Erickson RL, Linthicum KJ, 2009. Prediction of a Rift Valley fever outbreak. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 955–959.
-
24.
Consultative Group for RVF Decision Support, 2010. Decision-support tool for prevention and control of Rift Valley fever epizootics in the greater Horn of Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83 (Suppl 2): 75–85.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 408 | 319 | 11 |
| Full Text Views | 403 | 15 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 163 | 13 | 1 |
Cross-Sectional Survey of Rift Valley Fever Virus Exposure in Bodhei Village Located in a Transitional Coastal Forest Habitat in Lamu County, Kenya
Samuel Muiruri
Samuel Muiruri
Department of Pathology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya; Vector-Borne Diseases Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Office of Director of Health, Garissa County, Kenya; Department of Ophthalmology, Thika Level 5 Hospital, Ministry of Health, Thika, Kenya; Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Ephantus W. Kabiru
Ephantus W. Kabiru
Department of Pathology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya; Vector-Borne Diseases Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Office of Director of Health, Garissa County, Kenya; Department of Ophthalmology, Thika Level 5 Hospital, Ministry of Health, Thika, Kenya; Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Eric M. Muchiri
Eric M. Muchiri
Department of Pathology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya; Vector-Borne Diseases Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Office of Director of Health, Garissa County, Kenya; Department of Ophthalmology, Thika Level 5 Hospital, Ministry of Health, Thika, Kenya; Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Hassan Hussein
Hassan Hussein
Department of Pathology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya; Vector-Borne Diseases Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Office of Director of Health, Garissa County, Kenya; Department of Ophthalmology, Thika Level 5 Hospital, Ministry of Health, Thika, Kenya; Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Frederick Kagondu
Frederick Kagondu
Department of Pathology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya; Vector-Borne Diseases Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Office of Director of Health, Garissa County, Kenya; Department of Ophthalmology, Thika Level 5 Hospital, Ministry of Health, Thika, Kenya; Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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A. Desirée LaBeaud
A. Desirée LaBeaud
Department of Pathology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya; Vector-Borne Diseases Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Office of Director of Health, Garissa County, Kenya; Department of Ophthalmology, Thika Level 5 Hospital, Ministry of Health, Thika, Kenya; Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Charles H. King
Charles H. King
Department of Pathology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya; Vector-Borne Diseases Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Office of Director of Health, Garissa County, Kenya; Department of Ophthalmology, Thika Level 5 Hospital, Ministry of Health, Thika, Kenya; Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Few studies have focused on Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) transmission in less arid, transitional landscapes surrounding known high-risk regions. The objective of this study was to identify evidence of RVFV exposure in Bodhei Village in a forested area at the edge of the RVFV-epidemic Garissa region. In a household cluster-based survey conducted between epidemics in early 2006, 211 participants were enrolled. Overall seroprevalence for anti-RVFV was high (18%) and comparable with rates in the more arid, dense brush regions farther north. Seroprevalence of adults was 28%, whereas that of children was significantly lower (3%; P < 0.001); the youngest positive child was age 3 years. Males were more likely to be seropositive than females (25% versus 11%; P < 0.01), and animal husbandry activities (birthing, sheltering, and butchering) were strongly associated with seropositivity. The results confirm that significant RVFV transmission occurs outside of recognized high-risk areas and independent of known epidemic periods.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by the Kenya Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation and for laboratory testing, funding from US National Institutes of Health Grants U01AI45473-S1, 1KL2RR024990, and T32AI52067 and the Robert E. Shope Fellowship in Infectious Diseases Award.
Authors' addresses: Samuel Muiruri, Vector Borne Diseases Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mail: smuiruri37@yahoo.com. Ephantus W. Kabiru, School of Public Health, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mail: ewkabiru@yahoo.com. Eric M. Muchiri, Meru University of Science and Technology, Meru, Kenya, E-mail: ericmmuchiri@gmail.com. Hassan Hussein, Office of Director of Health, Garissa County, Kenya, E-mail: hhnuriye@yahoo.com. Frederick Kagondu, Department of Ophthalmology, Thika Level 5 Hospital, Thika, Kenya, E-mail: fkagondu@yahoo.com. A. Desirée LaBeaud, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, E-mail: dlabeaud@stanford.edu. Charles H. King, Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, E-mail: chk@cwru.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Ksiazek TG, Jouan A, Meegan JM, Le Guenno B, Wilson ML, Peters CJ, Digoutte JP, Guillaud M, Merzoug NO, Touray EM, 1989. Rift Valley fever among domestic animals in the recent West African outbreak. Res Virol 140: 67–77.
-
2.
Anyangu AS, Gould LH, Sharif SK, Nguku PM, Omolo J, Mutonga D, Rao CY, Lederman E, Schnabel DC, Paweska JT, Katz M, Hightower A, Njenga MK, Feikin DR, Breiman RF, 2010. Risk factors for severe Rift Valley fever infection in Kenya, 2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83 (2 Suppl): 14–21.
-
3.
Kahlon SS, Peters CJ, Leduc J, Muchiri EM, Muiruri S, Njenga MK, Breiman RF, Clinton White A Jr, King CH, 2010. Severe Rift Valley fever may present with a characteristic clinical syndrome. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 371–375.
-
4.
CDC, 2007. Rift Valley fever outbreak–Kenya, November 2006–January 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 56: 73–76.
-
5.
Hartley DM, Rinderknecht JL, Nipp TL, Clarke NP, Snowder GD; National Center for Foreign Animal and Zoonotic Disease Defense Advisory Group on Rift Valley Fever, 2011. Potential effects of Rift Valley fever in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 17: e1.
-
6.
Daubney R, Hudson JR, Garnham PC, 1931. Enzootic hepatitis or Rift Valley fever: an undescribed virus disease of sheep, cattle and man from East Africa. J Pathol Bacteriol 34: 545–579.
-
7.
Clements AC, Pfeiffer DU, Martin V, Otte MJ, 2007. A Rift Valley fever atlas for Africa. Prev Vet Med 82: 72–82.
-
8.
Davies FG, Linthicum KJ, James AD, 1985. Rainfall and epizootic Rift Valley fever. Bull World Health Organ 63: 941–943.
-
9.
Linthicum KJ, Anyamba A, Tucker CJ, Kelley PW, Myers MF, Peters CJ, 1999. Climate and satellite indicators to forecast Rift Valley fever epidemics in Kenya. Science 285: 397–400.
-
10.
Hightower A, Kinkade C, Nguku PM, Anyangu A, Mutonga D, Omolo J, Njenga MK, Feikin DR, Schnabel D, Ombok M, Breiman RF, 2012. Relationship of climate, geography, and geology to the incidence of Rift Valley fever in Kenya during the 2006–2007 outbreak. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86: 373–380.
-
11.
Munyua P, Murithi RM, Wainwright S, Githinji J, Hightower A, Mutonga D, Macharia J, Ithondeka PM, Musaa J, Breiman RF, Bloland P, Njenga MK, 2010. Rift Valley fever outbreak in livestock in Kenya, 2006–2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83 (2 Suppl): 58–64.
-
12.
LaBeaud AD, Muchiri EM, Ndzovu M, Mwanje MT, Muiruri S, Peters CJ, King CH, 2008. Interepidemic Rift Valley fever virus seropositivity, northeastern Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 1240–1246.
-
13.
LaBeaud AD, Ochiai Y, Peters CJ, Muchiri EM, King CH, 2007. Spectrum of Rift Valley fever virus transmission in Kenya: insights from three distinct regions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 795–800.
-
14.
Niklasson B, Grandien M, Peters CJ, Gargan TP, 1983. Detection of Rift Valley fever virus antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol 17: 1026–1031.
-
15.
Kruska A, Kariuki P, 2007. International Livestock Research Institute GIS Database. Available at: http://www.ilri.org/gis. Accessed June 20, 2014.
-
16.
LaBeaud AD, Muiruri S, Sutherland LJ, Dahir S, Gildengorin G, Morrill J, Muchiri EM, Peters CJ, King CH, 2011. Postepidemic analysis of Rift Valley fever virus transmission in northeastern Kenya: a village cohort study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1265.
-
17.
Woods CW, Karpati AM, Grein T, McCarthy N, Gaturuku P, Muchiri E, Dunster L, Henderson A, Khan AS, Swanepoel R, Bonmarin I, Martin L, Mann P, Smoak BL, Ryan M, Ksiazek TG, Arthur RR, Ndikuyeze A, Agata NN, Peters CJ; WHO Hemorrhagic Fever Task Force, 2002. An outbreak of Rift Valley fever in Northeastern Kenya, 1997–98. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 138–144.
-
18.
Al-Hazmi A, Al-Rajhi AA, Abboud EB, Ayoola EA, Al-Hazmi M, Saadi R, Ahmed N, 2005. Ocular complications of Rift Valley fever outbreak in Saudi Arabia. Ophthalmology 112: 313–318.
-
19.
Riou O, Philippe B, Jouan A, Coulibaly I, Mondo M, Digoutte JP, 1989. Neurologic and neurosensory forms of Rift Valley fever in Mauritania. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 82: 605–610.
-
20.
Davies FG, 2010. The historical and recent impact of Rift Valley fever in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83 (2 Suppl): 73–74.
-
21.
Murithi RM, Munyua P, Ithondeka PM, Macharia JM, Hightower A, Luman ET, Breiman RF, Njenga MK, 2011. Rift Valley fever in Kenya: history of epizootics and identification of vulnerable districts. Epidemiol Infect 139: 372–380.
-
22.
LaBeaud AD, Cross PC, Getz WM, Glinka A, King CH, 2011. Rift Valley fever virus infection in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) herds in rural South Africa: evidence of interepidemic transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 641–646.
-
23.
Anyamba A, Chretien JP, Small J, Tucker CJ, Formenty PB, Richardson JH, Britch SC, Schnabel DC, Erickson RL, Linthicum KJ, 2009. Prediction of a Rift Valley fever outbreak. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 955–959.
-
24.
Consultative Group for RVF Decision Support, 2010. Decision-support tool for prevention and control of Rift Valley fever epizootics in the greater Horn of Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83 (Suppl 2): 75–85.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 408 | 319 | 11 |
| Full Text Views | 403 | 15 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 163 | 13 | 1 |