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1.
Murray CJ, Rosenfeld LC, Lim SS, Andrews KG, Foreman KJ, Haring D, Fullman N, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Lopez AD, 2012. Global malaria mortality between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet 379: 413–431.
-
2.
Liu L, Johnson HL, Cousens S, Perin J, Scott S, Lawn JE, Rudan I, Campbell H, Cibulskis R, Li M, Mathers C, Black RE, 2012. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000. Lancet 379: 2151–2161.
-
3.
Waitumbi JN, Opollo MO, Muga RO, Misore AO, Stoute JA, 2000. Red cell surface changes and erythrophagocytosis in children with severe Plasmodium falciparum anemia. Blood 95: 1481–1486.
-
4.
Waitumbi JN, Donvito B, Kisserli A, Cohen JH, Stoute JA, 2004. Age-related changes in red blood cell complement regulatory proteins and susceptibility to severe malaria. J Infect Dis 190: 1183–1191.
-
5.
Gwamaka M, Fried M, Domingo G, Duffy PE, 2011. Early and extensive CD55 loss from red blood cells supports a causal role in malarial anemia. Malar J 10: 386.
-
6.
Rout R, Dhangadamajhi G, Mohapatra BN, Kar SK, Ranjit M, 2011. High CR1 level and related polymorphic variants are associated with cerebral malaria in eastern-India. Infect Genet Evol 11: 139–144.
-
7.
Song WC, 2006. Complement regulatory proteins and autoimmunity. Autoimmunity 39: 403–410.
-
8.
Odhiambo CO, Otieno W, Adhiambo C, Odera MM, Stoute JA, 2008. Increased deposition of C3b on red cells with low CR1 and CD55 in a malaria-endemic region of western Kenya: implications for the development of severe anemia. BMC Med 6: 23.
-
9.
Reinagel ML, Gezen M, Ferguson PJ, Kuhn S, Martin EN, Taylor RP, 1997. The primate erythrocyte complement receptor (CR1) as a privileged site: binding of immunoglobulin G to erythrocyte CR1 does not target erythrocytes for phagocytosis. Blood 89: 1068–1077.
-
10.
World Health Organization, 2014. Child Growth Standards. http://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/weight_for_height/en/. Accessed March 27, 2014.
-
11.
Fillinger U, Sonye G, Killeen GF, Knols BG, Becker N, 2004. The practical importance of permanent and semipermanent habitats for controlling aquatic stages of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato mosquitoes: operational observations from a rural town in western Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 9: 1274–1289.
-
12.
World Resource Institute, 2014. Water Bodies in Kenya. http://www.wri.org/publication/content/9291. Accessed March 27, 2014.
-
13.
World Resource Institute, 2014. District Administrative Boundaries in Kenya. http://www.wri.org/publication/content/9291. Accessed March 27, 2014.
-
14.
World Resource Institute, 2014. Average Annual Rainfall in Kenya. http://www.wri.org/publication/content/9291. Accessed November 9, 2010.
-
15.
World Resource Institute, 2014. Wetland Areas in Kenya. http://www.wri.org/publication/content/9291. Accessed November 9, 2010.
-
16.
Yen JH, Liu HW, Lin SF, Chen TP, 1990. Erythrocyte complement receptor type 1 in non-SLE rheumatic diseases. Rheumatol Int 10: 71–73.
-
17.
Lach-Trifilieff E, Marfurt J, Schwarz S, Sadallah S, Schifferli JA, 1999. Complement receptor 1 (CD35) on human reticulocytes: normal expression in systemic lupus erythematosus and HIV-infected patients. J Immunol 162: 7549–7554.
-
18.
Panda AK, Panda M, Tripathy R, Pattanaik SS, Ravindran B, Das BK, 2012. Complement receptor 1 variants confer protection from severe malaria in Odisha, India. PLoS ONE 7: e49420.
-
19.
Reunala T, Brummer-Korvenkontio H, Palosuo K, Miyanij M, Ruiz-Maldonado R, Love A, Francois G, Palosuo T, 1994. Frequent occurrence of IgE and IgG4 antibodies against saliva of Aedes communis and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in children. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 104: 366–371.
-
20.
Penneys NS, Nayar JK, Bernstein H, Knight JW, 1988. Circulating antibody detection in human serum to mosquito salivary gland proteins by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase technique. J Am Acad Dermatol 18: 87–92.
-
21.
Ter Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, Kariuki SK, Phillips-Howard PA, Mirel LB, Hawley WA, Friedman JF, Shi YP, Kolczak MS, Lal AA, Vulule JM, Nahlen BL, 2003. Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on malaria, anemia, and growth in infants in an area of intense perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 68–77.
-
22.
Sinha S, Jha GN, Anand P, Qidwai T, Pati SS, Mohanty S, Mishra SK, Tyagi PK, Sharma SK, Venkatesh V, Habib S, 2009. CR1 levels and gene polymorphisms exhibit differential association with falciparum malaria in regions of varying disease endemicity. Hum Immunol 70: 244–250.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 604 | 522 | 53 |
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Use of Mosquito Preventive Measures is Associated with Increased RBC CR1 Levels in a Malaria Holoendemic Area of Western Kenya
Christine King
Christine King
Department of Public Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; The Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Ping Du
Ping Du
Department of Public Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; The Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Walter Otieno
Walter Otieno
Department of Public Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; The Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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José A. Stoute
José A. Stoute
Department of Public Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; The Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Malaria is responsible for close to 1 million deaths each year, mostly among African children. Red blood cells (RBCs) of children with severe malarial anemia show loss of complement regulatory proteins such as complement receptor 1 (CR1). We carried out this study to identify socio-economic, environmental, and biological factors associated with the loss of RBC CR1. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a malaria holoendemic area of western Kenya. Twelve socioeconomic, environmental, and biological factors were examined for a relationship with RBC CR1 level using bivariate linear regression followed by creation of a multivariate linear regression model. A significant positive relationship between RBC CR1 level and use of mosquito countermeasures was found. However, there was no evidence of a significant relationship between RBC CR1 level and malaria infection or parasitemia level. Reducing mosquito exposure may aid in the prevention of severe malarial anemia by reducing the number of infections and thus preserving RBC CR1.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported in part by a grant from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01 HL 7502), José A. Stoute PI. Walter Otieno was supported by a training grant from the Fogarty International Center (1 D43 TW06239).
Authors' addresses: Christine King and Ping Du, Penn State College of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Hershey, PA, E-mails: christine.margaret.king@gmail.com and pdu@phs.psu.edu. Walter Otieno, Kenya Medical Research Institute, U.S. Army Medical Research Unit, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mail: walter66@gmail.com. José A. Stoute, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, E-mail: jsoute@psu.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Murray CJ, Rosenfeld LC, Lim SS, Andrews KG, Foreman KJ, Haring D, Fullman N, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Lopez AD, 2012. Global malaria mortality between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet 379: 413–431.
-
2.
Liu L, Johnson HL, Cousens S, Perin J, Scott S, Lawn JE, Rudan I, Campbell H, Cibulskis R, Li M, Mathers C, Black RE, 2012. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000. Lancet 379: 2151–2161.
-
3.
Waitumbi JN, Opollo MO, Muga RO, Misore AO, Stoute JA, 2000. Red cell surface changes and erythrophagocytosis in children with severe Plasmodium falciparum anemia. Blood 95: 1481–1486.
-
4.
Waitumbi JN, Donvito B, Kisserli A, Cohen JH, Stoute JA, 2004. Age-related changes in red blood cell complement regulatory proteins and susceptibility to severe malaria. J Infect Dis 190: 1183–1191.
-
5.
Gwamaka M, Fried M, Domingo G, Duffy PE, 2011. Early and extensive CD55 loss from red blood cells supports a causal role in malarial anemia. Malar J 10: 386.
-
6.
Rout R, Dhangadamajhi G, Mohapatra BN, Kar SK, Ranjit M, 2011. High CR1 level and related polymorphic variants are associated with cerebral malaria in eastern-India. Infect Genet Evol 11: 139–144.
-
7.
Song WC, 2006. Complement regulatory proteins and autoimmunity. Autoimmunity 39: 403–410.
-
8.
Odhiambo CO, Otieno W, Adhiambo C, Odera MM, Stoute JA, 2008. Increased deposition of C3b on red cells with low CR1 and CD55 in a malaria-endemic region of western Kenya: implications for the development of severe anemia. BMC Med 6: 23.
-
9.
Reinagel ML, Gezen M, Ferguson PJ, Kuhn S, Martin EN, Taylor RP, 1997. The primate erythrocyte complement receptor (CR1) as a privileged site: binding of immunoglobulin G to erythrocyte CR1 does not target erythrocytes for phagocytosis. Blood 89: 1068–1077.
-
10.
World Health Organization, 2014. Child Growth Standards. http://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/weight_for_height/en/. Accessed March 27, 2014.
-
11.
Fillinger U, Sonye G, Killeen GF, Knols BG, Becker N, 2004. The practical importance of permanent and semipermanent habitats for controlling aquatic stages of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato mosquitoes: operational observations from a rural town in western Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 9: 1274–1289.
-
12.
World Resource Institute, 2014. Water Bodies in Kenya. http://www.wri.org/publication/content/9291. Accessed March 27, 2014.
-
13.
World Resource Institute, 2014. District Administrative Boundaries in Kenya. http://www.wri.org/publication/content/9291. Accessed March 27, 2014.
-
14.
World Resource Institute, 2014. Average Annual Rainfall in Kenya. http://www.wri.org/publication/content/9291. Accessed November 9, 2010.
-
15.
World Resource Institute, 2014. Wetland Areas in Kenya. http://www.wri.org/publication/content/9291. Accessed November 9, 2010.
-
16.
Yen JH, Liu HW, Lin SF, Chen TP, 1990. Erythrocyte complement receptor type 1 in non-SLE rheumatic diseases. Rheumatol Int 10: 71–73.
-
17.
Lach-Trifilieff E, Marfurt J, Schwarz S, Sadallah S, Schifferli JA, 1999. Complement receptor 1 (CD35) on human reticulocytes: normal expression in systemic lupus erythematosus and HIV-infected patients. J Immunol 162: 7549–7554.
-
18.
Panda AK, Panda M, Tripathy R, Pattanaik SS, Ravindran B, Das BK, 2012. Complement receptor 1 variants confer protection from severe malaria in Odisha, India. PLoS ONE 7: e49420.
-
19.
Reunala T, Brummer-Korvenkontio H, Palosuo K, Miyanij M, Ruiz-Maldonado R, Love A, Francois G, Palosuo T, 1994. Frequent occurrence of IgE and IgG4 antibodies against saliva of Aedes communis and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in children. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 104: 366–371.
-
20.
Penneys NS, Nayar JK, Bernstein H, Knight JW, 1988. Circulating antibody detection in human serum to mosquito salivary gland proteins by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase technique. J Am Acad Dermatol 18: 87–92.
-
21.
Ter Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, Kariuki SK, Phillips-Howard PA, Mirel LB, Hawley WA, Friedman JF, Shi YP, Kolczak MS, Lal AA, Vulule JM, Nahlen BL, 2003. Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on malaria, anemia, and growth in infants in an area of intense perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 68–77.
-
22.
Sinha S, Jha GN, Anand P, Qidwai T, Pati SS, Mohanty S, Mishra SK, Tyagi PK, Sharma SK, Venkatesh V, Habib S, 2009. CR1 levels and gene polymorphisms exhibit differential association with falciparum malaria in regions of varying disease endemicity. Hum Immunol 70: 244–250.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 604 | 522 | 53 |
| Full Text Views | 280 | 12 | 3 |
| PDF Downloads | 70 | 12 | 0 |