ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Murray CJ, Laakso T, Shibuya K, Hill K, Lopez AD, 2007. Can we achieve Millennium Development Goal 4? New analysis of country trends and forecasts of under-5 mortality to 2015. Lancet 370: 1040–1054.
-
2.
UNICEF/WHO, 2009. Diarrhoea: Why Children Are Still Dying and What Can Be Done. New York: UNICEF.
-
3.
Walker CL, Rudan I, Liu L, Nair H, Theodoratou E, Bhutta ZA, O'Brien KL, Campbell H, Black RE, 2013. Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhea. Lancet 381: 1405–1416.
-
4.
Rudan I, Chan KY, Zhang JF, Theodoratou E, Feng XL, Salomon JA, Lawn JE, Cousens S, Black RE, Guo Y, Campbell H; WHO/UNICEF'S Health Epidemiology Reference Group (CHERG), 2010. Causes of deaths in children younger than 5 years in China in 2008. Lancet 375: 1083–1089.
-
5.
Shah MS, Ahmad A, Khalique N, Afzal S, Ansari MA, Khan Z, 2012. Home-based management of acute diarrhoeal disease in an urban slum of Aligarh, India. J Infect Dev Ctries 6: 137–142.
-
6.
Das SK, Nasrin D, Ahmed S, Wu Y, Ferdous F, Farzana FD, Khan SH, Malek MA, El Arifeen S, Levine MM, Kotloff KL, Faruque AS, 2013. Health care-seeking behavior for childhood diarrhea in Mirzapur, rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 62–68.
-
7.
Bartram J, Cairncross S, 2010. Hygiene, sanitation, and water: forgotten foundations of health. PLoS Med 7: e1000367.
-
8.
Manun'ebo MN, Haggerty PA, Kalengaie M, Ashworth A, Kirkwod BR, 1994. Influence of demographic, socioeconomic and environmental variables on childhood diarrhoea in a rural area of Zaire. J Trop Med Hyg 97: 31–38.
-
9.
World Health Organization, 2006. Child Growth Standards: Length/Height-for-Age, Weight-for-Age, Weight-for-Length, Weight-for-Height and Body Mass Index-for-Age: Methods and Development. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
10.
Stoltzfus RJ, Dreyfuss ML, 1998. Guidelines for the Use of Iron Supplements To Prevent and Treat Iron Dficiency Anemia. Geneva: International Nutritional Anemia Consultative Group/UNICEF/WHO.
-
11.
Dallman PR, Siimes MA, Steckel A, 1980. Iron deficiency in infant and childhood. Am J Clin Nutr 33: 86–118.
-
12.
Wintrobe MM, Lee GR, Bogs DR, Bithell TC, Foerster JW, Lukens JN, 1981. Clinical Hematology. 8th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger.
-
13.
Skov T, Deddens J, Petersen MR, Endahl L, 1998. Prevalence proportion ratios: estimation and hypothesis testing. Int J Epidemiol 27: 91–95.
-
14.
Zhang J, Mauzerall DL, Zhu T, Liang S, Ezzati M, Remais JV, 2010. Environmental health in China: progress towards clean air and safe water. Lancet 375: 1110–1119.
-
15.
Mbonye AK, 2004. Risk factors for diarrhea and upper respiratory tract infections among children in a rural area of Uganda. J Health Popul Nutr 22: 52–58.
-
16.
Imdad A, Herzer K, Mayo-Wilson E, Yakoob MY, Bhutta ZA, 2010. Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from 6 months to 5 years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008524.pub2.
-
17.
Imdad A, Yakoob MY, Subfeld C, Haider BA, Black RE, Bhutta ZA, 2011. Impact of vitmin A supplementation on infant and childhood mortality. BMC Public Health 11: S20.
-
18.
Barreto ML, Santos LM, Assis AM, Araujo MP, Farenzena GG, Santos PA, Fiaccone RL, 1994. Effect of vitamin A supplementation on diarrhea and acute lower-respiratory-tract infections in young children in Brazil. Lancet 344: 228–231.
-
19.
Long KZ, Montoya Y, Hertzmark E, Santos JI, Rosado JL, 2006. A double-blind, randomized, clinical trial of the effect of vitamin A and zinc supplementation on diarrheal disease and respiratory tract infections in children in Mexico City, Mexico. Am J Clin Nutr 83: 693–700.
-
20.
Bloem MW, Wedel M, Egger RJ, Speek AJ, Schrijver J, Saowakontha S, Schreurs WH, 1990. Mild vitamin A deficiency and risk of respiratory tract diseases and diarrhea in preschool and school children in northeastern Thailand. Am J Epidemiol 131: 332–339.
-
21.
Kang SG, Wang C, Matsumoto S, Kim CH, 2009. High and low vitamin A therapies induce distinct FoxP3+ T-cell subsets and effectively control intestinal inflammation. Gastroenterology 137: 1391–1402.
-
22.
Mora JR, Iwata M, Von Andrian UH, 2008. Vitamin effects on the immune system: vitamins A and D take centre stage. Nat Rev Immunol 8: 685–698.
-
23.
Walker CL, Perin J, Katz J, Tielsch JM, Black RE, 2013. Diarrhea as a risk factor for acute lower respiratory tract infections among young children in low income settings. J Glob Health 3: 010402, doi:10.7189/jogh.03.010402.
-
24.
Hecht C, Weber M, Grote V, Daskalou E, Dellera L, Flynn D, Gerasimidis K, Gottrand F, Hartman C, Hulst J, Joosten K, Karagiozoglou-Lampoudi T, Koetse HA, Kolacek S, Ksiazyk J, Niseteo T, Olszewska K, Pavesi P, Piwowarczyk A, Rousseaux J, Shamir R, Sullivan PB, Szajewska H, Vernon-Roberts A, Koletzko B, 2014. Disease associated malnutrition correlates with length of hospital stay in children. Clin Nutr S0261-5614(14)00025-9. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2014.01.003.
-
25.
Ferdous F, Das SK, Ahmed S, Farzana FD, Latham JR, Chisti MJ, Ud-Din AI, Azmi IJ, Talukder KA, Faruque AS, 2013. Severity of diarrhea and malnutrition among under five-year-old children in rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 223–228.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1055 | 972 | 27 |
| Full Text Views | 256 | 8 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 68 | 11 | 0 |
Prevalence of Diarrhea Among Children Less Than 36 Months of Age in Rural Western China in 2001 and 2005
Wenlong Gao
Wenlong Gao
Institute of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
Search for other papers by Wenlong Gao in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Wenlong Gao in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Xiaoning Liu
Xiaoning Liu
Institute of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
Search for other papers by Xiaoning Liu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Xiaoning Liu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Hong Yan
Hong Yan
Institute of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
Search for other papers by Hong Yan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Hong Yan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
We collected for rural western China data for 14,658 children less than 36 months of age in 2001 and for 14,112 children in 2005. A generalized estimated equation log-binomial model was used to identify the determinants of childhood diarrhea. In 2005, prevalence of diarrhea was approximately 7.4%, which compared with that for 2001, had decreased by 8.7%. The generalized estimated equation analysis showed that region affected the prevalence of childhood diarrhea significantly. Age was negatively associated with childhood diarrhea. Although childhood upper respiratory infections increased the risk of diarrhea, the risk could be decreased by use of vitamin A in the previous year. In addition, children of Han ethnicity or those living in one-child families had a lower risk of diarrhea in 2001, but underweight children had a higher risk in 2005. These findings may have some implications for formulating policies of childhood diarrhea prevention and control in rural western China.
Author Notes
Financial support: The study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 81230061).
Authors' addresses: Wenlong Gao, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China, E-mail: gaowl@lzu.edu.cn. Xiaoning Liu, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China, E-mail: liuxn@lzu.edu.cn. Hong Yan, Institute of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, E-mail: xjtu_yh.paper@aliyun.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Murray CJ, Laakso T, Shibuya K, Hill K, Lopez AD, 2007. Can we achieve Millennium Development Goal 4? New analysis of country trends and forecasts of under-5 mortality to 2015. Lancet 370: 1040–1054.
-
2.
UNICEF/WHO, 2009. Diarrhoea: Why Children Are Still Dying and What Can Be Done. New York: UNICEF.
-
3.
Walker CL, Rudan I, Liu L, Nair H, Theodoratou E, Bhutta ZA, O'Brien KL, Campbell H, Black RE, 2013. Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhea. Lancet 381: 1405–1416.
-
4.
Rudan I, Chan KY, Zhang JF, Theodoratou E, Feng XL, Salomon JA, Lawn JE, Cousens S, Black RE, Guo Y, Campbell H; WHO/UNICEF'S Health Epidemiology Reference Group (CHERG), 2010. Causes of deaths in children younger than 5 years in China in 2008. Lancet 375: 1083–1089.
-
5.
Shah MS, Ahmad A, Khalique N, Afzal S, Ansari MA, Khan Z, 2012. Home-based management of acute diarrhoeal disease in an urban slum of Aligarh, India. J Infect Dev Ctries 6: 137–142.
-
6.
Das SK, Nasrin D, Ahmed S, Wu Y, Ferdous F, Farzana FD, Khan SH, Malek MA, El Arifeen S, Levine MM, Kotloff KL, Faruque AS, 2013. Health care-seeking behavior for childhood diarrhea in Mirzapur, rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 62–68.
-
7.
Bartram J, Cairncross S, 2010. Hygiene, sanitation, and water: forgotten foundations of health. PLoS Med 7: e1000367.
-
8.
Manun'ebo MN, Haggerty PA, Kalengaie M, Ashworth A, Kirkwod BR, 1994. Influence of demographic, socioeconomic and environmental variables on childhood diarrhoea in a rural area of Zaire. J Trop Med Hyg 97: 31–38.
-
9.
World Health Organization, 2006. Child Growth Standards: Length/Height-for-Age, Weight-for-Age, Weight-for-Length, Weight-for-Height and Body Mass Index-for-Age: Methods and Development. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
10.
Stoltzfus RJ, Dreyfuss ML, 1998. Guidelines for the Use of Iron Supplements To Prevent and Treat Iron Dficiency Anemia. Geneva: International Nutritional Anemia Consultative Group/UNICEF/WHO.
-
11.
Dallman PR, Siimes MA, Steckel A, 1980. Iron deficiency in infant and childhood. Am J Clin Nutr 33: 86–118.
-
12.
Wintrobe MM, Lee GR, Bogs DR, Bithell TC, Foerster JW, Lukens JN, 1981. Clinical Hematology. 8th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger.
-
13.
Skov T, Deddens J, Petersen MR, Endahl L, 1998. Prevalence proportion ratios: estimation and hypothesis testing. Int J Epidemiol 27: 91–95.
-
14.
Zhang J, Mauzerall DL, Zhu T, Liang S, Ezzati M, Remais JV, 2010. Environmental health in China: progress towards clean air and safe water. Lancet 375: 1110–1119.
-
15.
Mbonye AK, 2004. Risk factors for diarrhea and upper respiratory tract infections among children in a rural area of Uganda. J Health Popul Nutr 22: 52–58.
-
16.
Imdad A, Herzer K, Mayo-Wilson E, Yakoob MY, Bhutta ZA, 2010. Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from 6 months to 5 years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008524.pub2.
-
17.
Imdad A, Yakoob MY, Subfeld C, Haider BA, Black RE, Bhutta ZA, 2011. Impact of vitmin A supplementation on infant and childhood mortality. BMC Public Health 11: S20.
-
18.
Barreto ML, Santos LM, Assis AM, Araujo MP, Farenzena GG, Santos PA, Fiaccone RL, 1994. Effect of vitamin A supplementation on diarrhea and acute lower-respiratory-tract infections in young children in Brazil. Lancet 344: 228–231.
-
19.
Long KZ, Montoya Y, Hertzmark E, Santos JI, Rosado JL, 2006. A double-blind, randomized, clinical trial of the effect of vitamin A and zinc supplementation on diarrheal disease and respiratory tract infections in children in Mexico City, Mexico. Am J Clin Nutr 83: 693–700.
-
20.
Bloem MW, Wedel M, Egger RJ, Speek AJ, Schrijver J, Saowakontha S, Schreurs WH, 1990. Mild vitamin A deficiency and risk of respiratory tract diseases and diarrhea in preschool and school children in northeastern Thailand. Am J Epidemiol 131: 332–339.
-
21.
Kang SG, Wang C, Matsumoto S, Kim CH, 2009. High and low vitamin A therapies induce distinct FoxP3+ T-cell subsets and effectively control intestinal inflammation. Gastroenterology 137: 1391–1402.
-
22.
Mora JR, Iwata M, Von Andrian UH, 2008. Vitamin effects on the immune system: vitamins A and D take centre stage. Nat Rev Immunol 8: 685–698.
-
23.
Walker CL, Perin J, Katz J, Tielsch JM, Black RE, 2013. Diarrhea as a risk factor for acute lower respiratory tract infections among young children in low income settings. J Glob Health 3: 010402, doi:10.7189/jogh.03.010402.
-
24.
Hecht C, Weber M, Grote V, Daskalou E, Dellera L, Flynn D, Gerasimidis K, Gottrand F, Hartman C, Hulst J, Joosten K, Karagiozoglou-Lampoudi T, Koetse HA, Kolacek S, Ksiazyk J, Niseteo T, Olszewska K, Pavesi P, Piwowarczyk A, Rousseaux J, Shamir R, Sullivan PB, Szajewska H, Vernon-Roberts A, Koletzko B, 2014. Disease associated malnutrition correlates with length of hospital stay in children. Clin Nutr S0261-5614(14)00025-9. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2014.01.003.
-
25.
Ferdous F, Das SK, Ahmed S, Farzana FD, Latham JR, Chisti MJ, Ud-Din AI, Azmi IJ, Talukder KA, Faruque AS, 2013. Severity of diarrhea and malnutrition among under five-year-old children in rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 223–228.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1055 | 972 | 27 |
| Full Text Views | 256 | 8 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 68 | 11 | 0 |