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Impact of a Spatial Repellent on Malaria Incidence in Two Villages in Sumba, Indonesia
Din Syafruddin
Din Syafruddin
Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Public Health and Malaria Control, International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Papua Indonesia; Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia; The Sumba Foundation, Bali, Indonesia; Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Michael J. Bangs
Michael J. Bangs
Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Public Health and Malaria Control, International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Papua Indonesia; Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia; The Sumba Foundation, Bali, Indonesia; Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Dian Sidik
Dian Sidik
Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Public Health and Malaria Control, International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Papua Indonesia; Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia; The Sumba Foundation, Bali, Indonesia; Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Iqbal Elyazar
Iqbal Elyazar
Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Public Health and Malaria Control, International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Papua Indonesia; Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia; The Sumba Foundation, Bali, Indonesia; Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Puji BS Asih
Puji BS Asih
Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Public Health and Malaria Control, International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Papua Indonesia; Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia; The Sumba Foundation, Bali, Indonesia; Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Krisin Chan
Krisin Chan
Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Public Health and Malaria Control, International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Papua Indonesia; Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia; The Sumba Foundation, Bali, Indonesia; Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Siti Nurleila
Siti Nurleila
Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Public Health and Malaria Control, International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Papua Indonesia; Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia; The Sumba Foundation, Bali, Indonesia; Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Christian Nixon
Christian Nixon
Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Public Health and Malaria Control, International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Papua Indonesia; Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia; The Sumba Foundation, Bali, Indonesia; Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Joko Hendarto
Joko Hendarto
Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Public Health and Malaria Control, International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Papua Indonesia; Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia; The Sumba Foundation, Bali, Indonesia; Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Isra Wahid
Isra Wahid
Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Public Health and Malaria Control, International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Papua Indonesia; Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia; The Sumba Foundation, Bali, Indonesia; Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Hasanuddin Ishak
Hasanuddin Ishak
Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Public Health and Malaria Control, International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Papua Indonesia; Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia; The Sumba Foundation, Bali, Indonesia; Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Claus Bøgh
Claus Bøgh
Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Public Health and Malaria Control, International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Papua Indonesia; Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia; The Sumba Foundation, Bali, Indonesia; Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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John P. Grieco
John P. Grieco
Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Public Health and Malaria Control, International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Papua Indonesia; Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia; The Sumba Foundation, Bali, Indonesia; Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Nicole L. Achee
Nicole L. Achee
Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Public Health and Malaria Control, International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Papua Indonesia; Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia; The Sumba Foundation, Bali, Indonesia; Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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J. Kevin Baird
J. Kevin Baird
Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Public Health and Malaria Control, International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Papua Indonesia; Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia; The Sumba Foundation, Bali, Indonesia; Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study was conducted to examine the effect of spatial repellent (SR) in households at risk of malaria in Indonesia. Following presumptive radical cure for malaria in 180 adult men representing sentinels of new infection in four clusters within two villages, all households were given either metofluthrin or placebo mosquito coils. Weekly blood smear screening and human-landing mosquito catches were done throughout the 6 months intervention. Malaria infections occurred in 61 subjects living in placebo households and 31 subjects living in SR coil households, suggesting a 52% protective effect of SR. Likewise, anopheles indoor human landing rates were 32% lower in homes receiving SR coils. Differences in the malaria attack rate between SR- and placebo-treated homes was significant when not accounting for the effects of clustering. When the analysis was adjusted for intra-cluster correlation, the differences between SR- and placebo-treated homes were not statistically significant. The findings provide evidence of SR public health benefit and support a larger trial statistically powered to detect those effects.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was funded by an award from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) to ALERTAsia Foundation in Jakarta on behalf of the Hasanuddin University and Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology. We express our gratitude to both Foundations for their generosity and vigorous support of this endeavor, especially Kate Aultman at the BMGF, and to Claudia Surjadjaja, Shanti Gayatri, and Manihar Panjaitan. We are deeply grateful to Daniel Lawson and Maude Maier of the S.C. Johnson and Son, Corp., USA for providing the mosquito coils and for expert assistance in the study design. JKB is supported by the Wellcome Trust (grant No. B9RJIXO).
Authors' addresses: Din Syafruddin, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia, and Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia, E-mail: din@eijkman.go.id. Michael J. Bangs, Public Health and Malaria Control, International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Papua Indonesia, E-mail: bang_michael@fmi.com. Dian Sidik, Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia, E-mail: dian_sidiq@yahoo.com. Iqbal Elyazar and Siti Nurleila, Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia, E-mails: iqbal.elyazar@gmail.com and snurleila@eocru.org. Puji BS Asih, Krisin Chan, and Christian Nixon, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia, E-mails: puji@eijkman.go.id, sanariliskris@yahoo.com, and cnixon@lifespan.org. Joko Hendarto, Isra Wahid, and Hasanuddin Ishak, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia, E-mails: jokohendarto@gmail.com, israwahid@gmail.com, and hasanuddin.ishak@gmail.com. Claus Bøgh, The Sumba Foundation, Bali, Indonesia, E-mail: cbogh@cbn.net.id. John P. Grieco, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services, University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, E-mail: jgrieco@usuhs.mil. Nicole L. Achee, Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, E-mail: nachee@nd.edu. J. Kevin Baird, Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia, and Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, E-mail: jkevinbaird@yahoo.com.
ProCite
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Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization. 2011. World Malaria Report. Geneva: WHO.
-
2.
Murray CJ, Rosenfeld LC, Lim SS, Andrews KG, Foreman KG, Haring D, Fullman N, Naghavi M, Lozano M, Lopez AD, 2011. Global malaria mortality between 1980 and 2010: a systematic review. Lancet 379: 413–431.
-
3.
Hill J, Rowland M, 2006. Insecticide-treated nets. Adv Parasitol 61: 77–128.
-
4.
Achee NL, Bangs MJ, Farlow R, Killeen GF, Lindsay S, Logan JG, Moore SJ, Rowland M, Sweeney K, Torr SJ, Zwiebel LJ, Grieco JP, 2012. Spatial repellents: from discovery and development to evidence-based validation. Malar J 11: 164.
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