- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Results
- Characteristics of the study participants.
- Prevalence of S. mansoni infections by gender and age.
- S. mansoni intensity of infection.
- Ultrasonography detected S. mansoni-related portal fibrosis.
- Multivariate analysis for predictors of S. mansoni infection and portal fibrosis.
- Other parasitic infections detected.
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Handzel T, Karanja DM, Addiss DG, Hightower AW, Rosen DH, Colley DG, Andove J, Slutsker L, Secor WE, 2003. Geographic distribution of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths in western Kenya: implications for anthelminthic mass treatment. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 318–323.
-
2.
Mazigo HD, Nuwaha F, Kinung'hi SM, Morona D, Pinot de Moira A, Wilson S, Heukelbach J, Dunne DW, 2012. Epidemiology and control of human schistosomiasis in Tanzania. Parasit Vectors 5: 274.
-
3.
Steinmann P, Keiser J, Bos R, Tanner M, Utzinger J, 2006. Schistosomiasis and water resources development: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk. Lancet Infect Dis 6: 411–425.
-
4.
van der Werf MJ, de Vlas SJ, Brooker S, Looman CW, Nagelkerke NJ, Habbema JD, Engels D, 2003. Quantification of clinical morbidity associated with schistosome infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Acta Trop 86: 125–139.
-
5.
Gazzinelli A, Correa-Oliveira R, Yang GJ, Boatin BA, Kloos H, 2012. A research agenda for helminth diseases of humans: social ecology, environmental determinants, and health systems. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1603.
-
6.
Samuels AM, Matey E, Mwinzi PN, Wiegand RE, Muchiri G, Ireri E, Hyde M, Montgomery SP, Karanja DM, Secor WE, 2012. Schistosoma mansoni morbidity among school-aged children: a SCORE project in Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 874–882.
-
7.
King CH, Dangerfield-Cha M, 2008. The unacknowledged impact of chronic schistosomiasis. Chronic Illn 4: 65–79.
-
8.
Vennervald BJ, Dunne DW, 2004. Morbidity in schistosomiasis: an update. Curr Opin Infect Dis 17: 439–447.
-
9.
Wilson S, Vennervald BJ, Dunne DW, 2011. Chronic hepatosplenomegaly in African school children: a common but neglected morbidity associated with schistosomiasis and malaria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1149.
-
10.
ZBCP, 2009. Baseline Survey for Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helmithiasis. Lusaka, Zambia: Ministry of Health.
-
11.
Lubeya M, Muloshi C, Baboo KS, Sianongo S, Kelly P, 2010. Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. Lancet 376: 1645.
-
12.
Katz N, Chaves A, Pellegrino J, 1972. A simple device for quantitative stool thick smear technique in Schistosoma mansoni. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 14: 397–400.
-
13.
WHO, 2002. Prevention and Control of Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
14.
Peters PA, Mahmoud AA, Warren KS, Ouma JH, Siongok TK, 1976. Field studies of a rapid, accurate means of quantifying Schistosoma haematobium eggs in urine samples. Bull World Health Organ 54: 159–162.
-
15.
Richter J, Hatz C, Campagne G, Bergquist NR, Jenkins JM, 2000. Ultrasound in Schistosomiasis. A Practical Guide to the Standardized Use of Ultrasonography for the Assessment of Schistosomiasis Related Morbidity. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
16.
Berhe N, Geitung JT, Medhin G, Gundersen SG, 2006. Large scale evaluation of WHO's ultrasonographic staging system of schistosomal periportal fibrosis in Ethiopia. Trop Med Int Health 11: 1286–1294.
-
17.
Vennervald BJ, Kenty L, Butterworth AE, Kariuki CH, Kadzo H, Ireri E, Amaganga C, Kimani G, Mwatha J, Otedo A, Booth M, Ouma JH, Dunne DW, 2004. Detailed clinical and ultrasound examination of children and adolescents in a Schistosoma mansoni endemic area in Kenya: hepatosplenic disease in the absence of portal fibrosis. Trop Med Int Health 9: 461–470.
-
18.
de Vlas SJ, Gryseels B, 1992. Underestimation of Schistosoma mansoni prevalences. Parasitol Today 8: 274–277.
-
19.
Engels D, Sinzinkayo E, Gryseels B, 1996. Day-to-day egg count fluctuation in Schistosoma mansoni infection and its operational implications. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54: 319–324.
-
20.
Berhe N, Myrvang B, Gundersen SG, 2007. Intensity of Schistosoma mansoni, hepatitis B, age, and sex predict levels of hepatic periportal thickening/fibrosis (PPT/F): a large-scale community-based study in Ethiopia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 1079–1086.
-
21.
Kariuki HC, Mbugua G, Magak P, Bailey JA, Muchiri EM, Thiongo FW, King CH, Butterworth AE, Ouma JH, Blanton RE, 2001. Prevalence and familial aggregation of schistosomal liver morbidity in Kenya: evaluation by new ultrasound criteria. J Infect Dis 183: 960–966.
-
22.
Kabatereine NB, Kemijumbi J, Ouma JH, Kariuki HC, Richter J, Kadzo H, Madsen H, Butterworth AE, Ornbjerg N, Vennervald BJ, 2004. Epidemiology and morbidity of Schistosoma mansoni infection in a fishing community along Lake Albert in Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98: 711–718.
-
23.
Tukahebwa EM, Magnussen P, Madsen H, Kabatereine NB, Nuwaha F, Wilson S, Vennervald BJ, 2013. A very high infection intensity of Schistosoma mansoni in a Ugandan Lake Victoria fishing community is required for association with highly prevalent organ related morbidity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2268.
-
24.
Black CL, Mwinzi PN, Muok EM, Abudho B, Fitzsimmons CM, Dunne DW, Karanja DM, Secor WE, Colley DG, 2010. Influence of exposure history on the immunology and development of resistance to human Schistosomiasis mansoni. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e637.
-
25.
Pinot de Moira A, Fulford AJ, Kabatereine NB, Ouma JH, Booth M, Dunne DW, 2010. Analysis of complex patterns of human exposure and immunity to schistosomiasis mansoni: the influence of age, sex, ethnicity and IgE. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e820.
-
26.
Seto EY, Sousa-Figueiredo JC, Betson M, Byalero C, Kabatereine NB, Stothard JR, 2012. Patterns of intestinal schistosomiasis among mothers and young children from Lake Albert, Uganda: water contact and social networks inferred from wearable global positioning system dataloggers. Geospat Health 7: 1–13.
-
27.
Boisier P, Ramarokoto CE, Ravoniarimbinina P, Rabarijaona L, Ravaoalimalala VE, 2001. Geographic differences in hepatosplenic complications of schistosomiasis mansoni and explanatory factors of morbidity. Trop Med Int Health 6: 699–706.
-
28.
Simoonga C, Kazembe LN, Kristensen TK, Olsen A, Appleton CC, Mubita P, Mubila L, 2008. The epidemiology and small-scale spatial heterogeneity of urinary schistosomiasis in Lusaka province, Zambia. Geospat Health 3: 57–67.
-
29.
Meurs L, Mbow M, Boon N, van den Broeck F, Vereecken K, Dieye TN, Abatih E, Huyse T, Mboup S, Polman K, 2013. Micro-geographical heterogeneity in Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium infection and morbidity in a co-endemic community in northern Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2608.
-
30.
Kariuki HC, Clennon JA, Brady MS, Kitron U, Sturrock RF, Ouma JH, Ndzovu ST, Mungai P, Hoffman O, Hamburger J, Pellegrini C, Muchiri EM, King CH, 2004. Distribution patterns and cercarial shedding of Bulinus nasutus and other snails in the Msambweni area, Coast Province, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 449–456.
-
31.
Clennon JA, King CH, Muchiri EM, Kariuki HC, Ouma JH, Mungai P, Kitron U, 2004. Spatial patterns of urinary schistosomiasis infection in a highly endemic area of coastal Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 443–448.
-
32.
Malenganisho WL, Magnussen P, Friis H, Siza J, Kaatano G, Temu M, Vennervald BJ, 2008. Schistosoma mansoni morbidity among adults in two villages along Lake Victoria shores in Mwanza District, Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102: 532–541.
-
33.
King CH, Magak P, Salam EA, Ouma JH, Kariuki HC, Blanton RE, World Health Organization, 2003. Measuring morbidity in schistosomiasis mansoni: relationship between image pattern, portal vein diameter and portal branch thickness in large-scale surveys using new WHO coding guidelines for ultrasound in schistosomiasis. Trop Med Int Health 8: 109–117.
-
34.
Mohamed-Ali Q, Elwali NE, Abdelhameed AA, Mergani A, Rahoud S, Elagib KE, Saeed OK, Abel L, Magzoub MM, Dessein AJ, 1999. Susceptibility to periportal (Symmers) fibrosis in human Schistosoma mansoni infections: evidence that intensity and duration of infection, gender, and inherited factors are critical in disease progression. J Infect Dis 180: 1298–1306.
-
35.
Strahan R, Chiyesu KO, Schneider-Kolsky ME, 2012. Ultrasound study of liver disease caused by Schistosoma mansoni in rural Zambian schoolchildren. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 56: 390–397.
-
36.
Meurs L, Mbow M, Vereecken K, Menten J, Mboup S, Polman K, 2012. Bladder morbidity and hepatic fibrosis in mixed Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni infections: a population-wide study in northern Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1829.
-
37.
Smith PM, Shainheit MG, Bazzone LE, Rutitzky LI, Poltorak A, Stadecker MJ, 2009. Genetic control of severe egg-induced immunopathology and IL-17 production in murine schistosomiasis. J Immunol 183: 3317–3323.
-
38.
King CH, 2010. Parasites and poverty: the case of schistosomiasis. Acta Trop 113: 95–104.
-
39.
Lodh N, Mwansa JC, Mutengo MM, Shiff CJ, 2013. Diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni without the stool: comparison of three diagnostic tests to detect Schiostosoma mansoni infection from filtered urine in Zambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 46–50.
-
40.
Enk MJ, Lima AC, Drummond SC, Schall VT, Coelho PM, 2008. The effect of the number of stool samples on the observed prevalence and the infection intensity with Schistosoma mansoni among a population in an area of low transmission. Acta Trop 108: 222–228.
-
41.
Booth M, Vounatsou P, N'Goran EK, Tanner M, Utzinger J, 2003. The influence of sampling effort and the performance of the Kato-Katz technique in diagnosing Schistosoma mansoni and hookworm co-infections in rural Cote d'Ivoire. Parasitology 127: 525–531.
-
42.
Berhe N, Medhin G, Erko B, Smith T, Gedamu S, Bereded D, Moore R, Habte E, Redda A, Gebre-Michael T, Gundersen SG, 2004. Variations in helminth faecal egg counts in Kato-Katz thick smears and their implications in assessing infection status with Schistosoma mansoni. Acta Trop 92: 205–212.
-
43.
Carneiro TR, Pinheiro MC, de Oliveira SM, Hanemann AL, Queiroz JA, Bezerra FS, 2012. Increased detection of schistosomiasis with Kato-Katz and SWAP-IgG-ELISA in a northeastern Brazil low-intensity transmission area. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 45: 510–513.
-
44.
Knopp S, Mgeni AF, Khamis SI, Steinmann P, Stothard RJ, Rollinson D, Mart H, Utzinger J, 2008. Diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminths in the era of preventive chemotherapy: effect of multiple stool sampling and use of different diagnostic techniques. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e331.
-
45.
WHO, 2006. Preventive Chemotherapy in Human Helminthiasis: Coordinated Use of Anthelminthic Drugs in Control Interventions: A Manual for Health Professionals and Programme Managers. Geneva: World Health Organization.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1406 | 1242 | 25 |
| Full Text Views | 356 | 21 | 5 |
| PDF Downloads | 146 | 24 | 9 |
High Schistosoma mansoni Disease Burden in a Rural District of Western Zambia
Mable M. Mutengo
Mable M. Mutengo
Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
Search for other papers by Mable M. Mutengo in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Mable M. Mutengo in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
James C. L. Mwansa
James C. L. Mwansa
Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
Search for other papers by James C. L. Mwansa in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by James C. L. Mwansa in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Takafira Mduluza
Takafira Mduluza
Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
Search for other papers by Takafira Mduluza in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Takafira Mduluza in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Sandie Sianongo
Sandie Sianongo
Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
Search for other papers by Sandie Sianongo in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Sandie Sianongo in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
James Chipeta
James Chipeta
Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
Search for other papers by James Chipeta in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by James Chipeta in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Schistosoma mansoni disease is endemic in most parts of rural Zambia, and associated complications are common. We conducted a cross-sectional study among 754 people in rural communities of Kaoma District, western Zambia to determine the burden of S. mansoni infection and associated morbidity. Parasitology and ultrasonography assessments were conducted on consenting participants. The overall prevalence of S. mansoni infection and geometric mean egg count (GMEC) were 42.4% (304) and 86.6 eggs per gram (95% confidence interval = 75.6–99.6), respectively. Prevalence was highest in the age group of 15–19 years old (adjusted prevalence ratio = 1.70, P = 0.017). S. mansoni-related portal fibrosis was detected in 26% of the participants screened. Participants above 39 years old were 2.93 times more likely to have fibrosis than the 7–9 years old age group (P = 0.004). The study highlights the high burden of S. mansoni disease in this area and calls for immediate interventions to avert complications associated with the disease.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was financed by the Southern African Consortium of Research Excellence (SACORE) Wellcome Trust-supported project. The study is part of the PhD work on immunogenetics of S. mansoni disease by the principal investigator (M.M.M.).
Authors' addresses: Mable M. Mutengo, James Mwansa, and Sandie Sianongo, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia, and Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia, E-mails: mmutengo@yahoo.com, mwansaj@gmail.com, and ssianongo@yahoo.com. Takafira Mduluza, Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe, E-mail: tmduluza@yahoo.com. James Chipeta, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia, E-mail: Jameschipeta@smuth-mru.org.zm.
- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Results
- Characteristics of the study participants.
- Prevalence of S. mansoni infections by gender and age.
- S. mansoni intensity of infection.
- Ultrasonography detected S. mansoni-related portal fibrosis.
- Multivariate analysis for predictors of S. mansoni infection and portal fibrosis.
- Other parasitic infections detected.
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Handzel T, Karanja DM, Addiss DG, Hightower AW, Rosen DH, Colley DG, Andove J, Slutsker L, Secor WE, 2003. Geographic distribution of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths in western Kenya: implications for anthelminthic mass treatment. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 318–323.
-
2.
Mazigo HD, Nuwaha F, Kinung'hi SM, Morona D, Pinot de Moira A, Wilson S, Heukelbach J, Dunne DW, 2012. Epidemiology and control of human schistosomiasis in Tanzania. Parasit Vectors 5: 274.
-
3.
Steinmann P, Keiser J, Bos R, Tanner M, Utzinger J, 2006. Schistosomiasis and water resources development: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk. Lancet Infect Dis 6: 411–425.
-
4.
van der Werf MJ, de Vlas SJ, Brooker S, Looman CW, Nagelkerke NJ, Habbema JD, Engels D, 2003. Quantification of clinical morbidity associated with schistosome infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Acta Trop 86: 125–139.
-
5.
Gazzinelli A, Correa-Oliveira R, Yang GJ, Boatin BA, Kloos H, 2012. A research agenda for helminth diseases of humans: social ecology, environmental determinants, and health systems. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1603.
-
6.
Samuels AM, Matey E, Mwinzi PN, Wiegand RE, Muchiri G, Ireri E, Hyde M, Montgomery SP, Karanja DM, Secor WE, 2012. Schistosoma mansoni morbidity among school-aged children: a SCORE project in Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 874–882.
-
7.
King CH, Dangerfield-Cha M, 2008. The unacknowledged impact of chronic schistosomiasis. Chronic Illn 4: 65–79.
-
8.
Vennervald BJ, Dunne DW, 2004. Morbidity in schistosomiasis: an update. Curr Opin Infect Dis 17: 439–447.
-
9.
Wilson S, Vennervald BJ, Dunne DW, 2011. Chronic hepatosplenomegaly in African school children: a common but neglected morbidity associated with schistosomiasis and malaria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1149.
-
10.
ZBCP, 2009. Baseline Survey for Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helmithiasis. Lusaka, Zambia: Ministry of Health.
-
11.
Lubeya M, Muloshi C, Baboo KS, Sianongo S, Kelly P, 2010. Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. Lancet 376: 1645.
-
12.
Katz N, Chaves A, Pellegrino J, 1972. A simple device for quantitative stool thick smear technique in Schistosoma mansoni. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 14: 397–400.
-
13.
WHO, 2002. Prevention and Control of Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
14.
Peters PA, Mahmoud AA, Warren KS, Ouma JH, Siongok TK, 1976. Field studies of a rapid, accurate means of quantifying Schistosoma haematobium eggs in urine samples. Bull World Health Organ 54: 159–162.
-
15.
Richter J, Hatz C, Campagne G, Bergquist NR, Jenkins JM, 2000. Ultrasound in Schistosomiasis. A Practical Guide to the Standardized Use of Ultrasonography for the Assessment of Schistosomiasis Related Morbidity. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
16.
Berhe N, Geitung JT, Medhin G, Gundersen SG, 2006. Large scale evaluation of WHO's ultrasonographic staging system of schistosomal periportal fibrosis in Ethiopia. Trop Med Int Health 11: 1286–1294.
-
17.
Vennervald BJ, Kenty L, Butterworth AE, Kariuki CH, Kadzo H, Ireri E, Amaganga C, Kimani G, Mwatha J, Otedo A, Booth M, Ouma JH, Dunne DW, 2004. Detailed clinical and ultrasound examination of children and adolescents in a Schistosoma mansoni endemic area in Kenya: hepatosplenic disease in the absence of portal fibrosis. Trop Med Int Health 9: 461–470.
-
18.
de Vlas SJ, Gryseels B, 1992. Underestimation of Schistosoma mansoni prevalences. Parasitol Today 8: 274–277.
-
19.
Engels D, Sinzinkayo E, Gryseels B, 1996. Day-to-day egg count fluctuation in Schistosoma mansoni infection and its operational implications. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54: 319–324.
-
20.
Berhe N, Myrvang B, Gundersen SG, 2007. Intensity of Schistosoma mansoni, hepatitis B, age, and sex predict levels of hepatic periportal thickening/fibrosis (PPT/F): a large-scale community-based study in Ethiopia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 1079–1086.
-
21.
Kariuki HC, Mbugua G, Magak P, Bailey JA, Muchiri EM, Thiongo FW, King CH, Butterworth AE, Ouma JH, Blanton RE, 2001. Prevalence and familial aggregation of schistosomal liver morbidity in Kenya: evaluation by new ultrasound criteria. J Infect Dis 183: 960–966.
-
22.
Kabatereine NB, Kemijumbi J, Ouma JH, Kariuki HC, Richter J, Kadzo H, Madsen H, Butterworth AE, Ornbjerg N, Vennervald BJ, 2004. Epidemiology and morbidity of Schistosoma mansoni infection in a fishing community along Lake Albert in Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98: 711–718.
-
23.
Tukahebwa EM, Magnussen P, Madsen H, Kabatereine NB, Nuwaha F, Wilson S, Vennervald BJ, 2013. A very high infection intensity of Schistosoma mansoni in a Ugandan Lake Victoria fishing community is required for association with highly prevalent organ related morbidity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2268.
-
24.
Black CL, Mwinzi PN, Muok EM, Abudho B, Fitzsimmons CM, Dunne DW, Karanja DM, Secor WE, Colley DG, 2010. Influence of exposure history on the immunology and development of resistance to human Schistosomiasis mansoni. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e637.
-
25.
Pinot de Moira A, Fulford AJ, Kabatereine NB, Ouma JH, Booth M, Dunne DW, 2010. Analysis of complex patterns of human exposure and immunity to schistosomiasis mansoni: the influence of age, sex, ethnicity and IgE. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e820.
-
26.
Seto EY, Sousa-Figueiredo JC, Betson M, Byalero C, Kabatereine NB, Stothard JR, 2012. Patterns of intestinal schistosomiasis among mothers and young children from Lake Albert, Uganda: water contact and social networks inferred from wearable global positioning system dataloggers. Geospat Health 7: 1–13.
-
27.
Boisier P, Ramarokoto CE, Ravoniarimbinina P, Rabarijaona L, Ravaoalimalala VE, 2001. Geographic differences in hepatosplenic complications of schistosomiasis mansoni and explanatory factors of morbidity. Trop Med Int Health 6: 699–706.
-
28.
Simoonga C, Kazembe LN, Kristensen TK, Olsen A, Appleton CC, Mubita P, Mubila L, 2008. The epidemiology and small-scale spatial heterogeneity of urinary schistosomiasis in Lusaka province, Zambia. Geospat Health 3: 57–67.
-
29.
Meurs L, Mbow M, Boon N, van den Broeck F, Vereecken K, Dieye TN, Abatih E, Huyse T, Mboup S, Polman K, 2013. Micro-geographical heterogeneity in Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium infection and morbidity in a co-endemic community in northern Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2608.
-
30.
Kariuki HC, Clennon JA, Brady MS, Kitron U, Sturrock RF, Ouma JH, Ndzovu ST, Mungai P, Hoffman O, Hamburger J, Pellegrini C, Muchiri EM, King CH, 2004. Distribution patterns and cercarial shedding of Bulinus nasutus and other snails in the Msambweni area, Coast Province, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 449–456.
-
31.
Clennon JA, King CH, Muchiri EM, Kariuki HC, Ouma JH, Mungai P, Kitron U, 2004. Spatial patterns of urinary schistosomiasis infection in a highly endemic area of coastal Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 443–448.
-
32.
Malenganisho WL, Magnussen P, Friis H, Siza J, Kaatano G, Temu M, Vennervald BJ, 2008. Schistosoma mansoni morbidity among adults in two villages along Lake Victoria shores in Mwanza District, Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102: 532–541.
-
33.
King CH, Magak P, Salam EA, Ouma JH, Kariuki HC, Blanton RE, World Health Organization, 2003. Measuring morbidity in schistosomiasis mansoni: relationship between image pattern, portal vein diameter and portal branch thickness in large-scale surveys using new WHO coding guidelines for ultrasound in schistosomiasis. Trop Med Int Health 8: 109–117.
-
34.
Mohamed-Ali Q, Elwali NE, Abdelhameed AA, Mergani A, Rahoud S, Elagib KE, Saeed OK, Abel L, Magzoub MM, Dessein AJ, 1999. Susceptibility to periportal (Symmers) fibrosis in human Schistosoma mansoni infections: evidence that intensity and duration of infection, gender, and inherited factors are critical in disease progression. J Infect Dis 180: 1298–1306.
-
35.
Strahan R, Chiyesu KO, Schneider-Kolsky ME, 2012. Ultrasound study of liver disease caused by Schistosoma mansoni in rural Zambian schoolchildren. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 56: 390–397.
-
36.
Meurs L, Mbow M, Vereecken K, Menten J, Mboup S, Polman K, 2012. Bladder morbidity and hepatic fibrosis in mixed Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni infections: a population-wide study in northern Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1829.
-
37.
Smith PM, Shainheit MG, Bazzone LE, Rutitzky LI, Poltorak A, Stadecker MJ, 2009. Genetic control of severe egg-induced immunopathology and IL-17 production in murine schistosomiasis. J Immunol 183: 3317–3323.
-
38.
King CH, 2010. Parasites and poverty: the case of schistosomiasis. Acta Trop 113: 95–104.
-
39.
Lodh N, Mwansa JC, Mutengo MM, Shiff CJ, 2013. Diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni without the stool: comparison of three diagnostic tests to detect Schiostosoma mansoni infection from filtered urine in Zambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 46–50.
-
40.
Enk MJ, Lima AC, Drummond SC, Schall VT, Coelho PM, 2008. The effect of the number of stool samples on the observed prevalence and the infection intensity with Schistosoma mansoni among a population in an area of low transmission. Acta Trop 108: 222–228.
-
41.
Booth M, Vounatsou P, N'Goran EK, Tanner M, Utzinger J, 2003. The influence of sampling effort and the performance of the Kato-Katz technique in diagnosing Schistosoma mansoni and hookworm co-infections in rural Cote d'Ivoire. Parasitology 127: 525–531.
-
42.
Berhe N, Medhin G, Erko B, Smith T, Gedamu S, Bereded D, Moore R, Habte E, Redda A, Gebre-Michael T, Gundersen SG, 2004. Variations in helminth faecal egg counts in Kato-Katz thick smears and their implications in assessing infection status with Schistosoma mansoni. Acta Trop 92: 205–212.
-
43.
Carneiro TR, Pinheiro MC, de Oliveira SM, Hanemann AL, Queiroz JA, Bezerra FS, 2012. Increased detection of schistosomiasis with Kato-Katz and SWAP-IgG-ELISA in a northeastern Brazil low-intensity transmission area. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 45: 510–513.
-
44.
Knopp S, Mgeni AF, Khamis SI, Steinmann P, Stothard RJ, Rollinson D, Mart H, Utzinger J, 2008. Diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminths in the era of preventive chemotherapy: effect of multiple stool sampling and use of different diagnostic techniques. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e331.
-
45.
WHO, 2006. Preventive Chemotherapy in Human Helminthiasis: Coordinated Use of Anthelminthic Drugs in Control Interventions: A Manual for Health Professionals and Programme Managers. Geneva: World Health Organization.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1406 | 1242 | 25 |
| Full Text Views | 356 | 21 | 5 |
| PDF Downloads | 146 | 24 | 9 |