ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Komar N, 2003. West Nile virus: epidemiology and ecology in North America. Adv Virus Res 61: 185–234.
-
2.
Blitvich BJ, 2008. Transmission dynamics and changing epidemiology of West Nile virus. Anim Health Res Rev 9: 71–86.
-
3.
Bernard KA, Maffei JG, Jones SA, Kauffman EB, Ebel GD, Dupuis AP 2nd, Ngo KA, Nicholas DC, Young DM, Shi PY, Kulasekera VL, Eidson M, White DJ, Stone WB, Kramer LD; NY State West Nile Virus Surveillance Team, 2001. West Nile virus infection in birds and mosquitoes, New York State, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 7: 679–685.
-
4.
Kulasekera V, Kramer LD, Nasci RS, Mostashari F, Cherry B, Trock SC, Glaser C, Miller JR, 2001. West Nile virus infection in mosquitoes, birds, horses, and humans, Staten Island, New York, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 7: 722–725.
-
5.
Turell MJ, Dohm DJ, Sardelis MR, O'Guinn ML, Andreadis TG, Blow JA, 2005. An update on the potential of north American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit West Nile Virus. J Med Entomol 42: 57–62.
-
6.
Goddard LB, Roth AE, Reisen WK, Scott TW, 2002. Vector competence of California mosquitoes for West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 1385–1391.
-
7.
Reisen W, 2003. Epidemiology of St. Louis encephalitis virus. Adv Virus Res 61: 139–183.
-
8.
Day JF, 2001. Predicting St. Louis encephalitis virus epidemics: lessons from recent, and not so recent, outbreaks. Annu Rev Entomol 46: 111–138.
-
9.
Reisen WK, Fang Y, Martinez VM, 2005. Avian host and mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) vector competence determine the efficiency of West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis virus transmission. J Med Entomol 42: 367–375.
-
10.
Meyer RP, Hardy JL, Presser SB, 1983. Comparative vector competence of Culex tarsalis and Culex quinquefasciatus from the Coachella, Imperial, and San Joaquin Valleys of California for St. Louis Encephalitis Virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 32: 305–311.
-
11.
Pesko K, Mores CN, 2009. Effect of sequential exposure on infection and dissemination rates for West Nile and St. Louis Encephalitis Viruses in Culex quinquefasciatus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 9: 281–286.
-
12.
Lindenbach B, Thiel H, Rice C, 2007. Flaviviridae: the viruses and their replication. Fields Virology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1101–1152.
-
13.
Moudy RM, Payne AF, Dodson BL, Kramer LD, 2011. Requirement of glycosylation of West Nile Virus envelope protein for infection of, but not spread within, Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito vectors. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 374–378.
-
14.
Moudy RM, Zhang B, Shi P-Y, Kramer LD, 2009. West Nile virus envelope protein glycosylation is required for efficient viral transmission by Culex vectors. Virology 387: 222–228.
-
15.
Erb SM, Butrapet S, Moss KJ, Luy BE, Childers T, Calvert AE, Silengo SJ, Roehrig JT, Huang CYH, Blair CD, 2010. Domain-III FG loop of the dengue virus type 2 envelope protein is important for infection of mammalian cells and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Virology 406: 328–335.
-
16.
McElroy KL, Tsetsarkin KA, Vanlandingham DL, Higgs S, 2006. Role of the yellow fever virus structural protein genes in viral dissemination from the Aedes aegypti mosquito midgut. J Gen Virol 87: 2993–3001.
-
17.
Maharaj PD, Anishchenko M, Langevin SA, Fang Y, Reisen WK, Brault AC, 2012. Structural gene (prME) chimeras of St Louis encephalitis virus and West Nile virus exhibit altered in vitro cytopathic and growth phenotypes. J Gen Virol 93: 39–49.
-
18.
Kinney RM, Huang CY, Whiteman MC, Bowen RA, Langevin SA, Miller BR, Brault AC, 2006. Avian virulence and thermostable replication of the North American strain of West Nile virus. J Gen Virol 87: 3611–3622.
-
19.
Beasley D, Whiteman M, Zhang S, Huang C, Schneider B, Smith D, Gromowski G, Higgs S, Kinney R, Barrett A, 2005. Envelope protein glycosylation status influences mouse neuroinvasion phenotype of genetic lineage 1 West Nile virus strains. J Virol 79: 8339–8347.
-
20.
Vanlandingham DL, Schneider BS, Klingler K, Fair J, Beasley D, Huang J, Hamilton P, Higgs S, 2004. Real-Time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction quantification of West Nile virus transmitted by Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 120–123.
-
21.
Bellamy R, Kardos E, 1958. A strain of Culex tarsalis Coq. reproducing without blood meals. Mosq News 18: 132–135.
-
22.
Miller BR, 1987. Increased yellow fever virus infection and dissemination rates in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes orally exposed to freshly grown virus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81: 1011–1012.
-
23.
Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1995. Diagnostic procedures for viral, rickettsial, and chlamydial infections. Lennette EH, Lennette DA, Lennette ET, eds. Arboviruses. Washinton, DC: American Public Health Association, 189–212.
-
24.
Reisen WK, Barker CM, Fang Y, Martinez VM, 2008. Does variation in Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) vector competence enable outbreaks of West Nile Virus in California? J Med Entomol 45: 1126–1138.
-
25.
Ciota AT, Lovelace AO, Jones SA, Payne A, Kramer LD, 2007. Adaptation of two flaviviruses results in differences in genetic heterogeneity and virus adaptability. J Gen Virol 88: 2398–2406.
-
26.
Ciota AT, Jia Y, Payne AF, Jerzak G, Davis LJ, Young DS, Ehrbar D, Kramer LD, 2009. Experimental passage of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus in vivo in mosquitoes and chickens reveals evolutionarily significant virus characteristics. PLoS ONE 4: e7876.
-
27.
Moudy RM, Meola MA, Morin L-LL, Ebel GD, Kramer LD, 2007. A newly emergent genotype of West Nile Virus is transmitted earlier and more efficiently by Culex mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 365–370.
-
28.
Miller BR, 1987. Increased yellow fever virus infection and dissemination rates in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes orally exposed to freshly grown virus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81: 1011–1012.
-
29.
Reisen WK, Lothrop HD, Wheeler SS, Kennsington M, Gutierrez A, Fang Y, Garcia S, Lothrop B, 2008. Persistent West Nile virus transmission and the apparent displacement St. Louis Encephalitis Virus in southeastern California, 2003–2006. J Med Entomol 45: 494–508.
-
30.
Sardelis MR, Turell MJ, Dohm DJ, O'Guinn ML, 2001. Vector competence of selected North American Culex and Coquillettidia mosquitoes for West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 7: 1018–1022.
-
31.
Ebel GD, Rochlin I, Longacker J, Kramer LD, 2005. Culex restuans (Diptera: Culicidae) relative abundance and vector competence for West Nile Virus. J Med Entomol 42: 838–843.
-
32.
Turell MJ, O'Guinn ML, Dohm DJ, Jones JW, 2001. Vector competence of North American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for West Nile virus. J Med Entomol 38: 130–134.
-
33.
Ebel G, Carricaburu J, Young D, Bernard K, Kramer L, 2004. Genetic and phenotypic variation of West Nile virus in New York, 2000–2003. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 493–500.
-
34.
Brackney DE, Scott JC, Sagawa F, Woodward JE, Miller NA, Schilkey FD, Mudge J, Wilusz J, Olson KE, Blair CD, Ebel GD, 2010. C6/36 Aedes albopictus cells have a dysfunctional antiviral RNA interference response. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e856.
-
35.
Richards SL, Lord CC, Pesko KN, Tabachnick WJ, 2010. Environmental and biological factors influencing Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) vector competence for West Nile Virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 126–134.
-
36.
Hanley KA, Manlucu LR, Gilmore LE, Blaney JE, Hanson CT, Murphy BR, Whitehead SS, 2003. A trade-off in replication in mosquito versus mammalian systems conferred by a point mutation in the NS4B protein of dengue virus type 4. Virology 312: 222–232.
-
37.
Hanley KA, Goddard LB, Gilmore LE, Scott TW, Speicher J, Murphy BR, Pletnev AG, 2005. Infectivity of West Nile/dengue chimeric viruses for West Nile and dengue mosquito vectors. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5: 1–10.
-
38.
McElroy KL, Tsetsarkin KA, Vanlandingham DL, Higgs S, 2006. Manipulation of the Yellow fever virus non-structural genes 2A and 4B and the 3′non-coding region to evaluate genetic determinants of viral dissemination from the Aedes aegypti midgut. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 1158–1164.
-
39.
Liu WJ, Wang XJ, Clark DC, Lobigs M, Hall RA, Khromykh AA, 2006. A single amino acid substitution in the West Nile Virus nonstructural protein NS2A disables its ability to inhibit alpha/beta interferon induction and attenuates virus virulence in mice. J Virol 80: 2396–2404.
-
40.
Hardy J, Houk E, Kramer L, Reeves W, 1983. Intrinsic factors affecting vector competence of mosquitoes for arboviruses. Annu Rev Entomol 28: 229.
-
41.
Bennett K, Olson K, Munoz M de L, Fernandez-Salas I, Farfan-Ale J, Higgs S, Black WC 4th, Beaty B, 2002. Variation in vector competence for dengue 2 virus among 24 collections of Aedes aegypti from Mexico and the United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67: 85–92.
-
42.
Smartt CT, Erickson JS, 2008. Bloodmeal-induced differential gene expression in the disease vector Culex nigripalpus (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 45: 326–330.
-
43.
Sanders HR, Evans AM, Ross LS, Gill SS, 2003. Blood meal induces global changes in midgut gene expression in the disease vector, Aedes aegypti. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 33: 1105–1122.
-
44.
Smartt CT, Richards SL, Anderson SL, Erickson JS, 2009. West Nile Virus Infection Alters Midgut Gene Expression in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 258–263.
-
45.
Xi Z, Ramirez JL, Dimopoulos G, 2008. The Aedes aegypti toll pathway controls dengue virus infection. PLoS Pathog 4: e1000098.
-
46.
Brackney DE, Beane JE, Ebel GD, 2009. RNAi targeting of West Nile Virus in mosquito midguts promotes virus diversification. PLoS Pathog 5: e1000502.
-
47.
Blair CD, 2011. Mosquito RNAi is the major innate immune pathway controlling arbovirus infection and transmission. Future Microbiol 6: 265–277.
-
48.
Pusch O, Boden D, Silbermann R, Lee F, Tucker L, Ramratnam B, 2003. Nucleotide sequence homology requirements of HIV-1-specific short hairpin RNA. Nucleic Acids Res 31: 6444–6449.
-
49.
Richards SL, Lord CC, Pesko K, Tabachnick WJ, 2009. Environmental and biological factors influencing Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) vector competence for Saint Louis Encephalitis Virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 264–272.
-
50.
Ding S-W, Voinnet O, 2007. Antiviral immunity directed by small RNAs. Cell 130: 413–426.
-
51.
Schnettler E, Sterken MG, Leung JY, Metz SW, Geertsema C, Goldbach RW, Vlak JM, Kohl A, Khromykh AA, Pijlman GP, 2012. Noncoding flavivirus RNA displays RNA interference suppressor activity in insect and mammalian cells. J Virol 86: 13486–13500.
-
52.
Hussain M, Torres S, Schnettler E, Funk A, Grundhoff A, Pijlman GP, Khromykh AA, Asgari S, 2012. West Nile virus encodes a microRNA-like small RNA in the 3′ untranslated region which up-regulates GATA4 mRNA and facilitates virus replication in mosquito cells. Nucleic Acids Res 40: 2210–2223.
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Genetic Determinants of Differential Oral Infection Phenotypes of West Nile and St. Louis Encephalitis Viruses in Culex spp. Mosquitoes
Payal D. Maharaj
Payal D. Maharaj
Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Center for Vectorborne Diseases and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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Bethany G. Bolling
Bethany G. Bolling
Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Center for Vectorborne Diseases and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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Michael Anishchenko
Michael Anishchenko
Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Center for Vectorborne Diseases and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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William K. Reisen
William K. Reisen
Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Center for Vectorborne Diseases and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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Aaron C. Brault
Aaron C. Brault
Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Center for Vectorborne Diseases and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) has shown greater susceptibility to oral infectivity than West Nile virus (WNV) in Culex mosquitoes. To identify the viral genetic elements that modulate these disparate phenotypes, structural chimeras (WNV–pre-membrane [prM] and envelope [E] proteins [prME]/SLEV.IC (infectious clone) and SLEV-prME/WNV.IC) were constructed in which two of the structural proteins, the prM and E, were interchanged between viruses. Oral dose–response assessment with the chimeric/parental WNV and SLEV was performed to characterize the infection phenotypes in Culex mosquitoes by artificial blood meals. The median infectious dose required to infect 50% of Cx. quinquefasciatus with WNV was indistinguishable from that of the SLEV-prME/WNV.IC chimeric virus. Similarly, SLEV and WNV-prME/SLEV.IC virus exhibited an indistinguishable oral dose–response relationship in Cx. quinquefasciatus. Infection rates for WNV.IC and SLEV-prME/WNV.IC were significantly lower than SLEV.IC and WNV-prME/SLEV.IC infection rates. These results indicated that WNV and SLEV oral infectivities are not mediated by genetic differences within the prM and E proteins.
Author Notes
Financial support: Funding for these studies was provided by the Biomedical Advanced Research Development Authority (BARDA), Pacific Southwest Regional Center for Excellence Grant AI065359, National Institutes of Health Grants AI061822 and AI55607, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Grant CI000235, and the University of California Mosquito Research Program.
Authors' addresses: Payal D. Maharaj and William K. Reisen, Center for Vectorborne Disease and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, E-mails: pamahara@utmb.edu and wkreisen@ucdavis.edu. Bethany G. Bolling, Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, and Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, E-mail: bethanybolling@gmail.com. Michael Anishchenko and Aaron C. Brault, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, E-mails: iot5@cdc.gov and abrault@cdc.gov.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Komar N, 2003. West Nile virus: epidemiology and ecology in North America. Adv Virus Res 61: 185–234.
-
2.
Blitvich BJ, 2008. Transmission dynamics and changing epidemiology of West Nile virus. Anim Health Res Rev 9: 71–86.
-
3.
Bernard KA, Maffei JG, Jones SA, Kauffman EB, Ebel GD, Dupuis AP 2nd, Ngo KA, Nicholas DC, Young DM, Shi PY, Kulasekera VL, Eidson M, White DJ, Stone WB, Kramer LD; NY State West Nile Virus Surveillance Team, 2001. West Nile virus infection in birds and mosquitoes, New York State, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 7: 679–685.
-
4.
Kulasekera V, Kramer LD, Nasci RS, Mostashari F, Cherry B, Trock SC, Glaser C, Miller JR, 2001. West Nile virus infection in mosquitoes, birds, horses, and humans, Staten Island, New York, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 7: 722–725.
-
5.
Turell MJ, Dohm DJ, Sardelis MR, O'Guinn ML, Andreadis TG, Blow JA, 2005. An update on the potential of north American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit West Nile Virus. J Med Entomol 42: 57–62.
-
6.
Goddard LB, Roth AE, Reisen WK, Scott TW, 2002. Vector competence of California mosquitoes for West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 1385–1391.
-
7.
Reisen W, 2003. Epidemiology of St. Louis encephalitis virus. Adv Virus Res 61: 139–183.
-
8.
Day JF, 2001. Predicting St. Louis encephalitis virus epidemics: lessons from recent, and not so recent, outbreaks. Annu Rev Entomol 46: 111–138.
-
9.
Reisen WK, Fang Y, Martinez VM, 2005. Avian host and mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) vector competence determine the efficiency of West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis virus transmission. J Med Entomol 42: 367–375.
-
10.
Meyer RP, Hardy JL, Presser SB, 1983. Comparative vector competence of Culex tarsalis and Culex quinquefasciatus from the Coachella, Imperial, and San Joaquin Valleys of California for St. Louis Encephalitis Virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 32: 305–311.
-
11.
Pesko K, Mores CN, 2009. Effect of sequential exposure on infection and dissemination rates for West Nile and St. Louis Encephalitis Viruses in Culex quinquefasciatus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 9: 281–286.
-
12.
Lindenbach B, Thiel H, Rice C, 2007. Flaviviridae: the viruses and their replication. Fields Virology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1101–1152.
-
13.
Moudy RM, Payne AF, Dodson BL, Kramer LD, 2011. Requirement of glycosylation of West Nile Virus envelope protein for infection of, but not spread within, Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito vectors. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 374–378.
-
14.
Moudy RM, Zhang B, Shi P-Y, Kramer LD, 2009. West Nile virus envelope protein glycosylation is required for efficient viral transmission by Culex vectors. Virology 387: 222–228.
-
15.
Erb SM, Butrapet S, Moss KJ, Luy BE, Childers T, Calvert AE, Silengo SJ, Roehrig JT, Huang CYH, Blair CD, 2010. Domain-III FG loop of the dengue virus type 2 envelope protein is important for infection of mammalian cells and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Virology 406: 328–335.
-
16.
McElroy KL, Tsetsarkin KA, Vanlandingham DL, Higgs S, 2006. Role of the yellow fever virus structural protein genes in viral dissemination from the Aedes aegypti mosquito midgut. J Gen Virol 87: 2993–3001.
-
17.
Maharaj PD, Anishchenko M, Langevin SA, Fang Y, Reisen WK, Brault AC, 2012. Structural gene (prME) chimeras of St Louis encephalitis virus and West Nile virus exhibit altered in vitro cytopathic and growth phenotypes. J Gen Virol 93: 39–49.
-
18.
Kinney RM, Huang CY, Whiteman MC, Bowen RA, Langevin SA, Miller BR, Brault AC, 2006. Avian virulence and thermostable replication of the North American strain of West Nile virus. J Gen Virol 87: 3611–3622.
-
19.
Beasley D, Whiteman M, Zhang S, Huang C, Schneider B, Smith D, Gromowski G, Higgs S, Kinney R, Barrett A, 2005. Envelope protein glycosylation status influences mouse neuroinvasion phenotype of genetic lineage 1 West Nile virus strains. J Virol 79: 8339–8347.
-
20.
Vanlandingham DL, Schneider BS, Klingler K, Fair J, Beasley D, Huang J, Hamilton P, Higgs S, 2004. Real-Time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction quantification of West Nile virus transmitted by Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 120–123.
-
21.
Bellamy R, Kardos E, 1958. A strain of Culex tarsalis Coq. reproducing without blood meals. Mosq News 18: 132–135.
-
22.
Miller BR, 1987. Increased yellow fever virus infection and dissemination rates in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes orally exposed to freshly grown virus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81: 1011–1012.
-
23.
Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1995. Diagnostic procedures for viral, rickettsial, and chlamydial infections. Lennette EH, Lennette DA, Lennette ET, eds. Arboviruses. Washinton, DC: American Public Health Association, 189–212.
-
24.
Reisen WK, Barker CM, Fang Y, Martinez VM, 2008. Does variation in Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) vector competence enable outbreaks of West Nile Virus in California? J Med Entomol 45: 1126–1138.
-
25.
Ciota AT, Lovelace AO, Jones SA, Payne A, Kramer LD, 2007. Adaptation of two flaviviruses results in differences in genetic heterogeneity and virus adaptability. J Gen Virol 88: 2398–2406.
-
26.
Ciota AT, Jia Y, Payne AF, Jerzak G, Davis LJ, Young DS, Ehrbar D, Kramer LD, 2009. Experimental passage of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus in vivo in mosquitoes and chickens reveals evolutionarily significant virus characteristics. PLoS ONE 4: e7876.
-
27.
Moudy RM, Meola MA, Morin L-LL, Ebel GD, Kramer LD, 2007. A newly emergent genotype of West Nile Virus is transmitted earlier and more efficiently by Culex mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 365–370.
-
28.
Miller BR, 1987. Increased yellow fever virus infection and dissemination rates in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes orally exposed to freshly grown virus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81: 1011–1012.
-
29.
Reisen WK, Lothrop HD, Wheeler SS, Kennsington M, Gutierrez A, Fang Y, Garcia S, Lothrop B, 2008. Persistent West Nile virus transmission and the apparent displacement St. Louis Encephalitis Virus in southeastern California, 2003–2006. J Med Entomol 45: 494–508.
-
30.
Sardelis MR, Turell MJ, Dohm DJ, O'Guinn ML, 2001. Vector competence of selected North American Culex and Coquillettidia mosquitoes for West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 7: 1018–1022.
-
31.
Ebel GD, Rochlin I, Longacker J, Kramer LD, 2005. Culex restuans (Diptera: Culicidae) relative abundance and vector competence for West Nile Virus. J Med Entomol 42: 838–843.
-
32.
Turell MJ, O'Guinn ML, Dohm DJ, Jones JW, 2001. Vector competence of North American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for West Nile virus. J Med Entomol 38: 130–134.
-
33.
Ebel G, Carricaburu J, Young D, Bernard K, Kramer L, 2004. Genetic and phenotypic variation of West Nile virus in New York, 2000–2003. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 493–500.
-
34.
Brackney DE, Scott JC, Sagawa F, Woodward JE, Miller NA, Schilkey FD, Mudge J, Wilusz J, Olson KE, Blair CD, Ebel GD, 2010. C6/36 Aedes albopictus cells have a dysfunctional antiviral RNA interference response. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e856.
-
35.
Richards SL, Lord CC, Pesko KN, Tabachnick WJ, 2010. Environmental and biological factors influencing Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) vector competence for West Nile Virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 126–134.
-
36.
Hanley KA, Manlucu LR, Gilmore LE, Blaney JE, Hanson CT, Murphy BR, Whitehead SS, 2003. A trade-off in replication in mosquito versus mammalian systems conferred by a point mutation in the NS4B protein of dengue virus type 4. Virology 312: 222–232.
-
37.
Hanley KA, Goddard LB, Gilmore LE, Scott TW, Speicher J, Murphy BR, Pletnev AG, 2005. Infectivity of West Nile/dengue chimeric viruses for West Nile and dengue mosquito vectors. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5: 1–10.
-
38.
McElroy KL, Tsetsarkin KA, Vanlandingham DL, Higgs S, 2006. Manipulation of the Yellow fever virus non-structural genes 2A and 4B and the 3′non-coding region to evaluate genetic determinants of viral dissemination from the Aedes aegypti midgut. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 1158–1164.
-
39.
Liu WJ, Wang XJ, Clark DC, Lobigs M, Hall RA, Khromykh AA, 2006. A single amino acid substitution in the West Nile Virus nonstructural protein NS2A disables its ability to inhibit alpha/beta interferon induction and attenuates virus virulence in mice. J Virol 80: 2396–2404.
-
40.
Hardy J, Houk E, Kramer L, Reeves W, 1983. Intrinsic factors affecting vector competence of mosquitoes for arboviruses. Annu Rev Entomol 28: 229.
-
41.
Bennett K, Olson K, Munoz M de L, Fernandez-Salas I, Farfan-Ale J, Higgs S, Black WC 4th, Beaty B, 2002. Variation in vector competence for dengue 2 virus among 24 collections of Aedes aegypti from Mexico and the United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67: 85–92.
-
42.
Smartt CT, Erickson JS, 2008. Bloodmeal-induced differential gene expression in the disease vector Culex nigripalpus (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 45: 326–330.
-
43.
Sanders HR, Evans AM, Ross LS, Gill SS, 2003. Blood meal induces global changes in midgut gene expression in the disease vector, Aedes aegypti. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 33: 1105–1122.
-
44.
Smartt CT, Richards SL, Anderson SL, Erickson JS, 2009. West Nile Virus Infection Alters Midgut Gene Expression in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 258–263.
-
45.
Xi Z, Ramirez JL, Dimopoulos G, 2008. The Aedes aegypti toll pathway controls dengue virus infection. PLoS Pathog 4: e1000098.
-
46.
Brackney DE, Beane JE, Ebel GD, 2009. RNAi targeting of West Nile Virus in mosquito midguts promotes virus diversification. PLoS Pathog 5: e1000502.
-
47.
Blair CD, 2011. Mosquito RNAi is the major innate immune pathway controlling arbovirus infection and transmission. Future Microbiol 6: 265–277.
-
48.
Pusch O, Boden D, Silbermann R, Lee F, Tucker L, Ramratnam B, 2003. Nucleotide sequence homology requirements of HIV-1-specific short hairpin RNA. Nucleic Acids Res 31: 6444–6449.
-
49.
Richards SL, Lord CC, Pesko K, Tabachnick WJ, 2009. Environmental and biological factors influencing Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) vector competence for Saint Louis Encephalitis Virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 264–272.
-
50.
Ding S-W, Voinnet O, 2007. Antiviral immunity directed by small RNAs. Cell 130: 413–426.
-
51.
Schnettler E, Sterken MG, Leung JY, Metz SW, Geertsema C, Goldbach RW, Vlak JM, Kohl A, Khromykh AA, Pijlman GP, 2012. Noncoding flavivirus RNA displays RNA interference suppressor activity in insect and mammalian cells. J Virol 86: 13486–13500.
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